Indlela Uhulumeni Avikela Futhi Alawule Ngayo Ukukhuluma: Ukubukeza Okulula

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Ikhorali Lenhlangano Yentando Yeningi

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yamalungelo ayisisekelo emiphakathini yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lenkululeko edingekile yenza abantu bakwazi ukuveza imicabango yabo, imibono, nezinkolelo zabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuhlolisiswa uhulumeni, ukuziphindisela, noma isijeziso. Nokho ubuhlobo phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nomthetho kahulumeni bucaciswe kakhulu kunabantu abaningi abaqaphelayo. Ohulumeni bafeza indima ehlukene: basebenza kokubili njengabavikeli bokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nabalawuli abamisa imingcele yokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okukhuluma awangqubuzani nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile.

Umqondo wenkululeko yokukhuluma uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ulolongwa izimpikiswano zefilosofi, izenzakalo zomthetho, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Namuhla, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bazama ukulinganisela isivikelo senkulumo yasobala eqinile ngokumelene nezindaba ezingokomthetho eziphathelene nokuphepha komphakathi, isithunzi, kanye nokuzwana komphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abavikela futhi balawule ngayo inkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga ukuhlola izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho, izimfundiso ezingokomthetho, izindinganiso zomhlaba, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibangelwa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nezimiso ezishintshayo zomphakathi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho Sokuzivikela Ekukhulumeni

Emazweni entando yeningi, isivikelo sokukhuluma esikhululekile sisuka emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo noma ezisekelweni zezincwadi zomthetho ezimisa uhlelo lwenkululeko yomphakathi. Lezisivikelo zibonisa ukuqaphela okuyisisekelo kokuthi ukuveza imibono ngaphandle kanye nokuphana ngenkululeko kudingekile ekuzilawuleni, ekuzilawuleni komuntu siqu, nasekufuneni iqiniso.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Nesiko LaseMelika Lokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

E-United States, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza isivikelo esiyinhloko senkululeko yokukhuluma. Ngonyaka ka - 1791 njengengxenye yeSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu, sisho ukuthi i-Conret ayisoze yenza umthetho uvimbele inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yezindaba. Lenkulumo ebonakala ilula iye yaveza amakhulu eminyaka yokuchaza okungokomthetho futhi iye yamisa i-United States njengenenye yemibuso yenkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma emhlabeni.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli nje kuphela ukukhuluma nokubhala kodwa futhi inkulumo engokomfanekiso, njengokufaka izibopho, amafulege avuthayo, noma ukuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni ngokuthula. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi inkulumo inezici eziningi, futhi isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sidlulela ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana. Isivikelo sisebenza ngokuyinhloko esinyatheloni sikahulumeni, okusho ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela lokho uhulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo abangakwenza ukuze bavimbele ukukhuluma, kunokuba balawule ukuziphatha kwabo siqu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene nezimfundiso zokunquma ukuthi inkulumo ithola isivikelo nini futhi lapho umthetho kahulumeni uvunyelwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola ngokunembe imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe, ukuhlola okuphakathi kwesikhathi sokungangeni engxenyeni yento engaphakathi, indawo, nezindlela zokuvimbela, kanye nokukhetha okuhlukile kwezinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo ezibhekwa njengezingavikeli zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Imisebenzi Yokulwela Amalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

Ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho wesizwe, amathuluzi amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke amisa izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zokuveza inkululeko. UDeclaration of Human Rights , ethathwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948, iqaphela inkululeko yombono nenkulumo njengelungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo. ISiphakamiso 19 siveza ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokubamba imibono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa nokufuna, ukwamukela, futhi adlulisele ulwazi nezinhloso nganoma yiliphi iliphi isango lomphakathi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imingcele.

I-International Parvey on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1976, ichaza ngokwengeziwe lezi sivikelo. Lesi sivumelwano, esigunyazwe amazwe amaningi emhlabeni wonke, sibopha amazwe asayina isibopho sokuhlonipha nokuqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma kubo bonke abantu abasemasimini abo. Nokho, i-ICPR iyavuma futhi ukuthi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kufeza imisebenzi ekhethekile nemithwalo yemfanelo futhi kungase kubekelwe imingcele ethile edingekayo emayelana namalungelo abanye noma ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, impilo yomphakathi, noma ukuziphatha.

Izimiso zamalungelo abantu zesifunda, kuhlanganise ne-European Convention on Human Rights, i-American Convention on Human Rights, ne-African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, zinikeza ezinye izingqimba zesivikelo nezimiso zokuqinisekisa. Lezi zimo ziveza izibopho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zezifunda ezingamalungu futhi zimise izinkantolo noma izikhomishane ezingalalela izikhalo mayelana nokuphulwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Imibuso Yasephalamende Nezivikelo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Idemokrati eningi yephalamende ihlanganisa isivikelo sokukhuluma esisekelweni somthetho-sisekelo, nakuba ngokuvamile inemikhawulo ehlukene kunaleyo elandelwayo yaseMelika. I-Chater of Rights and Freedoms yaseCanada iqinisekisa inkululeko yokucabanga, inkolelo, umbono, kanye nenkulumo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yezokunyathelisa nezinye imithombo yezokuxhumana. Nokho, lamalungelo angaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo emiswe umthetho njengangokwamandla amademoni athethelelwa ngokunenzuzo emphakathini okhululekile nowentando yeningi [, akha ukulungiswa okucacile kophahla lwendawo kune-U.S. IsiHlayisekiso sokuqala.

I-Sicle Law yaseJalimane ivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho iqaphela futhi isithunzi somuntu njengesinganciphisekiyo futhi ibeka imingcele enkulumweni ehlasela uhlelo lwentando yeningi noma ebangela inzondo. Lendlela ibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho komlando kweJalimane nobushiqela futhi imelela lokho izazi ezikubiza ngokuthi "intando yeningi elawulwa ngentando yeningi" [1] isimiso esilwela ngokunamandla izindinganiso zentando yeningi ngisho noma lokho kudinga ukulinganisela izinhlobo ezithile zokukhuluma.

IUnited Kingdom, engenawo umthetho - sisekelo owodwa obhaliwe, iye yasungula isivikelo sokukhuluma ngezimiso zomthetho ezivamile, umthetho ongokomthetho, nokufakwa kwe - European Convention on Human Rights ngoMthetho wamaLungu ka - 1998. Lokhu kwakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho lapho ukukhulumela okukhululekile kubhekwa khona njengokubalulekile kodwa kulinganiselwe ngokumelene namanye amalungelo nezithakazelo ngomthetho wephalamende nangencazelo yokwahlulela.

Indlela Ohulumeni Abavikela Ngayo Ngokuzikhandla Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangawasebenzisa amalungelo abo achazayo nokuthi abadlali abanamandla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangohulumeni noma ngasese, ngeke bakwazi ukuvimbela inkulumo ngokungafanele.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nokuphoqelelwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkulumo ekhululekile ngokubukeza izenzo zikahulumeni nemithetho okuthiwa iphula amalungelo ashunyayelwe. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingashaya imingcele engekho ngokwemithetho, zichaze imithetho engaqondakaliyo ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko yokukhuluma, futhi zithuthukise izimfundiso eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo. Le misebenzi yokwahlulela isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla omthetho negunya, iqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zezombangazwe azikwazi ukuvimbela kalula ukuphikisa noma ukuphikisa imibono engathandwa.

Izinqumo zenkantolo ezibonisa isango ziye zandisa isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinkantolo ezikhuluma ngokuphikisana kwezombangazwe, inkulumo ehlazisayo, inkulumo yezentengiselwano, nokuziphatha okungokomfanekiso ziye zanwetshwa kancane kancane ukuvikelwa kwenkulumo evikelekile. Izinkantolo futhi ziye zasungula izivikelo zemingcele yemiklamo, njengokufuna ukuhlelwa kwemingcele elinganiselwe yokukhuluma nokubeka umthwalo wobufakazi kuhulumeni ukuze kuthethelelwe ukulinganiselwa.

Inkululeko Yolwazi

Ohulumeni abaningi baye bamisa inkululeko yokwaziswa noma imithetho ecacile enika izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuthola amarekhodi kahulumeni nokwaziswa. Le mithetho iyaqaphela ukuthi ukukhuluma ngenkululeko okunenjongo kudinga ukutholakala kokwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, izinqubo, nokwenza izinqumo. Ngaphandle kokufinyelela okunjalo, izakhamuzi azinakukwazi ukuthatha ngokuphumelelayo iqhaza enkulumweni yentando yeningi noma zibeke izikhulu icala.

I-United States Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), eyamiswa ngo-1966, yamisa umbono wokuthi amarekhodi kahulumeni kufanele atholakale kubantu, akhululeke ngokukhethekile ngenxa yokwaziswa okungahlukaniswayo, ukuzifihla komuntu siqu, nezinye izigaba ezivikelweyo. Imithetho efanayo ikhona emazweni amaningi, idala izimiso zezakhamuzi, izintatheli, nabacwaningi ukuze bathole izincwadi zikahulumeni kanye nemininingwane.

Lemilinganiso yokubona ngokucacile isekela uphenyo lwezincwadi, ukucwaninga kwezemfundo, nokwengamela umphakathi. Isiza izikhulumi ukuba ziveze ukuveza kwazo ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso futhi ivule impikiswano enikezwa ulwazi ngezindaba zomphakathi. Ngokuvula imisebenzi kahulumeni ukuze ihlolwe, inkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa iqinisa ukudayiswa kwemibono futhi ithuthukise ukulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Isivikelo Sezintatheli Nabacuphi Bezindaba

Iqaphela indima ekhethekile efezwa izintatheli ekunikezeni inkulumo yasobala, ohulumeni abaningi banikeza isivikelo esiqondile somsebenzi wokucophelela izintatheli. Ivimbela imithetho ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ivikela izintatheli ekuphoqelelweni ukuba zambule imithombo eyimfihlo, ukuvuma ukuthi isivikelo somthombo sibalulekile ekubikeni izindaba ezithakazelisayo zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinjalo, imithombo ingayenqaba ukunikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nobubi bukahulumeni noma ukuncintisana kwezenkampani, iqede impikiswano yomphakathi.

Lemithetho yokuvikela i-withlethyer ivikela abantu ababika ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni noma okungafanelekile ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni noma ezizimele.

Imfundiso Yama - Forum Kahulumeni Nokukwazi Ukuthola Izakhiwo Zikahulumeni

Ohulumeni bavikela inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokumisa izindawo ezithile zomphakathi njengezindawo zokubonisa nokuhlangana. imfundiso yomphakathi, eyasungulwa ngokuyinhloko emthethweni womthetho - sisekelo waseMelika kodwa eboniswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kwezinye izindawo, iyaqaphela ukuthi imigwaqo, amapaki, nezindawo zomphakathi ezingokwesiko ezingokomlando ziye zasebenza njengezindawo zokuxhumana komphakathi futhi kumelwe zihlale zivulekele umsebenzi ovusa isithakazelo.

Emanxuseni angokwesiko omphakathi, imingcele kahulumeni eqondene nesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokuhlola izingxoxo. Imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe iwubukhonzi obungavumelani, futhi ngisho nezimiso eziqukethe kumelwe zihlotshaniswe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze zikhonze izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphawulekayo kuyilapho zishiya izindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekile. Lemfundiso iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinethuba elinenjongo lokuhlanganyela ekukhulumeni obala, ekubhikisheni, nasemhlanganweni.

Ohulumeni futhi bangase bakhe izinkundla zomphakathi ezimisiwe ngokuvula izakhiwo ezithile zomsebenzi oyimfihlo.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Yokukhuluma Esemthethweni

Nakuba inkululeko yokukhuluma ijabulela isivikelo esiqinile, akukho mphakathi wentando yeningi oyibheka njengenelungelo eliphelele.Ohulumeni abathile balawula izigaba zokukhuluma ukuze bavikele ezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise nokuphepha komphakathi, isithunzi somuntu siqu, izinqubo zokwahlulela ezilungile, nokulondeka kwesizwe.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

Enye yemingcele eqashelwa kakhulu ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile ihlanganisa amazwi ashukumisa isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo. Isimiso, esibekwe ngokucacile eMalamini e-America, siveza ukuthi inkulumo ilahlekelwa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo uma kungu eqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka ibangela noma iveze isenzo esinjalo [. Lendinganiso idinga kokubili ukuhloselela ukubangela ukuziphatha okungemthetho okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho kanye nonokwenzeka kokuba ukuziphatha okunjalo kwenzeke ngempela.

Lokhu kulinganisela kubonisa isahlulelo sokuthi uma inkulumo idlula emgqeni wokungagunyazi ukuqondisa ubudlova obusheshayo noma ukwephula umthetho, isithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuvimbela ukulimala sidlula ukubaluleka kokuvikela le nkulumo. Nokho, indinganiso ibeka ibhande eliphezulu, ivikela ngisho nokushukuma kwekhono lokukhuluma okungaqhubeki okungaqhubeki kuthathelwe phambili kwesenzo esingekho emthethweni. Ukungangeni ngokomthetho noma ubudlova esikhathini esithile esizayo esingenakugudlulwa ngokuvamile kuhlala kuvikelekile.

Amazwe ahlukahlukene asebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene ekushukumiseni. Amanye amazwe aseYurophu anqabela ukugqugquzelwa kwenzondo noma ubandlululo ngisho nangaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuba kube khona, abonisa izahlulelo ezihlukene ezibonisa ukuthi isisindo esilinganiselwe sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sihambisana nesivikelo sokukhuluma ngenzondo. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi nakuba isimiso sokulinganisela ukugqugquzelwa okuyingozi sithandwa kabanzi, ukusebenza kwaso okuqondile kuxhomeke emasikweni nasezindinganiso zendawo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuhlubuka Nokuvikelwa Kokubuyiselwa

Imithetho ephikisayo ivikela abantu ezindabeni ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela labo. Lemithetho iyaqaphela ukuthi nakuba inkululeko yokukhuluma ibalulekile, isakaza amanga ngokwazi noma ngokunganaki alimaza ukuma komuntu emphakathini abangela ukulimala kwangempela ohulumeni abangase bakhulume ngokusemthethweni. Ukulahlwa kuvame ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-libel (ukuhlambalaza okubhaliwe) nokunyundela (ukuhlambalaza okukhulunywayo), nakuba lo mehluko ungabalulekanga kakhulu kulenkathi yobuchwepheshe.

Izinhlangano zedemokrasi zifuna ukuba izikhulu zomphakathi zihlangabezane nendinganiso ephakeme lapho ziletha ukuhlanjalazwa, ziqaphela ukuthi impikiswano eqinile ngezindaba zomphakathi ingahlanganisa izinkulumo eziyiphutha nokuthi ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa kungathulisa inkulumo ebalulekile. E-United States, izibalo zomphakathi kumelwe zibonise "izenzo zonya""""" ukuthi ummangalelwa wayazi ukuthi inkulumo yayiyinkohliso noma wayenza ngokunganaki iqiniso. Lendinganiso engaphezulu ibonisa ukuthi ukuphefumula indawo yenkulumo enzima idinga ukubekezelela izinkulumo ezithile ezingamanga ngalabo abangena ngokuzithandela enkundleni yomphakathi.

Ukulinganisela isivikelo ngenkululeko kuseyinselele, ikakhulukazi njengoba imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo iye yandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufinyelela kokufinyelela izinkulumo ezingalulaza futhi kunzima ukuthola amakhambi aphumelelayo.

Ukwenyanya Nokunganeliseki Okubi

Ohulumeni balawula okunencazelo eyichilo nembi, nakuba izincazelo nezinga lomthetho onjalo zihluka kakhulu ezikhundleni ezihlukene. Ukweneka ngokuvamile kubhekisela ezintweni ezicacile zobulili ezingenalo inzuzo engathi sína yezincwadi, ezobuciko, ezombangazwe, noma ezingokwesayensi futhi ezikhangayo ezithakazelela izithakazelo eziphambili. Izimiso eziningi ezingokomthetho azikufaki ukungcoliswa ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukhuluma, zicabanga ukuthi izinto ezinjalo zineqhaza ekukhulumeni obala kuyilapho zibangela umonakalo emphakathini.

Ukuchaza ihlazo elingcolile kuye kwabonakala kunzima kakhulu, kuholela ekutheni kuphawulwe kahle ukuthi "Ngiyayazi uma ngiyibona." Izinkantolo ziye zasungula ukuhlola okunezici eziningi ezicabangela izindinganiso zomphakathi, isimo sempahla, nokuthi inenani elihle. Lokhu kuhlola kuzama ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokukhuluma kobulili okuvikelwe ngokomthetho nehlazo elingavikeleki, nakuba umugqa usalokhu uncintiswane futhi uncike emasikweni.

Okuqukethwe yi-methodrocation, okungashisi kakhulu kunenhlamba, kungathola isivikelo esilinganiselwe kuye nge-metary nangomongo. Imithombo yezindaba ivame ukubhekana nomthetho oqinile kunokushicilela noma ukuxhumana nge-internet, okusekelwe ekusakazekeni kwabo okusakazeke kakhulu nasekwenzweni kwabo abantwana. Ohulumeni bangabeka imingcele enikeza isikhathi esilinganisela ukusakazwa okungafanelekile ngamahora lapho izingane zingasakwazi ukuba khona ezibukeni, zilinganisele ukuveza iziphakamiso zabazali ekulawuleni ukuchayeka kwazo okungafanele.

Zonda Inkulumo Neqembu

Umthetho wokukhuluma wenzondo umelela enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma, ezinezinye izinguquko ezinkulu emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Inkulumo yenzondo ivame ukubhekisela emazwini athi ukululaza abantu noma amaqembu asekelwe ezicini ezinjengesizwe, ubuzwe, ubulili, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Impikiswano igxile ekutheni inkulumo enjalo ibangela ukulimala okwanele yini ukuze ithethelele ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni noma ukuthi izijeziso zokulwa kwezentengiselwano nezenhlalo zinikeza ukusabela okungcono.

Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, iCanada, kanye nezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi zenqabela inkulumo yenzondo ehlazisa amaqembu avikelwe noma ebangela inzondo nobandlululo.

I-United States ithatha indlela yokuvikela ukukhuluma, ngokuvamile inqabela inkulumo yenzondo kuphela lapho ihlangabezana nendinganiso efuna amandla yokukhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze noma iwela kwesinye isigaba esingavikelekile njengosongo lweqiniso. Imfundiso yokukhuluma eMelika ekhululekile ibonisa ukungaqiniseki ngekhono likahulumeni lokuhlukanisa ngokomthetho nemibono engekho emthethweni nokukhathazeka ngokuthi imithetho yokuzonda inkulumo ingahlolwa ngokumelene nemibono ephambene nomthetho noma yemibono emincane. Lendlela iveza ukuphikisana kwezentengiselwano nemiphumela yezenhlalo engokomthetho.

Impikiswano ngomthetho wokulawula ukuzonda inkulumo ihilela imibuzo eyisisekelo ngezinjongo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana, nendima efanele kahulumeni ekulolongeni inkulumo yeningi. futhi akukho kusebenza okuye kwabonakala kwanelisa ngokuphelele, njengoba bobabili bebhekana nezinselele zokusingatha ukulimala kwangempela kwenkulumo yenzondo kuyilapho belondoloza isivikelo esinamandla sokukhuluma okuphikiswana.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokwaziswa Okuyizinhlobo

Ohulumeni bavimbela inkulumo esongela ukulondeka kwesizwe, nakuba ukuchaza ubukhulu balokhu kukhishwa kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima. Ukukhathalela ukulondeka kwesizwe ngokusemthethweni kuhlanganisa ukuvikela izimfihlo zempi, imithombo yokuhlakanipha nezindlela, kanye nokwaziswa okungafaka engozini ukuphila noma amandla okuvikela. Nokho, ohulumeni bangase banxuse ukulondeka kwesizwe ukuze bacindezele ukwaziswa okuhlazisayo noma bavikele ububi obungahlolwa umphakathi.

Izimiso zokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zivumela ohulumeni ukuba bavimbele ukufinyelela ulwazi oluzwelayo futhi bajezise ukungagunyazi ukuthululwa. Lezi zimiso ziveza amazinga amaningi okuhlelwa kwemininingwane kanye nezinqubo zokunquma ukuthi ikuphi okudinga isivikelo. Nakuba kudingekile ekuvikeleni izimfihlo zangempela, izimiso zokuhlela zingasetshenziswa ngokweqile, ukugcina imfihlo yokwaziswa engasongeli nhlobo kodwa engase ihlazise izikhulu noma yembule imikhankaso engabazekayo.

Izinhlangano zedemokrasi zilwa kanzima ukulinganisela izidingo zokuphepha nokuzimela. Ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe ukwaziswa okungahlelwa kakhulu, njengoba izinkantolo ziqaphela izingozi zokuvumela uhulumeni ukuba ucindezele ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokuba umphakathi ukukuhlole. Umbango phakathi kokulondeka kwesizwe nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ujule phakathi nezikhathi zempi noma zosongo olukhudlwana, lapho ohulumeni bengase bafune igunya elibanzi lokuvimbela ukwaziswa kuyilapho abaxhasi bezikhulu zomphakathi bexwayisa ngokudela inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Ukuphindiselwa Kwenkulumo Yezentengiselwano

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano − ukucindezeleka okusikisela ukuthengiselwa kwezentengiselwano − kwamukela isivikelo esiningi kodwa esincishisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nenkulumo yezombangazwe noma yezobuciko. Ohulumeni balawula ukukhangisa nokuxhumana kwezentengiselwano ukuze bavimbele ukukhohlisa, ukukhohlisa, nemikhuba yezentengiselwano engalungile. Lemithetho iyaqaphela ukuthi nakuba inkulumo yezentengiselwano ineqhaza ekwenzeni izinqumo zabathengi abanolwazi kanye nokuphumelela kwezomnotho, futhi iveza izingozi eziyingqayizivele zokukhohlisa nokuhweba nokuhweba.

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano yamanga noma edukisayo ngokuvamile ayitholi sivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, ivumela ohulumeni ukuba benqabe ukukhangisa okukhohlisayo ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezifuna impoqo ekubekeni imingcele yenkulumo. Imithetho ingadinga ukudalulwa, ukunqatshelwa kwezinye izinkulumo, noma ukugunyazwa okuqondile. Ukukhangisa ngemikhiqizo eyingozi enjengogwayi kungase kubhekane nemingcele eyengeziwe, kuhlanganise nokulinganiselwa kokuthi imikhiqizo ingadayiswa kuphi futhi kanjani.

Ukuncishiswa kwesivikelo senkulumo yezentengiselwano kubonisa ukucatshangelwa okuningana. Izikhulumi zezentengiselwano zinezisusa ezinamandla zezomnotho zokuxhumana futhi azinakuthuntuzwa yimithetho kunezikhulumi ezingezona ezezekho. Inkulumo yezentengiselwano iqinisekiswa ngokungenaphutha kakhulu kunenkulumo yezombangazwe noma yobuciko, eyenza kube lula ukubona izinkulumo ezingamanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisusa senzuzo esisekelwe kwezentengiselwano singathethelela ukuqondisa okukhulu kukahulumeni ukuze kuvikelwe abathengi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuncintisana okulungile.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ngisho nenkulumo evikelwe ngokugcwele ingase ithonywe yimingcele enengqondo, esendaweni, nezindlela ezifeza izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuzibeka ezicini ezikuqukethe.

Isikhathi esifanelekile, indawo, nezindlela kumelwe kube yimingcele egcwele, okusho ukuthi abanakukhetha imibono ethile noma izihloko phezu kwabanye. Kumelwe zihlonyiselwe ukunikeza izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile, nakuba zingadingi ukuba zibe yizindlela ezilinganiselwe kakhulu ezikhona. Okubaluleke kakhulu, kumelwe zishiye eminye imikhondo evulekile yokuxhumana, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulumi zithola amathuba anenjongo okufinyelela izilaleli zazo ezihlosiwe.

Izibonelo zihlanganisa imithetho yomsindo elinganisela amazinga omsindo phakathi namahora asebusuku, ivumela izimfuneko ezinkulu zokubonisa ukuqondisa izimoto nokuphepha komphakathi, nemithetho evimbelayo ekubekeni izimpawu ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Imibandela Eqondile Nokucatshangelwa Okukhethekile

Ohulumeni bangase babeke imingcele emikhulu ezindaweni ezithile lapho ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile kuthethelela inkululeko elula, noma bangase banikeze isivikelo esithuthukisiwe lapho inkulumo ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile.

Inkulumo Ngezilungiselelo Zemfundo

Izikole namayunivesithi anikeza izinselele zokukhuluma eziyingqayizivele. Izinhlangano zemfundo yomphakathi ziyizinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho, kodwa futhi zinezithakazelo ezingokomthetho ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka, ekukhuthazeni ukufunda, nasekuvikeleni abafundi ekuhlukunyezweni. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwalezi zithakazelo kuyashintsha kuye ngemfundo nangomongo.

Izikole eziyinhloko nezisekhondari zingabeka imingcele enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yabafundi kunokuba ivunyelwe ezindaweni zomphakathi, ziqaphela umsebenzi wemfundo yesikole nomthwalo wemfanelo wenhlala - kahle yabafundi. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela igunya lesikole lokulawula izingxoxo eziphazamisa kakhulu isikole, ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungekho emthethweni, noma ukuhlukumeza. Nokho, abafundi balondoloza amalungelo abalulekile, futhi izikole azikwazi ukuvimbela ukukhuluma ngenxa nje yokuthi kuphikiswana noma akuthandwa.

Izinhlangano zemfundo ephakeme, ikakhulukazi amayunivesithi omphakathi, kumelwe zinikeze isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma. Izimiso zenkululeko yangaphakathi ziqaphela ukuthi amayunivesithi asebenza njengezindawo zokudayisa lapho imibono ephikisanayo neyinselele kufanele ithole isivikelo khona. Inkulumo eqinile ezindabeni zomphakathi ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo esiqinile, nakuba amayunivesithi engase alawule inkulumo ehlobene nemisebenzi engokomthetho noma imithwalo yemfanelo yobuchwepheshe. Inkulumo yabafundi emayunivesithi omphakathi ijabulela isivikelo esifanayo sokukhuluma emphakathini omphakathi, kanye nokungabi nalutho ekuhlukunyezelweni noma ukusongelwa okuqotho.

Inkulumo Yasemsebenzini

Izisebenzi zikahulumeni zinamalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile, kodwa lamalungelo kumelwe alinganiswe ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni njengomqashi ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle, ekulondolozeni isiyalo, nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ephumelelayo. Izisebenzi zomphakathi azinakuxoshwa noma ziqondiswe ngokukhuluma ezindabeni zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni angabonisa ukuthi inkulumo iphazamisa kakhulu imisebenzi yasemsebenzini noma ilulaza ikhono lesisebenzi lokwenza imisebenzi yazo.

Lokhu kuhlola kucabangela ukuthi inkulumo ikhuluma ngendaba yomphakathi, ukuthi isisebenzi sikhuluma njengesakhamuzi noma sizimisele ukwenza imisebenzi engokomthetho, nokuthi izithakazelo zikahulumeni emsebenzini zingcono kunezithakazelo zomsebenzi zokukhululeka. Ukukhuluma ngezindaba zesithakazelo somuntu siqu noma ukukhathalela imisebenzi engokomthetho akutholi sivikelo kakhulu kunenkulumo yezakhamuzi ezindabeni zomphakathi.

Izisebenzi ezisebenza ngasese ngokuvamile azinaso isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokomthetho ngokumelene nabaqashi bazo, njengoba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela kuphela isinyathelo sikahulumeni.

Inkulumo Ejele Nasezikhundleni Zokuqondisa

Abantu abaqashelwe balondoloza amalungelo athile okukhuluma ngokukhululekile, kodwa lamalungelo ancishiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yokulondeka okungokomthetho nezidingo zokuqondisa izindawo zokuqondisa izigwegwe.

Izinkantolo zivame ukuhoxa kubaphathi bejele ngezahlulelo zokuthi imingcele iziphi ezidingekayo, ziqaphela izinselele eziyingqayizivele zezindawo ezilondekile. Nokho, imingcele ayinakuhlelwa ukuba icindezele imibono ethile. Iziboshwa zivame ukuwagcina amalungelo okuxhumana nezinkantolo, abameli, kanye nemithombo yezindaba, ngaphansi kwemithetho enengqondo.

Inkulumo Yezempi

Amalungu enkonzo yezempi abhekene nemingcele emikhulu yokukhuluma kunezakhamuzi, ebonisa isizinda sebutho lezempi, izimfuneko zesiyalo, nomsebenzi wesizwe wokuvikela. Amalungu enkonzo angajeziswa ngenkulumo elulaza ukuhleleka nokuyala okuhle, abonisa ukudelela izikhulu, noma ukuyekethisa ekulondekeni kokusebenza. Lemingcele iyaqaphela ukuthi ukuphumelela kwezempi kuxhomeke ekulondolozeni igunya lokuyala nokubambisana ngezindlela ezingase zingakholeki ezimweni zesizwe.

Naphezu kwalemingcele, amalungu enkonzo alondoloza amalungelo aphawulekayo achazayo. Angase akhulume ezindabeni zomphakathi ezikhathalelayo uma zingekho emsebenzini, nakuba kumelwe agweme ukwenza umbono wokugunyazwa yiziphathimandla. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwesiyalo sezempi nenkululeko yokukhuluma kuyaqhubeka kushintsha, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezembutho zezembu jikelele nokungavunyelwa kwezombangazwe.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekukhulumisaneni

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla, ukushintsha kwemikhuba yezenhlalo, nezinsongo eziqedayo kuye kwabangela izinselele ezintsha kohulumeni abafuna ukuvikela nokulawula inkululeko yokukhuluma.

Izinkulumo Ezisetshenziswa Ezingobuchwepheshe Nezici Zokuxhumana

Ukuvela kwemithombo yezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha kakhulu inkulumo yeningi. Lezindawo zomphakathi ziye zaba izindawo eziyinhloko zokukhuluma, kodwa aziboshelwa izimfuneko zokukhuluma ezikhululekile ezingokomthetho ezilawula uhulumeni.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amapulatifomu avelele alawula inkulumo yeningi kangangokuthi kufanele aphathwe njengezikhulu zikawonke ezingaphansi kwezimfuneko zokukhuluma ezikhululekile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amapulatifomu anamalungelo awo achazayo futhi awaphoqelela ukuba athole lokho akuqukethe kungqubuzana nokuhlakanipha komhleli wawo. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqondisa, kusukela ekufuneni ukuba ukulinganisela okugcwele ekususeni okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuze banqande ubandlululo olusekelwe embonweni.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe esemhlabeni wonke kudala ezinye izinkinga.

Ukungaqondi Nezindaba Ezikhohlisayo

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungaqondakali − okungamanga noma okudukisayo − kuye kwavela njengendaba eyinhloko emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Ukungenela kwezizwe ngokhetho, imibono yozungu oluphathelene nempilo yomphakathi, kanye nemikhankaso yokungahambisani nokuhlelwa kwemikhankaso yezindaba isongela inkulumo yasobala esobala nokwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi. Nokho imizamo kahulumeni yokulwa nezingozi zokususa i-transchemetics iye yanika izikhulu amandla okuvimbela amaqiniso angafanele noma imibono engamukeleki ngokuzifihla ngokulwa amanga.

Ohulumeni bedemokrasi baye bathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusingatha izinkulumo ezigxekayo lapho bevikela inkululeko yokukhuluma. Abanye bagxila ezidingweni zokubona ngokukhululekile, beveza obala abaxhasi bezokukhangisa kwezombangazwe noma ama-voot. Abanye bagcizelela imfundo yokufunda ukuxhumana ukuze basize izakhamuzi zihlaziye ukwaziswa ngokuhluzekile. Amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho enqabela ukukhishwa kwemininingwane ngamabomu phakathi nezikhathi zokhetho, nakuba lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngohulumeni ngokunquma iqiniso nokuvimbela inkulumo yezombangazwe.

Inselele yokungavumelani nemibono iqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kokuvikela inkulumo ekhululekile nokuqinisekisa ukuthi inkulumo yeningi isekelwe esisekelweni samaqiniso ahlanganyelwayo. Amakhambi kumelwe agweme ukunikeza uhulumeni amandla okusebenza njengommemezeli weqiniso kuyilapho eqaphela ukuthi ukukhulumela okuhlelekile kungalulaza izimo ezidingekayo ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile nokucabangisisa ngentando yeningi.

Injabulo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ikhono lokuqapha likahulumeni liye lakhula kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, okwenza ukuba kuqashelwe ukuxhumana, kulandelelwe imisebenzi engaphakathi, futhi kuqoqwe ukwaziswa okuningi ngemisebenzi yabantu evusa inkanuko. Nakuba ukuqapha kungase kufeze izinjongo zomthetho ezingokomthetho zomthetho nokulondeka kwesizwe, kungabangela futhi ukuthuntutha kwenkulumo ngokubangela ukwesaba ukuthi inkulumo izoqashelwa futhi isetshenziswe ngokumelene nezikhulumi.

Ulwazi lokuthi uhulumeni kungenzeka ukuthi uyabungamela lungavimbela abantu ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuphikisanayo, ukuveza imibono engathandeki, noma ukuzihlanganisa namaqembu angamukeleki. Lokhu kusebenza ngisho nalapho uhulumeni engajezisi inkulumo, njengoba kungenzeka ukuba ukuqapha kushintshe ukuziphatha. Izinhlangano zedemocratic kumelwe zilinganisele ukulondeka okudingekayo ngokumelene nokubaluleka kokugcinwa kwezindawo zomphakathi ukuze kukhulunywe ngasese kanye nokukhuluma okungaziwa okwenza inkulumo yasobala ibe nekhono eliqinile.

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukuqapha ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, amanye amazwe anikeza isivikelo esinamandla esidinga imvume nokwengamela kokwahlulela kuyilapho amanye enikeza igunya elikhulu lokuhlola ngemishini elinganiselwe. Isimo sezizwe ngezindawo sokuxhumana ngemishini sibangela ukuba ukuqondisa kube nzima, njengoba ohulumeni bengase bathole ukwaziswa okugcinwe kwamanye amazwe noma benze ukuqapha okuthinta izizwe zakwamanye amazwe ezingaphandle kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Ukungaziwa Nokubhala

Inkulumo engashiwongo inomlando omude emiphakathini yentando yeningi, okwenza abaphikisi bagxeke uhulumeni, abashaya ikhwelo ukuba badalule ububi, nabantu abahlola imibono ephikisanayo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela. Ubuchwepheshe bamanani buye bathuthukisa amathuba okukhuluma okungaziwa kuyilapho futhi budala izinselele zokugcinwa komthetho nokulandisa.

Ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bafuna ukuvimbela ukungaziwa ngezimfuneko zangempela ze-akhawunti ye-inthanethi noma iziyalo zokuba abantu baqoqe izimpawu zomsebenzisi. Lezi zinyathelo zifuna ukunciphisa inkulumo elimazayo njengokuhlukunyezwa noma ukuhlanjalazwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulumi ezisengozini zisengozini yokuphindisela futhi zenze uhulumeni ahluleke ngokulandelana. Ukulinganisela izinzuzo zokungahloniphi ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nokuziphendulela nokukhuluma okulimazayo kuseyinselele.

Ukubhala okuyimfihlo kuveza ukungavumelani okufanayo. Ukubhala okunamandla kuvikela ukuxhumana kwangasese ekuqapheni futhi kwenza ukuba kukhululeke, ikakhulukazi kubacosheli bezindaba, abashisekeli, nabaphikisi. Nokho ukukopisha kungavikela futhi umsebenzi wobugebengu ekuhloleni umthetho. Izingxoxo zokuthi yini ohulumeni okufanele bagunyaze ukuvulwa kwezincwadi eziyimfihlo noma izimiso eziyinhloko zifaka idolo ekulondekeni nasekuqashelweni komthetho ngokumelene nezindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nezingadingi ukuxoxa.

Ukukhuluma Ngenhlanganisela Nempi - mpikiswano Yokuvinjelwa

I-Internet ivumela ukunqamula imingcele ngokushesha, idala izingxabano lapho inkulumo engokomthetho kwelinye izwe iphula imithetho kwelinye izwe. Iwebhusayithi ebekwe kwelinye izwe ingatholakala emhlabeni wonke, ikwazi ukubeka isikhulumi esimweni esingokomthetho kunoma isiphi isifunda lapho singabheka khona. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi yimiphi imithetho yezwe esebenzayo nokuthi izikhulumi kumelwe zivumelane yini nemithetho eqinile yanoma yiliphi izwe lapho zingathola khona inkulumo yazo.

Amanye amazwe anegunya elikhulu ngenkulumo ye-inthanethi ethinta izakhamuzi zawo noma izinto ezizithandayo, ngisho noma isikhulumi nesikhulumi sisendaweni ethile. Lokhu kungadala umjaho phansi lapho imithetho yenkulumo eqinile ingabusa khona ngokuphumelelayo izinkulumo zembulunga yonke, njengoba amapulatifomu engasusa okuqukethwe ukuze agweme icala noma kuphi.

Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke nokuvumelana kwemithetho yokukhuluma kungaxazulula izingxabano ezithile ezilawulayo, kodwa ukuvumelana okuyisisekelo kubangelwa ukungavumelani ngemithetho efanelekile yokukhuluma.

Indima Yabalwi Abangahleli

Nakuba uhulumeni enendima eyinhloko ekuvikeleni nasekuqondiseni inkulumo ekhululekile ngamalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho nangezinqubo zomthetho, abadlali abangewona ahulumeni bathonya kakhulu ukusetshenziswa okuwusizo kwamalungelo achazayo. Ukuqonda inkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga ukuhlola indlela izinhlangano ezizimele, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezimiso zomphakathi ezilawula lokho abantu abangakusho kanye nokuthi iyiphi inkulumo efinyelela izibukeli.

Amandla Okwenza Ipulasitiki Azimele

Izinkampani zangasese, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe, zilawula kakhulu inkulumo yamanje. Izinqumo zazo zokulinganisela eziqukethwe zinquma ukuthi yiziphi izigidigidi zabantu ezingaziveza futhi zikwazi ukufinyelela kuphi.

Izimemo zenkonzo zakha izindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nezindlela zenkonzo ezivimbela izigaba ezihlukahlukene zokwaziswa, kusukela ekukhulumeni okunenzondo nasekuhlukunyezweni kuya ekuqanjweni nakubudlova obucacile. Ukufakwa kwalezi zimiso kuhilela kokubili izimiso ezizisebenzelayo nezingameli ezingabantu ezenza izigidi zezinqumo mayelana nalokho okuqukethwe ukususwa, ukuncishiswa, noma ukubizwa kwegama. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa izindinganiso zeqophelo, izithakazelo zebhizinisi, nokusabela ekucindezeleni kukahulumeni nomphakathi.

Ukubekwa kwe-platform kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokulandisa nokulunga. Abasebenzisi banokuthola usizo olulinganiselwe uma lokho abakuqukethe kususwa noma kubekwa phansi. Ama-Platform angasebenzisa imithetho ngokungefani noma enze amaphutha athulisa inkulumo engokomthetho. Amanye amapulatifomu amise amabhodi ababonisi noma izinqubo zokukhuthaza ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa, kodwa imibuzo isalokhu iwukuthi izinkampani ezizimele kufanele zisebenzise amandla anjalo entshumayelweni yasobala ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwentando yeningi.

Umphakathi Wasebuthweni Namaqembu Ezembutho

Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi, icindezela amaqembu enkululeko, kanye nezinhlangano zezenkululeko yezezimali zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkulumo ekhululekile. Lamaqembu aphikisa izenzakalo ezibekela imingcele kahulumeni, aqondisa izinsongo zokuveza inkululeko, afundisa umphakathi ngezimiso zokukhuluma, futhi asekele izimiso zokuvikela. Izinhlangano ezinjengeze- i-American Civil Liberes Union[, ] Artlectle 19 [[, kanye namanye amaqembu amaningi emhlabeni wonke akhonza njengezikhundla nezinkodo zokuvikela nokuvikela izinkulumo zokukhululeka.

Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukumelela izikhulumi ezingenamali yokulwela amalungelo azo, ziletha amacala okuhlola amisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Zinikeza nobuchwepheshe ezinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nabenzi bezimiso abalwa nezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zokukhuluma. Ngokukhuthaza imibono yomphakathi nokuhlanganisa imikhankaso yobushiqela, amaqembu omphakathi angathonya kokubili izenzakalo ezingokomthetho nezimiso zomphakathi ezikhululekile.

Izindinganiso Zezenhlalo Nezimiso Zempucuko

Isivikelo esingokomthetho siyingxenye yendlela yokukhuluma ekhululekile. Izimiso zomphakathi kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko zithonya kakhulu lokho abantu abazizwa bekhululekile ukukuveza nendlela umphakathi osabela ngayo enkulumweni ephikiswanayo. Ikhansela impucuko, inqwaba yemithombo yezokuxhumana, nemiphumela ephambili yokukhuluma okungathandeki ingathulisa inkulumo ngokuphumelelayo njengokuhlola uhulumeni, ngisho nalapho kungekho mingcele engokomthetho.

Izinhlangano zedemokrasi kumelwe zihlakulele izibopho ezingokwesiko zokuveza izikhundla ezivumelana nesivikelo esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubekezelela inkulumo ecasulayo noma engathandeki, ukuzimisela ukuhileleka embonweni ephikisayo, nokumelana nokufuna ukucusumbulwa kwezincwadi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulandisa komphakathi ngenkulumo elimazayo (ngokugxekwa, ukugxekwa, noma imiphumela engokobuchwepheshe) emelela ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo abanye ayimfihlo futhi akufanele kuthotyelwe ukucushwa kwemithetho yokucusumbula.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokuvikela okungokomthetho nokubekezelelana kwezenhlalo nokukhuluma buyaqhubeka bushintshashintsha.Izinhlangano kumelwe zilawule phakathi kokuvikela ukukhuluma okuqinile nokusiza ukuba kube nemiphumela engokwenhlalo yokukhuluma engqubuzana nezimiso zomphakathi, ziqaphela ukuthi kokubili inkululeko engokomthetho nokulandisa komphakathi kunendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni inkulumo yasobala.

Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Ukuphinda Ukhulume

Izinhlangano zedemokrasi ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela isivikelo sokukhuluma nezinye izindinganiso, ziveza okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando okuhlukahlukene, amasiko angokomthetho, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ezingokwesiko. Ukuhlola lokhu kungafani kukhanyisa uhide lwezinqumo ezikhona nezingahlobene nokuhweba okuzuzwe ngezimiso ezihlukene.

Isibonelo SaseMelika: Isivikelo Esikhulu

I-United States inikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma, izinkantolo zisebenzisa iziqondiso eziqinile eziningi ezisekelwe kulokhu okubhaliwe futhi ziqaphela ukuthi zimbalwa ezihlukile. Lendlela iveza ukungabaza okukhulu mayelana nekhono likahulumeni lokulawula inkulumo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kabi lawo mandla nokuzinikela okuqinile emakethe yemibono njengendlela engcono kakhulu yokuthola iqiniso nokuzifunela uhulumeni ubudemokhrasi ubuningi.

Imfundiso yenkululeko yokukhuluma yaseMelika ivikela inkulumo ecasulayo, enenzondo, nengamanga ngezinga elingavamile phakathi kwentando yeningi. Lesisimiso sibekezelela ukulimala okuphawulekayo ekukhulumeni, kuhlanganise nokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, ukulimala kwedumela, nokunikela ekwahlulelweni okusekelwe ekwahlulelweni okubangelwa imingcele kahulumeni eletha izingozi ezinkulu kunenkulumo elimazayo futhi okuphikisana nokunikeza amakhambi angcono kunokucusumbula.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela engafanelekile ivikela amaqembu asengozini enkulu enkulumweni yenzondo, ivumela ukungavumelani nenkululeko yokulingana. Abalweli baphikisa ngokuthi isivikelo esiqinile senkulumo eyimpikiswano sibalulekile ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi, intuthuko yezenhlalo, nokuzibusa komuntu siqu, nokuthi ezinye izindlela zokuzifaka engozini zibangela uhulumeni ukuba acindezele ukuphikisana.

Isibonelo SaseYurophu: Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nesithunzi

Intando yeningi yaseYurophu inikeza isivikelo esinamandla sokukhuluma kuyilapho iqaphela izizathu ezibanzi zokulawula, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nenkulumo yenzondo, ukunqatshelwa kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, nokuvikelwa kwesithunzi somuntu.

I - European Convention on Human Rights ivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho ivumela ngokucacile imingcele edingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuvikela idumela, ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka noma ubugebengu, nokuvikela amalungelo abanye. Izinkantolo zaseYurophu zihlola ngokulinganayo, zilinganisele ukuveza izithakazelo ezincintisanayo kunokuba zisebenzise imithetho ewujuqu.

Lesici senza kube nokuqondiswa okukhulu kokukhuluma ngenzondo, ukuhlambalaza, kanye nokunye ukusho okulimazayo kunalokho okuvunyelwa umthetho waseMelika. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuvikela isithunzi somuntu kangcono nokulingana kuyilapho kuvikela kakhulu inkulumo yezombangazwe nentando yeningi. Abagxeki bakhathazeka ngokuthi ukulinganisela kunikeza isivikelo esinganele kuhulumeni sokumelana nokucupha nokuthi imithetho yenzondo yokukhuluma ingasetshenziswa ekulweni nemibono emincane.

Ukuhlanganisa Izindawo Ezine - Democracia Nama - ́pial Afushanisiwe

Amazwe ashintshela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi noma aphuma ezimpini abhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele zokukhuluma ngenkululeko. Lemiphakathi kumelwe yakhe izinhlangano zentando yeningi nezimiso zentando yeningi kuyilapho ikhuluma ngemithetho yokucindezelwa, izimpi zobuhlanga, noma ukubusa ngempoqo. Isivikelo sokukhuluma singangqubuzana nemizamo yokuthuthukisa ukubuyisana, ukuvimbela izingxabano ezintsha, noma ukumisa ubuzwe obusha.

Eminye imiphakathi eshintshayo imukela imingcele yokukhuluma ngenzondo noma imiyalo yenkulumo ekhazimulisa izenzo zonya zangesikhathi esidlule, icabanga ukuthi ukukhulumela okungaphazamiseki kungabusa izingxabano noma kunciphe izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezintekenteke. Eminye ibeka inkululeko enkulu njengebalulekile ekuqiniseni kwentando yeningi nasekuzilandiseni ngezenzo ezingafanele zesikhathi esidlule. Lokhu kukhetha kubonisa izahlulelo ezinzima mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo emongweni lapho izimiso zentando yeningi zisekhona zincintisana futhi amandla embusweni wentando yeningi emisha elinganiselwe.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokungavumelani Nemithetho Yokukhuluma

Naphezu kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlukene ezibukweni, izimiso ezithile ziqondisa ukuthi izimiso zokukhuluma zifanelekile yini futhi ziyavumelana nezindinganiso zentando yeningi. Lezizimiso zisiza ekuhlukaniseni ukulinganiselwa okufanelekile ekucubungulisweni okungafanele futhi zinikeze izinqubo zokuhlaziya iziphakamiso ezintsha zokuzihlela.

Ukuba Ngokomthetho Nokuba Ngocacile

Imingcele yokukhuluma kumelwe inikezwe umthetho ocacile futhi oqondile ukuze ukwazi ukwenza abantu baqonde lokho okunqatshelwe futhi balawule ukuziphatha kwabo ngokufanele. Imingcele eqinile evikelayo ngokwenza ukungaqiniseki ngalokho okuvunyelwe. Imithetho kumelwe inikeze isaziso esifanelekile sokuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi ibeke imingcele engokomthetho ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugcinwa komthetho owenqatshelwe noma owephula umthetho.

Imfuneko yokuba ngokomthetho futhi isho ukuthi imingcele kumelwe ilandele izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe kunokuba ibangelwe isenzo sikahulumeni esiwubushiqela.

Injongo Engokomthetho

Imingcele eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufaneleka kokukhuluma kumelwe ifeze izinjongo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni, njengokuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, impilo yomphakathi, noma amalungelo abantu.

Ukunquma ukuthi injongo ifanelekile yini kudinga ukuhlola kokubili ukuthethelelwa okushiwoyo kanye nomphumela wangempela walokhu kuvinjelwa. Ohulumeni bangase basebenzise izinjongo ezingokomthetho njengezaba zokucusumbula, okudinga ukuhlolisiswa ukuthi imingcele ifeza ngempela yini imigomo yabo abayishilo noma ngokuyinhloko ivimbela ukubonakaliswa kokungavunyelwa.

Okudingekile Nesabelo

Imingcele yokukhuluma kumelwe idingeke ukuze kufinyelelwe izinjongo zabo ezishiwoyo futhi kulinganiswe nokulimaza abakubhekisa kukho. Lokhu kudinga ukubonisa ukuthi umthetho uyokwenza isithakazelo sikahulumeni sibe ngcono futhi ezinye izinto ezingasibekeli imigoqo inganele. Imingcele egadla kakhulu kunaleyo edingekile noma ephoqelela imithwalo elingana nezinzuzo ezinikezayo iphula izimiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile.

Ukuhlola ukulinganisela kucabangela ubukhulu balemingcele, ukubaluleka kwesithakazelo sikahulumeni, ukuphumelela kwemingcele ekukhonzeni leso sithakazelo, kanye nokutholakala kwezinye izindlela. Lesi simiso senza kuqondane kahle lapho silondoloza imibono enamandla emelene nemingcele yokukhuluma.

Ukungaguquguquki Nombono Wokungathathi - hlangothi

Imingcele yokukhuluma akumelwe ikhethe imingcele esekelwe embonweni noma ethande abanye abantu. Uhulumeni ungase ungabeki imingcele enkulumweni ngenxa yokuthi izikhulu azivumelani nomyalezo othile noma zifisa ukucindezela imibono ethile. Ngisho nalapho uqondisa inkulumo ngezizathu ezifanele, uhulumeni kumelwe asebenzise imingcele ngisho nangesandla kunokuba akhethe ukumisa imithetho ngokumelene nezikhulumi ezingathandeki noma imibono.

Ukungathathi hlangothi kombono akukwenqabeli konke ukuhlukanisa okusekelwe kulokhu okuqukethwe. Uhulumeni ungalawula zonke izigaba zenkulumo, njengokusongela kweqiniso noma ukuhlambalaza, ngaphandle kokwephula izimiso zokungathathi hlangothi. Nokho, ezigabani ezivikelwe, uhulumeni akanakukhetha futhi akhethe ukuthi yimiphi imibono ethola isivikelo ngokuvumelana noma ngokuphikisana nomyalezo.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Sokukhuluma Nokubuyisana

Izimiso zokukhuluma nezimiso ezikhululekile ziyaqhubeka zishintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwezimiso zezenhlalo nezinsongo ezivelayo.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nenkulumo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izimiso zokuhlakanipha eziwenziweyo ziveza ukuqukethe, ukwaziswa okuphindiwe, kanye nenkulumo elinganiselwe. Le misebenzi iphakamisa imibuzo emincane mayelana nokuthi okuqukethwe yi-Al-genevery ifanelwe isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, onomthwalo wemfanelo wenkulumo elimazayo ye-Al, nendlela yokulawula ukuhlelwa kwemithetho elawula lokho abantu abahlangana nakho. Izinqubo zokukhuluma ezikhululekile ezisungulwe kubantu ezingase zidinge ukujwayela ukuzwa kwenkulumo ehlelwe ngomshinini kanye nokulinganisela okungaphakathi kwemishini.

Izimiso ze-algolithim ezigunyaza ukumiswa kwemithetho kanye nokutuswa kunquma ukuthi yiyiphi inkulumo efinyelela izibukeli eziningi, ekwazi ukulawula ngokuphumelelayo ukuphatha inkulumo yeningi. Ukuthi kufanele kuqondiswe futhi kuqondiswe kanjani lezi zimiso ukuze kukhuthazwe imibono ehlukahlukene, kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokubonana. Amakhambi kumelwe alinganisele ukuzimela nokuncintisana nokukhathazeka ngobandlululo, izihluthulelo, nokusetshenziswa kombono womphakathi.

Ukubusa Komhlaba Wonke Nokubambisana Komhlaba Wonke

Imbulunga yonke yezokuxhumana ngemishini idinga ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba zenkulumo ezihambisana nemingcele. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa izindinganiso nezindinganiso ze-inthanethi yemithetho yokukhuluma ibhekene nezinselele zezindinganiso zesizwe ezihlukene nezithakazelo. Ohulumeni abagunyazi bazama ukugunyaza ukucubungula ngezindlela zezizwe ngezizwe, kuyilapho idemokrasi izama ukuhlanganisa izindlela ezivikela ukuveza inkulumo ekhululekile kuyilapho isingatha ukulimala okuqotho.

Abalawuli abathatha imingcele eminingi abahlanganisa ohulumeni, iziteshi, umphakathi, nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe banganikeza izindlela ezingaphambili. Lezi zinqubo ziqaphela ukuthi akukho mdlali oyedwa ongabusa ngokuphumelelayo izingxoxo zezimiso zembulunga yonke nokuthi amakhambi adinga ukusebenzelana phakathi kwezigaba nemingcele. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa okunjalo kuhlonipha izindinganiso zedemokhrasi nezimiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile kuyilapho kuhlala kuveza izinselele ezinkulu.

Ukuvumelanisa Nemithetho Yesisekelo

Izimfundiso ezikhululekile zomthetho-mthetho zithuthukisiwe emongweni ohlukile kakhulu endaweni yolwazi yanamuhla. Izinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho kumele zivumelane nalezi zici ukuze ziqonde inkulumo ebhalwe ngokwezinombolo, amandla esiteji, kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokukhuluma lapho zilondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlaziywa kokuthi imiqondo engokwesiko njengezinto zomphakathi, ukuzithiba, kanye nokuqukethwe kusebenza kanjani ezimweni ezintsha.

Abanye baphikisa ngokufakwa komthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma ukuze babhekane nezindawo eziphezulu ezinamandla kanye nezingozi zemishini. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezikhona zihlala zinengqondo futhi zimane zidinga ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo emongweni omusha. Iminyaka ezayo cishe iyobona ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwemfundiso yenkululeko yokukhuluma njengezinkantolo nabamisi-mthetho belwa nalezi zinselele.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni avikela futhi alawule ngayo inkululeko yokukhuluma kunezici eziwusizo ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo azo aveza imizwa yazo futhi ezihlanganyela enkulumweni yentando yeningi.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho

Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde izinga nemingcele yesivikelo sokukhuluma ezizweni zazo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinkulumo ezithola isivikelo somthetho-mthetho, ukuthi imiphi imingcele uhulumeni angayibeka, nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi atholakalayo uma amalungelo ephulwa. Ukwazi imithetho ehambelanayo nezimiso zomthetho kusiza abantu ukuba baqinise amalungelo abo ngokuphumelelayo futhi baqaphele lapho izenzo zikahulumeni zidlula imingcele engokomthetho.

Ukuqonda ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile sicindezela isinyathelo sikahulumeni kuphela, hhayi izinhlangano ezizimele, kusiza ekucaciseni uma amalungelo okukhuluma esetshenziswa.

Ukukhuluma Ngobuwula

Isivikelo esingokomthetho senkulumo asiyiqedi imithwalo yemfanelo yezimiso zokusebenzisa inkululeko eveza ingqondo. Izakhamuzi kufanele zicabangele umonakalo ongase ube khona ngenkulumo yazo, ziqinisekise iziphakamiso eziyiqiniso ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngokwaziswa, futhi zihileleke enkulumweni eqotho kunokucasula ngamabomu noma ukuhlukunyezwa. Izindlela zokukhuluma eziqotho ziqinisa inkulumo yentando yeningi futhi zinciphise ukucindezela kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukuqaphela ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa ilungelo lokugxeka nokusabela emazwini abanye kusiza ukuba kugcinwe impikiswano enempilo. Ukuphikisa inkulumo esolekayo ngenkulumo eyisimanga kakhulu kunokucusumbula, kuveza kokubili ilungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Ukuhlanganyela imibono ephikisanayo ngenhlonipho nangemibono ewujuqu kunezela ekudayiseni kwemibono ehloselwe ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Zokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayixhomekile kuphela ezivikelweni ezingokomthetho kodwa nasezinhlanganweni eziqinile ezihlanganisa izinkantolo ezizimele, imithombo yamaphephandaba nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Izakhamuzi zingasekela lezizinhlangano ngokuhlanganyela, ukuphambana, nokusekela ngokwezimali. Ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga ukuqapha kuhulumeni ophambanayo nokuzimisela ukuvikela ngisho nalapho okuqukethweyo kungathandeki noma kucasula.

Ukusekela ukubheka amaphephandaba aphezulu, izinhlangano ezihlola iqiniso, kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlola ukufundwa kwezindaba kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi inkulumo yeningi isekelwe ekwazisweni okunokwethenjelwa. Lezi zikhungo zenza ukuba impikiswano esekelwe ekutheni isivikelo sokukhuluma ngenkululeko yenkululeko yenkululeko yenze kube lula futhi kunikeze ezinye izindlela ezingcono kuhulumeni zokukhuluma amanga noma ukudukisa.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Nomthwalo Wemfanelo

Isivikelo sikahulumeni nesimiso sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kubonisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokulinganisela inkululeko ehambisana nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile kuhlanganise nokuphepha komphakathi, isithunzi somuntu siqu, nokubusa kwentando yeningi. Akukho ukulinganisela okuphelele, futhi imiphakathi yentando yeningi isaqhubeka iphikisana ngokuthi imigqa kufanele igwenywephi nokuthi izimiso ezithuthukisiwe zisebenza kanjani ezinkingeni zanamuhla.

Isivikelo esinamandla sokukhuluma sifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ekuzilawuleni, zigcine izikhulu zinecala, ziphishekele iqiniso ngenkulumo-mpikiswano esobala, futhi zibonise ukuzibusa kwazo. Lezi zinzuzo zithethelela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esiqinile nokungabaza imingcele kahulumeni.

Nokho inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele, futhi imithetho engokomthetho isingatha ukulimala kwangempela kuyilapho ilondoloza indawo yenkulumo eqinile. Inselele isekuhlukaniseni imingcele efanelekile ekucubungulweni okungafanele, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imingcele ifeza izinjongo ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kokwenza uhulumeni acindezele ukungavumelani noma ukusekela imibono ethile.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha indlela esikhulumisana ngayo nezinselele ezintsha zivela, izimiso eziyisisekelo sesivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile zihlala zisebenza njengoba ukusebenzisa kwazo kushintshashintsha. Ukulondoloza inkululeko enengqondo kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuvumelana nomthetho okunengqondo, kanye nokuzinikela okungokwesiko ekubekeleni izingxoxo ezingezwani kuyilapho zigcina izikhulumi zinomthwalo wokulandisa ngezimiso zomphakathi kunokuba zicubungulwe uhulumeni.

Ngokuqonda indlela uhulumeni ovikela futhi ulawule ngayo, abantu bangawasebenzisa kangcono amalungelo abo, bahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nezimiso ezifanele, futhi bahlanganyele enkulumweni yentando yeningi. Ikusasa lenkululeko yokukhuluma lixhomeke ekubophekeni kwabantu bonke ekulondolozeni inkululeko ekhululekile kuyilapho kuxoxwa ngokumelene nenkulumo elimazayo ngezindlela ezibonisa inhlonipho ngezindinganiso zentando yeningi namalungelo abantu.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana namalungelo okukhuluma kanye nezinselele zamanje, vakashela i-Electronic Foundation , enikeza imithombo yenkululeko yomphakathi, noma uhlole i-Freedom Forum Institute [ yemfundo mayelana namalungelo eSigqizo sokuqala sokuzinzisa nokucindezela inkululeko.