Iyini Incazelo Eyisisekelo Kahulumeni?

Uhulumeni uyisimiso esihleliwe okuthi ngaso umphakathi, umbuso, noma isizwe siqondiswe futhi siqondiswe. Simisa imithetho (imithetho), siyenza iphoqelelwe, futhi sinikeze izinkonzo abantu abangakwazi ukuzinakekela kalula. Ngaphakathi, uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ulondoloze ukuhleleka, uvikele amalungelo, futhi uthuthukise inhlalakahle kawonke. Nakuba lesi sakhiwo sihlukile emhlabeni wonke, bonke ohulumeni benza lemisebenzi ebalulekile ngezinga elithile.

Ukuqonda izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni kunikeza izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo, kwenza abaholi bavume ukulandisa, futhi basekele ushintsho.

Izinga Elithathu Likahulumeni

Emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi amarepublic kahulumeni amakhulu njenge-United States, uhulumeni usebenza emazingeni amathathu ahlukene: uhulumeni (wezwe) wezwe (noma wesifundazwe), nezwe lendawo. Isigaba ngasinye sinemithwalo yaso yemfanelo, amandla, nemithombo yemali, okudala isimiso sokubusa esinemininingwane efanelekile.

Uhulumeni Wezwe

Uhulumeni wezwe usingatha izindaba ezithinta lonke izwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvikela izwe, inkambiso yangaphandle, ezohwebo zamazwe angaphandle, imali, ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo, nokugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni. Ivame ukuhlukaniswa ngamagatsha amathathu(legisalitive, isikhulu, neyahlulelo----mejastia) ukuze ivimbele ukuqina kwezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited States, i-Congress (legassivative), ibhala imithetho, uMongameli (odaliweyo) uyawacindezela, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme (i-judicial) iyawachaza. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, okumiswe [[FLT:] U.S. uMthetho-Constitution [FLD]], uyisiciromenti yentando yentando yentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso

Ohulumeni bahulumeni baphatha izindaba phakathi kwemingcele yabo. Bengamela imfundo, ezokuhamba, impilo yomphakathi, amaphoyisa kahulumeni, nezimiso eziningi zomthetho. Ohulumeni abaningi bamazwe bahlobisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni: umbusi njengomphathi, isishaya-mthetho sombuso (ngokuvamile i-bimaral), nesimiso senkantolo yombuso. Imithetho yoMbuso ingahluka kakhulu kusuka komunye umbuso kuya komunye, ibonisa izindinganiso zesifunda ngasinye kuya komunye, izidingo zomphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, izifunda zibekela isilinganiso sazo, intela, nezindinganiso zemfundo. Amazwe futhi anamandla okukhipha imvume (i-i-ibhinali, ingcweti, njll) futhi alawula imisebenzi eminingi yezebhizinisi.

Uhulumeni Wendawo

Uhulumeni wendawo usondelene kakhulu nezakhamuzi. Uhlanganisa izifunda, amadolobha, amadolobha, izigodi ezikhethekile (njengezigungu zesikole noma iziphathimandla zamanzi). Ohulumeni bendawo baphatha izinkonzo zemfucumfucu usuku nosuku: ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, imigwaqo nemigwaqo yendawo, amapaki nezokuzilibazisa, imvume yokwakha, kanye nesivikelo somlilo. Baholwa kakhulu umphathi wedolobha noma umphathi wedolobha kanye nomkhandlu wedolobha. Ngokuvamile ukhetho lwendawo lunemiphumela eshesha kakhulu ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi, kodwa umvoti wemijaho yezinhlanga yendawo uthanda ukwehla. Ukusebenza kule ndawo ngesilinganiso .

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Nemisebenzi Yawo

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni abe amagatsha amathathu uyisisekelo sentando yeningi yanamuhla. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile futhi lingahlola amandla amanye, lakha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

  • Igatsha elinomthetho – misa imithetho. Esimisweni se-bimadral (njenge-U.S. Congress), kunamakamelo amabili: indlu ephansi (ngokuvamile ebizwa iNdlu yabameleli) nendlu engaphezulu (iSigebengu). Kokubili kumelwe kudlulise umthetho ngaphambi kokuba kube ngumthetho.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo – ifaka imithetho. Liholwa umongameli, undunankulu, noma umbusi, leligatsha lihlanganisa nezinhlangano zokuphatha (njengoMnyango Wemfundo noma i-Agency Yezokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile) emisa izimiso.
  • Igatsha eliphethe i-judicial - - ichaza imithetho. Izinkantolo kuwo wonke amazinga zixazulula izimpikiswano, zinqume icala noma ubumsulwa, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (umz. iNkantolo Ephakeme) inegama lokugcina emibuzweni engokomthetho-sisekelo.

Amasethi kanye nokulinganisela kusho ukuthi umongameli angakhipha umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawususa lowo mthetho ngokulawula okukhulu. Ngokufanayo, izinkantolo zingamisa imithetho ephula umthetho, kodwa igatsha eliphethe limisa abahluleli (ngokuvunyelwa kwemithetho). Lesi simiso sokuhlanganisa sivimbela noma igatsha elilodwa ukuba lingabuswa.

Indlela Ibhuloho Eliba Ngayo Umthetho: Inqubo Yomthetho

Ukuqonda uhambo lwemali ebhaliswe ngokulandelana kwemithetho kuyindlela eqinisekile yokubona uhulumeni esebenza. Nakuba izinqubo zihluka ngokwezinga namazwe, inqubo evamile yokushaya umthetho ihlanganisa lezi zinyathelo:

  1. I-Introduction:[ Ilungu lesishaya-mthetho (noma ikomiti yemithetho) iveza umthetho. Yabelwe inani futhi ibhekiselwe ekomitini efanele.
  2. Committee Review: Ikomiti ifunda isikweleti, ibambe izindlebe, futhi ingasilungisa futhi noma iphinde ibhale. Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini; ingxenyana kuphela iqhubekela phansi.
  3. Ingxoxo ye-Floor ne Vote: Indikimba egcwele yezishaya-mthetho iphikisana nomthetho kanye namavoti. Esimisweni se-bidamaral, womabili amagumbi kumelwe adlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo.
  4. Ikomiti yokuhlanganisa (uma kudingeka):[ Uma lamakamelo amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu kuzo zombili izindlu izama ukuyekethisa. Ukuyekethisa kumelwe khona-ke kuvunyelwe yizo zombili izingosi.
  5. Imvume esebenzayo: Isivumelwano sokugcina siya kumongameli noma kumbusi. Uma sisayinwe, siba umthetho. Uma sisayinwe, isishaya-mthetho singazama ukudlulisa iveto, ngokuvamile idinga inani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu kulawomakamu.
  6. Isilinganiso:[ Ngesinye isikhathi samiswa, izinhlangano eziphethe zimisa imithetho yokuphoqelela umthetho, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liyawuchaza lapho kuphakama izingxabano.

Lenqubo ithatha kancane ngamabomu futhi iwukuzinqumela, iklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela nokuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokushintsha umthetho.

Umtapo womtholalwazi kaHulumeni

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, ohulumeni benza imisebenzi eminingi edingekayo emphakathini ozinzileyo nochumile. Nansi imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu:

Ukulondoloza Ukuhleleka Nokulondeka

Ohulumeni bavikela izakhamuzi ekusongelwani kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iminyango yamaphoyisa (esendaweni yakhona), amasosha, amasosha, amabutho esizwe, namabutho ezempi. Kuhlanganisa neminyango yomlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha, nezinhlangano eziphuthumayo. Ngaphandle kwale misebenzi, umphakathi uyoba nesiyaluyalu futhi usengozini.

Ukunikeza Izinto Zomphakathi Nezinkonzo

Izinkonzo eziningi ezizuzisa wonke umuntu zinganikezwa uma zishiywa emaqenjini azimele. Lezi zibizwa ngokuthi izimpahla zomphakathi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuzivikela kwesizwe, imfundo yomphakathi, imigwaqo namabhuloho, amanzi ahlanzekile nezimiso zendle, amapaki, nemitapo yezincwadi.

Ukuhlela Umsebenzi Wezomnotho

Ohulumeni bakha futhi babophe imithetho yamabhizinisi ukuze baqinisekise ukuncintisana okulungile, ukuphepha kwezisebenzi, ukuvikela kwabathengi, kanye nokuphatha indawo ezungezile. Baphatha futhi ukuthengwa kwemali, bamise inzalo (ngebhange eliphakathi), futhi banikeze inzuzo yokuphepha ngezinhlelo ezinjengomshuwalense wokuswelakala umsebenzi, i-Social Security, ne-Medicare. Inkambiso yethekisi lingelinye ithuluzi elinamandla: ohulumeni bangafaka isimilo esithile (njengemali esetshenziselwa ukuvuselela amandla) noma banqande abanye (njengesibhema).

Izingxabano Eziqedayo

Isimiso sokwahlulela sinikeza ukuthula ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, phakathi kukahulumeni, naphakathi kwezinhlangano ezizimele. Izinkantolo zisekela izivumelwano, zijezise izigebengu futhi zivikele amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphandle kwejaji elingakhethi, izingxabano zingakhula zibe ubudlova noma zingaxazululwa.

Ukumelela Izakhamuzi Nokusekela

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu. Ukukhetha, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, inkululeko yezindaba, nelungelo lokunxusa zonke izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuthonya izinqumo zikahulumeni. Ohulumeni futhi baqoqa futhi basakaza ukwaziswa ukuze bazise umphakathi futhi bathuthukise ukubonakala. Ukumelela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukubophana kwemisebenzi yomphakathi ngenkuthalo.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zikahulumeni

Ososayensi bezombangazwe bamisa izimiso ezisekelwe ekutheni ubani onegunya, indlela abakhethwa ngayo abaholi, nobukhulu begunya likahulumeni.

  • I-Democracy - Amandla abekwa abantu, abakhetha abameleli. Izikhulu zigcizelela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, amavota akhululekile, nokubusa komthetho. Izibonelo: United States, Germany, India.
  • Republic - Uhlobo lwentando yeningi lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha khona abameleli bazo ukuba benze izinqumo, ngokuvamile ngomthetho-sisekelo olinganisela amandla kahulumeni. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yanamuhla iyirepublic.
  • i-Constialitutional Monacy[[FL:1] – A monarch (inkosi noma indlovukazi) iyinhloko engokomthetho kahulumeni, kodwa amandla ayo alinganiselwe umthetho-sisekelo, futhi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyabusa. Izibonelo: United Kingdom, Japan, Canada.
  • I-Ocracy - Abaholi benkolo baphethe amandla ezombangazwe, futhi umthetho ongokwenkolo uyisisekelo sokubusa. Izibonelo: Iran, i-Vatican City.
  • I-Authoritarial[ - Amandla agxile kumholi oyedwa noma eqenjini elincane, onenkululeko elinganiselwe yezombangazwe nofakelwa okuncane kwezakhamuzi. Izindawo zingaba khona kodwa azikho ngokukhululekile noma zingakhethi. Izibonelo: I-North Korea, i-Syria.
  • UbuTotaliarianism[ – Uhlobo lwempoqo yempatho yempatho yempatho lapho uhulumeni elawula cishe zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokungasese, esebenzisa inkulumo - ze, ukuqapha, nokucindezela. Isibonelo: uNazi Germany.
  • Ubukhomanisi – A umqondo wezombangazwe nowezomnotho ohloselwe umphakathi ongenazigaba, ongenazwe lapho impahla ikhona ngokwendawo. Eqinisweni, ohulumeni bobukhomanisi baye baba yizigodlo ezihlukene. Izibonelo: iChina, iVietnam (nakuba bobabili baye bangenisa izinguquko emakethe), Cuba.
  • I-Federal vs. Unitary Systems - Isimiso sikahulumeni sihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi nohulumeni besifunda (umz., US, Canada, Australia). Isimiso se-yunitrory sigxilisa amandla kuhulumeni ophakathi, onganika igunya ezingxenyeni zendawo (umz., eFrance, eJapane, UK).

Uhlobo ngalunye lunemiphumela ehlukene elungelweni lezakhamuzi, inkululeko yezomnotho, nokuzinza kwezombangazwe. Ukuze kunciphe kakhulu ezimisweni zezombangazwe eziqhathaniswa, iCIA World Factbook inikeza izici eziningiliziwe zamazwe ngamanye.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe. Umisa isakhiwo, amandla, nemingcele kahulumeni, futhi ngokuvamile ubala amalungelo ayisisekelo angenakuphulwa. Imithetho-sisekelo ingabhalwa (njenge-Constitution yase-U.S.) noma ingabhalwa (njenge-UK’s, ehlanganisa imithetho, amasiko, nemithetho yenkantolo). Inikeza uhlelo lokubusa nenqubo yokuguqula ngokuthula ngokulungisa. Ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo, ohulumeni bangase bantule igunya noma basebenzise ngokusemthethweni.

Umthetho-sisekelo ozimele wabela ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. unika uhulumeni wezwe amandla akhethekile (njengemali ekhonkishi nokumemezela impi), kuyilapho ugcina wonke amanye amagunya ezwe noma abantu. Lesimiso sobuzwe sivumela amazwe ukuba azame izimiso, njengezimiso zempilo ezihlukene noma izindinganiso zemfundo, phakathi kwesimiso sezwe esihlangene.

Isivumelwano Somsebenzi Wendawo Ehlukile: Isizathu Sokuba Uhlanganyele Ezindabeni

Izivumelwano zomthetho zihlanganisa zonke izindlela abantu abangathonya ngazo uhulumeni wabo nomphakathi. Kuyisizinda sombuso wentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi ezikhuthele ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usabela futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo.

Izindlela Zokubambisana Nohulumeni Wakho

  • qinisekisa kunoma yiluphi ukhetho - ukhetho lwendawo, lwesifunda, nolwezwe. Abazohlola kanye nama-astendendum ngaphambi kokufaka i-ballet yakho.
  • Hlanganisa abameleli bakho abakhethiwe - izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, noma izincwadi ezisemicini okhathalelayo ngesimiso sethonya. Xhumana nabo ngenhlonipho nangomongo.
  • Imihlangano yomphakathi ehlangene [ – umkhandlu weDolobha, ibhodi lesikole, nemihlangano yesifunda ivulekele umphakathi. Ukukhuluma enkantolo yomphakathi kuyindlela enamandla yokuzwa.
  • Sebenzela emabhodini noma emakhomishini - Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo banezindawo zokuzithandela eziluleka ngokuhlela, amapaki, imitapo, nezinye.
  • Ukungena noma ukusekela amaqembu ezemvume [ - Izinhlangano zagxila ezimpikiswaneni ezithile (imvume, imfundo, amalungelo omphakathi) zikhulisa amazwi anye kanye nezenzo zokuhlanganisa.
  • Gqoka ungazi lutho [ - Funda imithombo yezindaba enedumela elihle, landela amawebhusayithi kahulumeni, kanye ne-check yeqiniso. USA.gov[ indawo ethembekile yokuqala ulwazi lwezwe.
  • [ I-volunter noma iminikelo[ - Izinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu omphakathi, kanye nokuvota okungenayo i-partism i-injini eqinisa umphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela kusiza ekuthuthukiseni imibuso engcono. Uma abantu abaningi bedidelwa, uhulumeni usengozini yokukhohlakala, ukuhluleka, nethonya lezithakazelo ezilinganiselwe.

Indlela Uhulumeni Osebenza Ngayo: Ukulinganisela Ukubusa Kwezwe NoMbuso

I-Federalism iyisimiso lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni ophakathi (wesizwe) nohulumeni besifunda (isifunda), ngamunye onemigomo yakhe siqu. Le ngxenye ihlanganiswe kumthetho-sisekelo futhi ayinakushintshwa kungaphinde kushintshwe. E-United States, iSichibiyelo seshumi seSichibiyelo sisho ukuthi amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe noma enqatshelwe emibusoni agcinelwe izifunda noma abantu.

Izibonelo zemibuso kahulumeni zihlanganisa ukuqhuba ukhetho, ukumisa ohulumeni bendawo, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zezwe, nokusebenzisa amandla amaphoyisa okuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nokuziphatha. Uhulumeni ulawula ibhizinisi lezwe, inqubo yakwamanye amazwe, isivikelo, namahhovisi eposi. Zombili lezi zigaba zingafaka izintela, kodwa uhulumeni wezwe ngeke wakhe amaphoyisa (ukungalungi, akukho “igunya eliphethe” elilingana nedolobha iPD; i-FBI isingatha ubugebengu bombuso).

Lesi sakhiwo sivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze “njengezikhundla zentando yeningi,” izinqubo zokuhlola ezingase zenziwe ngokwesizwe kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolelwa kwempilo yonke kwazanywa okokuqala ezingeni lezwe (umz., iMassachusetts), nezimiso zendawo ezungezile ngokuvamile ziqala ngezifunda eziholayo njenge California. i-Federalism inikeza futhi amaphuzu amaningi okuthola ithonya lezakhamuzi ekuthonyeni inqubo.

Isimiso Sokwahlulela Nokubusa Komthetho

Ukubusa komthetho yisimiso sokuba bonke abantu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, bazithobe emthethweni futhi kumelwe bawulandele. Akekho ongaphezulu komthetho. Ijaji elizimele libalulekile ekusekeleni lesi simiso. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, zibukeze izenzo zezikhulu, futhi zinqume ukuthi imithetho iyavumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla okuhlola ayinhlolonyelelwa kwamanye amagatsha.

E-U.S., isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinhlalo ezintathu: izinkantolo zesifunda (izingalo zenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda zokudlulisa icala, neNkantolo ePhakeme. Izimiso zenkantolo zihlukene kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinkantolo zamacala, izinkantolo zamacala eziphakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni noma imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo angadluliswa ezinkantolo eziphakeme zase-U. Ikhono lokubekela inselele isinyathelo sikahulumeni enkantolo liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikela izakhamuzi ekuphathweni yizisulu.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo akuyona nje imfundo kuphela, kuyimfuneko ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esikhuthele, esinolwazi. Kodwa ngeke kusebenze kahle uma izakhamuzi zihlala zingenzi lutho.

Zinike isikhathi sokufunda ngesimiso sikahulumeni wangakini, ukuba khona emhlanganweni womkhandlu, nokuvota kuzo zonke izinqumo. Izwi lakho liyingxenye yesimiso. Uma abantu abaningi beqonda futhi behlanganyela, uhulumeni uba sobala, uphumelele, futhi usabelele. Amandla esazi sezakhamuzi ezifundeke kahle abe isisekelo sempumelelo yentando yeningi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka futhi ahlala ebalulekile namuhla kunanini ngaphambili.