Ukuqonda Ukuthukuthelisa Njengethuluzi Lezombangazwe

Ukuphenya kuyisu lokuhlola okuphikiswayo okusetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi nemikhankaso yezombangazwe ukuthonya abavoti ngaphansi kokubuthana okungokomthetho. Ngokungafani nokuhlolwa kombono womphakathi ovamile, ohloselwe ukulinganisa imizwa engacaci, ushukumisela ukuphenya ngenhloso, ukudukisa, noma ukuhlasela okungokomzwelo ukuze kulolonge indlela yokuqonda abazohlolwa noma izimpikiswano. Umkhuba uvame ukufiphaza umehluko phakathi kokucwaninga nokuthonya, ukuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína mayelana nokukhanya, izimiso, nempilo yenkulumo yedemokrame. Nakuba kugcwele imingcele eminingi, ukuntula kwezimfuneko ezicacile zenkululeko esobala kuvumela imikhankambiso kanye nezinhlangano zesithathu ukuba zithumele lezi zinqubo ngokulandisa okungenambukwayo.

Igama elithi “ukuhlola okupholile” ngokwako akuqondwa kaningi. Ukuhlola kweqiniso akukona ukuhlola okuqotho; kuwuhlobo lokukhangisa okuphambene okufihlekile okungacaci njengokucwaninga. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngocingo, ngama-robocall, noma nge-internet, lokhu “izinsalela” zibuza imibuzo enjengokuthi,“ Bekungenzeka noma kuncane kakhulu ukuvota u-X uma wazi ukuthi bamangalelwe ngokuziphatha okungafanele?” Imibuzo enjalo ayiklanyelwe ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kodwa i-procedrooter eqondeni. [[FLT:][FLT][AFOR][FOR][FOR] Inhlangano yokucwaninga yomphakathi (AFOFOR]] iyakulahla ngokuqondile ukucusha, ukukuhlukanisa ekucwaningeni okusemthethweni ngokuhlolayo.

Impikiswano ehlobene nokuhlola ephoqelela ukukhohliswa. Abalindi abavamile ukutshelwa ukuthi lolubizo aluyona inhlolo - vo eqotho, futhi imibuzo ihloselwe ukuveza ukusabela okungokomzwelo kunokuba kube imibono eyiqiniso. Lokhu kululaza ukuvuma kolwazi ukuthi inqubo yokucwaninga ngezimiso ezilungile ifuna futhi ingaphazamisa ukuqonda komphakathi amarekhodi abazohlolwa. Izinhlangano zezezindaba zisingatha ngokusobala ngalokhu kuhlola ngezindlela ezihlukene, ngayinye inezici eziphawulekayo zethemba lomvoti.

Indlela Imikhankaso Efinyelela Ngayo Ekusakazeni Ukubhebhetheka Kwemvelo

Imikhankaso ibhekene nenkinga enkulu lapho icabangela ukuphoqelela ukuphenya. Kwesinye isandla, lelisu lingaphumelela kakhulu ekuthonyeni abavoti abangahloniphi noma ekuqiniseni imibono ephambene yombangi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubanjwa usebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola okukhohlisayo kungalimaza idumela lomkhankaso, kumeme ukuhlolwa kwemithombo yezindaba, futhi kuvuselele ukuchaphazanyiswa kwabavoti namaqembu abukayo. Ngenxa yalokho, imikhuba yokubona ngokucacile iyahlukahluka kakhulu.

Ukusebenzisa I - organ Dissourse ngokunembile

Eminye imikhankaso ikhetha ukuba ibonakale ngokuqhathaniswa ngemisebenzi yayo yokuhlola ephoqelelwe. Ingase yembule ukuthi iqhuba “ukuhlolwa kwezombangazwe” futhi ikhomba umxhakathi wenhlangano noma umlandeli. Nokho, ngisho nakulezi zimo, isimo semibuzo asicacisiwe. Ngokuvamile, imikhankaso isebenza ngendwangu ecacile. Ukuhlola okucindezelayo ngokuvamile kunikezwa abacebisi bezombangazwe abazimele noma amaqembu asebenza ngaphansi kwamagama akha phezulu njengethi “Izinzele ikusasa elingcono” ukufiphaza umthombo weqiniso. U Voter akakwazi ukuthi ucingo luhlangene nomkhankaso othile, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya ukuthembeka kokwaziswa okunikezwayo.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Nemigodi Engokomthetho

E-United States, ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kulawulwa ngokwezinga likahulumeni, futhi imithetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna ukuba abashayeli bezembule ukuthi iziphi izikhundla zenhlangano ekhokhelwayo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyayekelela. I-Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) inemithetho ephathelene ne-roodocals Commission, kodwa abaqhubi ngokuqondile ngokuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kwemithetho ehlukile. Loluleki lwemithetho evimbela ukupheka njengenqubo ehlukile. Isibonelo, umkhankaso osekelwe emongweni wemithetho eqinile engokomthetho we-Legastivoslatures[ ungayisebenzisi i-panomessss [[FLT] iphawula ukuthi inombolo engaphezulu kwesigamu se-ediyo yemithetho ekhokhwazwayo engcono kakhulu yemithetho engokomthetho yendawo ekhona ngokunyela i-eye.

I - calculus Ehlanekezelwe

Abaphathi bemikhankaso yomkhankaso balinganisela izinzuzo ezimfushane zokuphoqelela izindleko zezentengo ezinde. Eminye imikhankaso manje ithatha izimiso zangaphakathi ezinqabela inqubo yentando yeningi, izibona njengebala enqubweni yentando yeningi. Abanye bathethelela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokuphikisa ukuthi abaphikisi kakade sebesebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo, badala umncintiswano wezikhali ongaqondile. Ukuntula indinganiso efanayo yezindinganiso zokuziphatha embonini kusho ukuthi ngokuvamile ukukhanya kuyingozi yokucindezela kokuncintisana. U Voters, okwamanje, ushiywa ukuba bahambe endaweni lapho bengenakukwazi khona ukuhlukanisa kalula phakathi kwendlela esemthethweni yokuhlola nokuphoqamba, ukuncintisana kwezikhali. Ukungathembi okuncintisanayo kukho konke ukucwaninga okusekelwe emboninisweni.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Ekudaluleni Nokushintsha

Izinhlangano zezindaba zisebenza njengesehlo esibucayi ekuhloleni okuphoqelelwe, kodwa ikhono lazo lokunikeza ukukhanya lilawulwa imithombo yemali, isikhathi, kanye nesimo esiyimfihlo salomkhuba. Ukwaziswa okungokomlando kuhilela ukuzwa imikhankaso yokuhlola ephoqelelwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyiqiniso, nokufundisa umphakathi ukuthi zingabonwa kanjani.

Ukucwaninga Ngokusakaza Impova

Amaphephandaba amakhulu nezindawo zokuphenya ziye zavumbulula ngezikhathi ezithile imisebenzi yokuhlola futhi zayiletha ekunakekeleni komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli wase-2016, izintatheli zaphawula ukuphoqelelwa kwabavoti abafuna ukuvota ezifundeni eziningi ngokuzisholo okungamanga ngezikhundla zabavoti. Lezizindaba ngokuvamile zixhomeke emalini evela kubavoti abamukela izingcingo ezisolayo noma ababhula ngempelesi ezimpondweni zokuhlola. Nokho, ifasitela lethuba lokuhlola lingase lithathe izinsuku ezimbalwa nje kuphela, futhi ngesikhathi kukhishwa indaba ethile, kungenzeka ukuthi ithonya layo selizwiwe kakade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziteshi eziningi zendawo ezikhona zingenazo izinkampani zokuhlola imikhuba enjalo, zishiya imikhankambizo emincane ingabonwanga.

Imfundo Eyiqiniso Neyokuphehla Igesi

Izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba zifeza indima eqinisweni-ukuhlola okufakwa ekuhloleni okuphoqelelwe. Uma ukuhlola okucindezelayo kusakaza ukumangalelwa okungamanga, abahloli bamaqiniso bangakulahla futhi basize abavoti baqonde iqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, FactC.org unyathelise iziqondiso zokuhlola ukusunduza nokucacisa ukuthi akuyona imihlolo esemthethweni. Ezinye iziphakamiso ziqhubekela phambili ngokuchaza umehluko phakathi kokuphoqa izicelo eziphoqayo nombono wangempela, njengalezo eziqhutshwa yi-Pew Research Center noma i-Gallup, ezilandela izindinganiso zendlela eziqinile. Ngokuphakamisa ulwazi, imithombo yezindaba ingagunyaza ukukhipha izingcingo ezingekho mthethweni, njengokuzintshelwa okubi.

Izinselele Ezintweni Ezisakazwa Emithomboni Yezindaba

Naphezu kwalemizamo, ukusakazwa kwezokuphenya ngokuvamile akunamdlandla futhi akuphelele. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphoqelelwa kwezicelo kuqhutshelwa ngasese, izintatheli zingazama ukuthola ukwaziswa okuningi ngomuntu ozikhokhela, ukuthi zingezingaki izingcingo, nokuthi zithini ngempela imibuzo. Imikhankaso imelana ngokuqondakalayo nokunikeza ukwaziswa okunjalo, futhi amaqembu esithathu awadingeki ukuba ahlanganyele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqwaba yezokuxhumana komkhankaso yenza kube nzima nganoma yimuphi umkhakha wokuhlola yonke imikhuba ekhohlisayo. Njengomphumela, ukuphenyanisa izicelo eziningi akuzange kukhangisiswe, futhi abavoti abahlala bengayiqapheli imizamo yokulawula imibono yabo.

Izinselele Zokufinyelela Isilinganiso Esigcwele Sethemba

Izici eziningana zokwakha nokuziphatha kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufinyelela ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa, ngisho nalapho imikhankaso nemithombo yezindaba kufisa ukuba sobala ngokwengeziwe.

Ukuzikhohlisa Ngemikhankaso

Imikhankaso ivame ukwenza umzamo omkhulu wokufihla injongo yokuhlola okuphoqelelwe. Bangasebenzisa izinombolo zocingo ezilula, amawebhusayithi okulahla, kanye nemibhalo ecacile engalikhankanyi igama lomfundi. Eminye imihlolo ifakwa phakathi kwesikhathi eside, kubonakala sengathi ayithathi hlangothi ukuze ifihle injongo yabo. Umgomo uwukwenza ukufihlwa okunengqondo: uma kubuzwa, lomkhankaso ungasho ukuthi lolucingo luwukuhlolwa okusemthethweni, hhayi ukuphenya. Lento eyimfihlo ingenye yesithiyo esikhulu kakhulu sokuveza ukukhanya, njengoba ivimbela u-Rovito, inta, i-mist, futhi ngisho nokuguqula izindikimba ezingabonakaliyo ekuqinisekiseni isimo sangempela socingo.

Imininingwane Yezindaba Elinganiselwe

Ngisho noma izintatheli zithola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kutholwe uphenyo oluphoqelelwe, ukufinyelela ukwaziswa okungaphansi cishe akunakwenzeka. Ngokungafani nokuhlola okusemthethweni, okuvame ukuhambisana namaphuzu angokwendlela yobuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa okungalungiswa, okucindezela ukuphenya, akuvezi kwaziswa komphakathi. Imiphumela ."uma ikhona ebhaliwe ngaphakathi kusetshenziswa ukuhlola ukusebenza kwemiyalezo noma ukuveza ukungaqondi kahle. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukubiza imibhalo, ukuthatha izingxoxo, noma inani eliphelele lezingxoxo, imibiko yezindaba kumelwe ithembele kubufakazi obuse-ecdotal kanye nokuzibika komngeni womthetho we-Rhovitus. Lokhu kulinganisela ukujula kokubika nokuveza ukuxhaphaza kwesimiso sokusebenza.

Ukuqaphela Igesi Nokungaqiniseki

Abavoti abaningi abanalo ulwazi lokubona ukuhlolwa okuphoqelelwe lapho behlangana nolunye. Bangase bangawuqondi umehluko phakathi kokuhlola okufeziwe ngokwezesayensi nokubiza ngenkulumo eyinkohliso. Ngisho noma besola ukuthi okuthile kungamaphutha, bavame ukuphambana ngaphandle kokukubika kunoma yiliphi igunya noma ukukhipha imibiko. Imikhankaso yezemfundo yezinhlangano ezinjenge Prew Research Center[ izame ukwakha ukufunda nokwazi, kodwa lemizamo ifinyezwa umthamo wokuphoqa impoza ngokoqobo. Uma nje u-Foshice isasele izisulu eziseleka kalula, imikhankano iyaqhubeka isebenzisa leli qhinga.

Izingxabano Zokuqondiswa Nokuphoqelelwa

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, imithetho yezinga lombuso ayiguquguquki, futhi ukuqondisa kukahulumeni akulingani. Ngisho nalapho kudingeka khona ukuqashelwa, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yezezimali kuyinto engavamile. Imithetho yezezimali yenkampano ngezinye izikhathi iyasebenza uma ukuphoqelelwa kubhekwa njengohlobo lokuxhumana, kodwa incazelo ayicacile. I-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) ngokomlando iye yamelana nokuncintiswa kokuhlola njengokungancintiswa izimfuneko ezithile zokufihla, iphikisa ngokuthi iyindlela yokuhlola kunokuba ibonise ukubhalisa. Lendawo empungala ishiya umnyango ivulekile ngenxa yokuxhashazwa. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ecacile nezijezo eziqinile, ukubonakala kuhlala kuyinkozo zokuzithandela kunokuba kunikezwe umthetho ongokomthetho.

Indlela Imishini Engabona Futhi Isabele Ngayo Ekushukumiseni Izintubezi

Ukunika abavoti amandla kuyisici esibucayi kunoma iliphi isu lokubona. Uma abantu bengaqaphela ukuphoqelelwa kokuhlola bese benza ngendlela efanele, lelisu lilahlekelwa amandla alo. Izici ezilandelayo zingasiza abavoti ukuba bahlukanise ukuhlolwa okuphoqeleleka ekuhloleni okusemthethweni:

  • Imibuzo ephakanyiswe kakhulu: Ukuhlola kwangempela kusebenzisa ulimi olungathathi-hlangothi. Ukuhlola kokusunduza kuvame ukubuza imibuzo efuna ukwaziswa okungakhi mayelana nomfundi.
  • Imali yokuthola imbubhiso: Umvoti osemthethweni uzakuphawula inhlangano exhasayo futhi achaze ukuthi ubizo luyinjongo yokucwaninga. Ukuhlola kokusunduza ngokuvamile kuyakugwema ukudalula okunjalo.
  • Ukuhlola okufushane kakhulu[: Ukuhlola okuningi kuhlanganisa umbuzo owodwa noma emibili ethwetshiwe, kanti ukuhlola kwangempela kunemibuzo ehlanganisa izihloko eziningi.
  • Akukho mibuzo enani labantu noma elandelayo : Izinhlolo ezingokomthetho ziqoqa ukwaziswa kwenani labantu ukuze kutholakale izimpendulo zesisindo. Ukuhlola kokusunduza kugqekeza lesinyathelo ngoba abahlosile ukulinganisa umbono womphakathi.
  • Izingcingo eziqoshiwe noma eziqoshiwe: Nakuba ezinye izinhloli zangempela zisebenzisa izimiso ezizihambelayo, izinhlolo eziningi ziqhutshwa nge-robocall ngenxa yentengo ephansi.

Uma umvoti esola ukuthi uthole ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe, kufanele abeke futhi abikele inombolo kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni zokuvota noma iFederal Trade Commission. Bangahlanganyela okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nemithombo yezindaba yendawo, banikeze i-wastamp futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukuqoshwa kobizo (othobela imithetho yemvume kahulumeni). Ngokubona ngokwengeziwe le mikhuba, abavoti bangasiza ekubekeni imikhankaso.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yemikhankaso Nemithombo Yezindaba Iyaqhubeka

Ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala kokuphoqelelwa komkhankaso kuyodinga izinguquko ezihlangene ekuziphatheni komkhankaso, ekubikeni kwemithombo yezindaba, nakumthetho womphakathi. Lokhu kutusa okulandelayo kungasiza ekunciphiseni imiphumela elimazayo yalelisu kuyilapho kugcina ubuqotho bokhetho lwentando yeningi.

Izindinganiso Zokubonisana Ngokuzithandela Zemikhankaso

Imikhankaso efisa ukusebenzisa iziqondiso ezicacile zangaphakathi ezingokokuziphatha kufanele ithathe iziqondiso ezicacile: ungalokothi usebenzise izinkulumo ezikhombayo noma ezingamanga njengengxenye yanoma ikuphi ukuhlola; njalo uphawula inhlangano exhasayo; futhi unikeze indlela kwabaphendulelwe yokukhetha izingcingo zesikhathi esizayo. Ochwepheshe bezombangazwe bangabonisa ubuqotho ngokusayina imithetho yokuziphatha efana ne-AAPOR. Nakuba inyathelo elinjalo lokuzithandela lingahlukanisa umkhankaso ensimini egcwele abantu futhi lakhe ukwethenjwa isikhathi eside.

Umsakazo wezindaba-Driven ugade izinyathelo ezithatha isinyathelo

Amagumbi ezindaba angahlela ukuhlola kwawo ukuphoqelela ngokusebenza nabacwaningi bezemfundo noma ama-opartisan aqwala njenge- ANNCER Public Policy Center. Ukuhlola okunethezekile noma itheku lolwembu lapho abavoti bengabika khona izingcingo ezisolayo zingakha i-memo ephakathi okungahlaziywa yizintatheli. I-media ingasebenzisa futhi izigaba “ezihlolayo” phakathi nemijikelezo yokhetho, eziveza izibonelo nenkulumo yolwazi. Lendlela yokusebenza ingaveza izenzakalo eziningi futhi itshele umphakathi ngesikhathi esingokoqobo.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Neziyalo Eziyaluzayo

Abaqondisi bemithetho kuwo womabili amazinga ezwe nohulumeni kufanele bavale izikhala ezikhona. Izimfuneko eziqinile zokuveza ukuthi zonke izingcingo zezombangazwe zihlanganisa igama lomkhankaso oxhasayo noma i-PAC zenza kube lula ukuhlobanisa ukuhlohlwa kwabadlali abathile. Izindlela zokuphoqelela, kuhlanganise nenkokhelo yokungasheki, kumelwe ziqiniswe. I-FEC ingayala ukuthi imicikilisho ethile yokuhlola ihlanganisa izakhiwo zeminikelo ehlangeneyo, ifaka izibophonse izibophopho ezibophayo. Nakuba izinguquko ezinjalo zingabhekana nezinselele zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezisekelwe enkulumweni zezentetheleyo, ziwela emithethweni yemikhankambiso yezelo yezelo esemthethweni.

Isiphetho: Indlela Eholela Ekulandiseni Okukhulu

Ukubonana ngokusunduza ukuhlohlwa kuseyindaba enzima nengaxazululekiyo kuyo yomibili imikhankaso nemithombo yezindaba. Umkhuba uyaqhubeka ngoba uyasebenza: ungathonya abavoti abangahloniphi, uqinisa imibono ephambene, futhi usebenze ngaphansi kweradar yokuhlola inqubo. Nokho, izindleko zawo zesikhathi eside yinani lokukhetha okungalawuleki nokungaqondi kahle. Njengoba abavoti beba baningi abashicimi nababeki bobumboni abafaka imali emalini yokuhlola, izinzuzo zokuphoqelela ukuvota zingancipha. Indlela engaphambili idinga imikhankanka yokwamukela izindinganiso zokuhlola izindinganiso ezingoko, iziteshi ezingapheliyo, kanye nezimiso zokuvala izikhala ezingabonakaliyo ziqinisa ukwethenjwa umphakathi, ekugcineni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvota kohlulwa komphakathi kungancipha futhi kunciphe imibono ekhohlisayo.