Table of Contents

Ukukhetha kusebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, okuthinta kakhulu indlela ohulumeni abakhula ngayo, basebenzise, futhi balungise ngayo izimiso kuzo zonke izingxenye zokuqondisa komphakathi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemiphumela ye-votor nezinhlelo zikahulumeni buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunezici eziningi, buhilela iziyalezo eziqondile, izisekelo eziphambili zomthetho, izinqubo zokuziphendulela komphakathi, kanye nokuhlanganisa okuqhubekayo phakathi komvoti nokwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lobubuhlobo obunamandla kubalulekile ezakhamuzini, abakhiqizi bezimiso zezimiso zesimiso somthetho wentando yeningi, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekutheni izinhlelo zentando yeningi ziyo ziyosetshenziswa kanjani ekuthatheni isinyathelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni.

Isisekelo Sethonya Elikhulu Ekuziphatheni

Izinhlelo zinikeza ukuhlobana phakathi kwentando yezakhamuzi nesimiso sikahulumeni, zidala indlela eyisisekelo lapho imiphakathi yentando yeningi izibusa khona. Lokhu kuxhumana kusebenza ngezindlela eziningi, ngayinye inengxenye ekulolongeni izinhlelo nezimiso ekugcineni ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi.

Abavoti bangathonya isimiso ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: abafuni bezombangazwe abancintisanayo banezisusa zokuthatha izikhundla ezibonisa izintando zokhetho ngoba ukwenza kanjalo kukhulisa amathuba okuwina ukhetho. Lokhu kwakha lokho ososayensi bezombangazwe abakubiza ngokuthi "affect" indlela, lapho abezombangazwe beguqula izikhundla zabo zokunxusa abavoti. Ngokuphambene, abavoti njalo bathinta imiphumela ngokukhetha umholi phakathi kwabafuna ukuvota, lowo ngamunye asuke esenqume kakade ngenqubo ethile esekelwe kwezinye izizathu, uvoti angamane ashintshe izinqubo ezikhethiwe.

Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinqubo ezimbili − noba uvoti "affect" noma "ukhetho" izinqubo `nemiphumela ephawulekayo yokuqonda ukumelelwa kwentando yeningi. Ngokombono othile, abavoti bangathinta ukukhetha kwezimiso: umncintiswano wamavoti owenzelwa abezombangazwe ukuba baqhubekele phakathi, futhi okhetho banomphumela wokuletha izinga elithile lokuhlehla kwezimiso. Lombono usikisela ukuthi umncintiswano wokhetho ngokwawo ulinganisela izikhundla eziphezulu kakhulu futhi ukhuthaza ukuvumelana.

Ukuqonda Ikhono Lobungcweti

Enye yemiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu ehlanganisa ukhetho nenqubo kahulumeni iwumyalo wokuzikhethela. Amakhashi adluliselwa ngokhetho, lapho abavoti bekhetha amaqembu ezombangazwe nabavoti abasekelwe ezimisweni zabo siqu, futhi imiphumela yokukhetha ichazwa khona ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezisekelwa kakhulu.

Lokho Okubangela Ukonakala

Lapho abavoti besekela kakhulu iqembu elithile noma abavoti okhethweni, kungase kubhekwe njengokuxhumana kwabavoti ukuthi bafisa ukuba ipulatifomu elihlangene nezombangazwe lisetshenziswe, kumiswe umyalo wokuba kuthathwe lesositeji. Nokho, amandla nokucaca kwemithetho kungahlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni ekhethwe ngokukhetha.

Uhulumeni omkhulu unikeza igunya elicacile, nakuba ubuningi noma uhulumeni ohlangene usikisela ukuthi kunikwe imvume encane, edinga ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu − amaqembu anemithetho eqinile akhululekile ukugcwalisa izinqubo zawo athanda ngokuqonda ukuthi asekelwa abantu. Lomehluko usho okukhulu ekufezeni imithetho, njengoba ohulumeni abanezigunya ezicacile bebhekana nokungaphikiswa okukhulu lapho bephishekela izinhlelo zabo.

I-Electoral inikeza izimvume ezinamandla zokuthinta ukwenziwa kwesimiso ngokunikeza abaholi ilungelo lokuxazulula izimpikiswano eziyinhloko emikhankasweni yabo, futhi igunya elinamandla linikeza izikhulu isibindi sokuveza izinguquko ezinkulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuphikiswa. Lokhu kulunga kuba umthombo wezombangazwe obalulekile izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezingawulawula lapho zibhekene nokuphikiswa noma zizama ukusebenzisa izimiso eziphikisanayo.

Inkathi Yoju Neyokuqinisa Amandla

Omongameli abaningi bafeza imigomo yabo ebaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni emibili yokuqala yesikhundla kuyilapho igunya labo lisha, [1] lenkathi ibhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi amazinga empumelelo kamongameli avame ukwehla njengoba igama liqhubeka, ngokwengxenye njengoba umongameli eqhubeka egunyaza ekuqaleni. Lokhu kugunyaza okungokwesikhashana kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.

Inkathi yangemva komshado imelela ifasitela elibucayi lapho izikhulu ezisanda kukhethwa zijabulela inhloko- dolobha yezombangazwe ne-ongice yomphakathi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ohulumeni bangaphishekela izinhloso zokuvelela ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu. Njengoba isikhathi sidlula futhi ukhetho olulandelayo lusondela, amandla omthetho angancipha, ikakhulukazi uma umbono womphakathi ushintsha noma uma uhulumeni ubhekene nezinselele ekusebenziseni izinhlelo zakhe ezithenjisiwe.

Indlela Inqubo Yokukhetha Okusha Okusetshenziswa Yileli hhovisi E - intanethi Eshintsha Ngayo

Ithonya lokhetho ezimisweni zikahulumeni libonakala ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhumusheni imiphumela yokukhetha ibe ngokoqobo.

Ukukhetha Nokuqondisa Kwesimiso Sokuhola

Ukwakha kukahulumeni kuthonya izimiso ezingokoqobo, futhi ohulumeni abaningi abangabokhohlo abahluza amacala kufanele basebenzise izimiso ezikhokhwa kakhulu, futhi ngokuphambene. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sibonisa ukuthi izinto ezikhona hhayi nje ngomdwebo kodwa ngokufanayo, kodwa ngokungaphansi kwe-(-) iqembu noma umfelandawonye onqoba amandla uletha indlela ehlukile yokuhlela ehlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni kuzo zonke izingxenye.

Ithonya lokukhetha inqubo elibusayo, kamuva elithonya izinqubo ngoba amalungu azimisele futhi akwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezithenjiswe. Lokhu kwakha iketanga eliqondile elisuka kukhetho olukhethiwe ngemiphumela yokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwezimiso, nakuba amandla alokhu kuxhumana angahluka ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezisezikhundleni zezinhlangano nakwezombangazwe.

Umphumela Ojabulisayo Wezici Ezikhethwayo

Ithuba lokugijima ngokukhetha kabusha linikeza isisusa esiphawulekayo sokuba ababusi baseU.S. abazimele basebenzise umzamo, benze umphumela wokuyala othuthukisa isimiso esiba umphumela ngamaphesenti angu - 4,9. Lokhu kuthola kwembula ukuthi isimiso sokuthonya okhethweni hhayi ngokukhetha umholi kuphela kodwa nangokudala ukucindezela okuqhubekayo okulawulayo okulawula indlela izikhulu eziziphatha ngayo lapho zisehhovisi.

Abamisi-mthetho basebenza ngokubonakala uma kudingeka baqale ukuvota futhi. Uma bengenakukwazi ngenxa yemingcele ye-meter , futhi njengoba izishayamthetho zikahulumeni ngokusobala bekhathalela ukuvotelwa, abavoti bangakwazi ukuthonya inqubo ngokudala ukucindezela okukhethwe kakhulu kubenzi bomthetho abafuna ukukhethwa futhi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ithemba lokuphinde babhekane nokuvota lishukumisela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zihlale zisabela ezidingweni nasezinkonzweni ezikhethiweyo.

Izinhlelo zikhuthaza intuthuko iyonke ekusabeleni ngokuvumelana nokulalela, kanye nokulandelana kwezibonelo eziningi zedemokrasi yabameleli, nokhetho futhi kubangela imijikelezo ekusabeleni: abathungathayo banciphisa imizamo yabo lapho kubhekiswa okhethweni, basikisela umzamo owengeziwe wokubonakalisa ikhono labo lokuvota ngaphambi nje kokuba baholele ekuhloleni. Lendlela yezobuchwepheshe ibonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokhetho ngokwaso siba isici esiyinhloko ekunakekeleni okungokomthetho nasekusabeleni kukahulumeni.

Imiphumela Yokukhetha Ezimisweni Ze - eectoral

Ngaphandle kokuyala ngokuziphatha okungamelwe, okhetho luveza imiphumela yokukhetha ethonya isimiso. Ababusi abakhethwe bavumelana kakhulu nabavoti kunababusi abangakhethwanga, okusho ukuthi okhetho babangela umphumela wokukhetha othuthukisa umphumela wesimiso ngamaphesenti angu-2,9. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukulandisa ngokhetho kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezihlala zisegunyeni yilabo abathanda isimiso kangcono kulingana nezingabo.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Ngemva Kokukhethwa

Lapho abaholi abasha bethatha izikhundla ngemva kokhetho, izindikimba ezishaya umthetho zivame ukushintsha kakhulu ezintweni eziza kuqala nemisebenzi.

Ukuhunyushelwa Kwezinhlayiya Ze - Electoral Kube Yimithetho

Kusetshenziswa imiphumela emisiwe ku-Poisson ukubuyisela imfuno yemithetho ephambili ye-volution ne-progin eJalimane esikhathini esingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka (19983-2016), abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi izimiso zibonisa izinto eziza kuqala ngokwezinga elikhulu kunezemfundo esezivunywe. Lobu bufakazi obuyi-intelekelelo bubonisa ukuthi amapulatifomu nezithembiso zokuvota ziguqulelwa ekubeni yisenzo sangempela sokulawula, nakuba izinga lokuhumusha lisekelwe ezicini eziningi.

Ukwanda kwamaphesenti amahlanu ekunakekeleni emapulatifomu abusayo kuhlanganiswa nesilinganiso semithetho eyisikhombisa eyengeziwe, futhi ngokuthungathayo, lomphumela udlula kude kakhulu kuleyo evame ukutholwa lapho kuphenywa izinqanda-mthetho ezishintshayo. Lokhu okuye kwatholwa kunikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi amapulatifomu ahlela ngokusemthethweni ahlela iziteji zemithetho kanye nezimiso ezikhiqizwayo.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Ekusebenziseni Uhlelo Nokusekela Izindleko

Izinhlelo zithonya ukuthi yiziphi izimiso ezithola ukunakekela kodwa nendlela imithombo kahulumeni enikezwa ngayo. Izikhulu ezintsha zivame ukuqondisa ukuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo ezihambisana nezithembiso zabo zomkhankaso futhi zikude nezinyathelo ezihlangene nohulumeni bangaphambili. Lokhu kuthatha izimali kumelela enye yezindlela ezibonakala kakhulu zokukhetha uhulumeni.

Ukwelashwa kwempilo, imfundo, izinkonzo zomphakathi, izisekelo zezakhiwo, kanye nesivikelo konke ukuchithwa kwazo okusekelwe emiphumeleni engokokhetho. Lapho amaqembu anemibono ehlukene elawulayo ethatha amandla, ukuhlelwa kwemali kushintsha ngokuhambelana. Ohulumeni abathuthukayo bavame ukwandisa izimali zezinhlelo zomphakathi nezinkonzo zomphakathi, kuyilapho abaphathi ababambelele kakhulu ekulinganiseleni komthetho bangase bafake phambili ukuncishiswa kwentela, ukusetshenziswa kwemali yokuzivikela, noma ukuthathwa kwezingxenye zomuntu siqu.

Izinguquko Zokuqondisa Nezokuphatha

Ngaphandle kwemithetho nohlelo lokuhlela, okhetho luthonya ukuhleleka nokuqondisa okuza kuqala kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ukuhola okusha kuvame ukuletha izinguquko endleleni imithetho ekhona ephoqwa ngayo, iziqondiso ezithola ukunaka okuphambili, nendlela izinhlangano zokuqondisa ezichaza ngayo imiyalelo yazo. Lezi zinguquko zingathinta ngokuphawulekayo ukumiswa kwezinhlelo ngisho noma kungekho umthetho omusha.

Indima Yombono Womphakathi Ekukhinyabezeni Umthetho

Umbono womphakathi usebenza kokubili njengomshayeli wemiphumela yokuvota kanye nethonya eliqhubekayo ezinqumweni ezingokomthetho phakathi kokhetho. Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela okhetho ekugcineni abahlela ngayo izinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Ukuphikisa Nokuphikisa Kukahulumeni

Izindawo ezingenela kuhulumeni zithambekele kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinqubo ezithandwayo uma abasekeli benkambiso beshintsha amavoti abo kulawomaqembu, futhi kanjalo, ukuvota kungaholela ekusabeleni kukahulumeni uma nje kungaphoqeleli ukuba abavoti bavumelane nezikhundla zabo zangaphambili. Lokhu kuveza ukubaluleka kokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ezicini ezithile eziqondile kunokusekela kuphela ukwethembeka noma ubuntu bomjoli.

Incazelo evelele yokusabela kwezimiso ukuthi izakhamuzi zivotela amaqembu ahlanganyela izintando zawo zesimiso nohulumeni, nazo zimelela lokho abakuthandayo, zesaba ukuthi, uma zihluleka ukwenza kanjalo, izakhamuzi ziyozijezisa ngesikhathi sokhetho olulandelayo. Lokhu kubangela indida eqhubekayo lapho ithemba lokhetho lwesikhathi esizayo lihlela khona izinqumo zamanje.

Umshini Wezindaba Nohlelo Olulinganiselayo

Ngokwezindlela zokuguqula izombangazwe, amaqembu avumelanisa izinhlelo zawo zezimiso kanye nohulumeni nokuvumelana nezimiso zabo nentando yezakhamuzi, ukuze andise isabelo sawo sokuvota, futhi amaqembu ahlangana nomvoti wezindaba futhi ohulumeni bamukela izinga elifanele lentela nohulumeni abasebenzisayo ukuze baqinise ukusondelana kwabo nalowo mvoti. Lomkhankasi ocatshangelwayo usikisela ukuthi ukuncintisana ngezindlela ezizozenzakalela izinqubo eziqondene nombono womphakathi.

Nokho, iqiniso livame ukuba liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezibonelo ezilula zabavoti bemithombo yezindaba ezisikiselayo. Ukukhetha isu kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu kumaphathi ngoba lokho abavoti abakukhethayo kuye kwaba nokukhetha okuhlukahlukene kakhulu kuyilapho amandla anjengokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ecindezela inqubo ekhona ngesikhathi esifanayo. Amavolovota anamuhla agcina ukukhetha okungafani futhi ngezinye izikhathi okuphikisanayo kunezilinganiso ezihlukene, okwenza kube nzima ngohulumeni ukwanelisa zonke izinqumo ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Umbono Womphakathi Njengokungavumelani Nemithetho

Ukucwaninga kuyavuma ukuthi ohulumeni bayasabela ngempela, nakuba ukungalingani ezicini ezinjengokuthola imali kuphikelela, futhi lokho ohulumeni abasebenzisa khona ngempela kuthonywa umbono womphakathi. Lokhu kusabela kusebenza kokubili njengethuba nempoqo − ohulumeni bangaphishekela izimiso ezijabulela ukusekelwa umphakathi kalula kakhulu, kodwa babhekane nezithiyo ezinkulu lapho bezama ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ezingathandeki, ngisho noma lezozinyathelo zingaba nzuzo esikhathini eside.

Umbono womphakathi ungashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubangele izinselele kubenzi bemithetho. Inqubo esekelwa kakhulu ekuqaleni kokuqondisa ingase ingathandeki njengoba izimo zishintsha noma njengoba ukufezeka kwembula imiphumela engalindelekile. Lokhu kushukumisa kombono womphakathi kusho ukuthi imvume yokuzikhethela ingaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inciphise ikhono lohulumeni lokuphishekela izinhlelo zabo eziphelele.

Ithonya Elinamandla

Ukuqonda lezi ziphazamiso kunikeza umbono ophelele wemiphumela ekhona kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zezimiso.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwezinhlangano Nezakhiwo

Izazi ezinamandla zicabanga ukuthi izithiyo (eziqondile nezimile) zezinhlangano, imingcele yokuhlelwa kwemali kanye nokucindezela kwezombangazwe kululaza ukusabela kwemithetho egunyazwayo, kodwa ubufakazi obuqaqeshiwe balokhu kugomela buyivelakancane. Lemigoqo engokomthetho ihlanganisa ukulinganiselwa komthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni okunganciphisa noma kuvimbele ukumiswa kwemithetho yokukhetha.

Abacwaningi baqinisekisa imiphumela ecindezelayo yokusetshenziswa kweYurophu, ukuncishiswa kwemali, ukungavumelani kwemali, ukuthandwa kwezikhulu ezizimele. Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ngisho noma ohulumeni benemiyalo ecacile, imingcele esebenzayo ingalinganisela ikhono labo lokusebenzisa izimiso ezithenjisiwe. Ukungahleleki kwemali, izibopho zezizwe zonke, izombangazwe ezihlangene, nokuncipha kokusekela komphakathi konke kudala izithiyo ekufezeni inqubo.

Ohulumeni Abasekelanayo Nokuhlehla

Uma kwenzeka kuhulumeni ohlangene, alikho iqembu elilodwa eligunyazwe kakhulu, njengoba wonke umkhandlu wawusekelwa yisigamu sabavoti. Ohulumeni bezesivumelwano, abavamile ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, badinga ukuvumelana nokuxoxisana phakathi kwamaqembu aneziteji ezihlukene nezinto eziza kuqala. Lokhu kudinga ukuyekethisa noma ukuguqula iziyalezo ezikhethiwe, ngoba akukho qembu elilodwa elingafeza izigijimi zalo ngaphandle kokuhlangana neqembu elihlangene.

Inqubo ayidingeki eqenjini leqembu elikhulu, njengoba kungase kudingeke ukuba ixoxisane nabanye abantu noma ngenye indlela imingcele yamandla ayo okusebenzisa izinqubo ezithile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abavoti ezimisweni ezihlangene bangase bakuthola kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezizokwenziwa ekugcineni, njengoba ingxoxo yokukhetha yangemva kwamaqembu ingayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo indlela yokusebenza yenqubo.

Indima Yamaqembu Anesithakazelo Nokuphanga

Ukukhetha akuyona indlela yodwa okuthonywa ngayo isimiso. Amaqembu anesithakazelo, abangenisi belutha, kanye nezithakazelo ezikhethekile zifeza indima enkulu ekulolongeni izinhlelo zikahulumeni, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela ezisuka kumthetho kagesi. Lamaqembu asebenza ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kokhetho ukuze athonye inqubo, aphikisa noma alungise indlela eboniswa yimiphumela kavoti.

Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho egunyazwe yibo bonke abavoti nethonya lesithakazelo kudingekile ukuze kuqondwe ngokugcwele ukuhlelwa kwenqubo.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zokukhetha Nemiphumela Yazo

Akuzona zonke izinqumo ezinethonya elilinganayo ezimisweni zikahulumeni nezinhlelo. Uhlobo lokhetho, izinga likahulumeni, kanye nesimiso esikhethekile sokukhetha konke kuthinta indlela imiphumela yokukhetha eguqula ngayo izinguquko zezimiso.

Umongameli/umongameli/iPhalamende Izimiso zePhalamende

Izimiso zikamongameli, lapho umphathi ekhethwa ngokuhlukile esimisweni somthetho, ukha izinqubo ezihlukene kunezimiso zephalamende, lapho umphathi ephuma khona kuningi lomthetho. Ezimisweni zomongameli, uhulumeni ohlukene (8) lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha aphethe ne-province , akha khona inqubo yokulawula nokulinganisela. Ezimisweni yephalamende, ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla esikhulu nemithetho kuvumela ukumiswa kwezimiso ezivumelanayo lapho iqembu noma umfelandawonye uneziningi ezicacile.

Imibono Yesizwe, Isifundazwe, Neyasendaweni

Uhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo kungaba nemiphumela emikhulu kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kunokhetho lwesizwe ezindaweni eziningi. Imfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, indawo, izakhiwo zezindawo, nezinkonzo eziningi zomphakathi zilawulwa ngokuyinhloko emazingeni kahulumeni nawasendaweni. Izinhlelo kula mazinga zinquma ngokuqondile imithetho ethinta okuhlangenwe nakho kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke, kusukela ezingeni lesikole kuya ezindaweni ezisendleleni kuya ezingeni lentela yendawo.

Ohulumeni boMbuso bayoba nendima enkulu ekuqondiseni isimiso sangempela emhlabathini, futhi izimpikiswano eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu neziphikisana kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika zisekulawuleni ngokuphelele izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuphatha ubhadane, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, nokukhishwa kwezisu. Lokhu kubekwa kwemithetho yemithetho kusho ukuthi umbuso nokhetho lwendawo kungaba nethonya elikhulu ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ngezinye izikhathi kudlule ithonya lokhetho lwesizwe.

Ukukhetha Phakathi Kwesikhathi Nokwephuzile Konyaka

Ukhetho lwe-mincst, phakathi kokhetho lukamongameli, ngokuvamile lusebenza njengezikhombisi emsebenzini we-arhente ehlulwayo nezimiso. Lokhetho lungaguqula ukulawula kwemithetho, luphoqelele ohulumeni ukuba balungise indlela yokungena kwenqubo yabo noma ukubheka i-grandsbock yemithetho. Kusukela kunyaka ka-mospital nohlobo lwendawo ngokufanayo lunikeza amathuba okuba abavoti babonise ukuvunyelwa noma ukungavunyelwa kwezimiso zamanje, okungabangela ukulungisa kwenqubo.

Izithembiso Zomkhankaso Nokufezwa Kwesimiso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwalokho okuthenjiswa abazofuna ukubhapathizwa phakathi nemikhankaso nalokho ohulumeni abakwenza ngempela ngemva kokhetho buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buhlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezihlukene zezombangazwe nezimo.

Izinga Lokugcwaliseka Kwesithembiso

Ukucwaninga ngokugcwaliseka kwesithembiso kubonisa ukuthi ohulumeni bafeza ingxenye enkulu yezithembiso zabo, nakuba amazinga ehlukene. Izici ezithinta ukugcwaliseka zihlanganisa amandla okhetho, ukunqatshelwa kwezimiso, izimo zezomnotho, izenzakalo ezingalindelekile, kanye nokubekwa kwezithembiso eziqondile. Ohulumeni abanemiyalo enamandla nokulawulwa okuhlangene kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile bagcwalisa izifungo eziphezulu.

Izikhulu eziqashelwe zigunyaza igunya elisekelwe ezibophweni zazo ezicacile zezimiso kanye nasekuqondeni kokhetho lezo zibopho phakathi nomkhankaso wokhetho, futhi le nguqulo yegunya igcizelela isimiso nezithembiso kunokuba igcizelele ukuhola nokukhetha noma imiphumela ekhethekile. Lesi sibonelo esinengxenye eqotho yentando yeningi sithatha izibopho ezicacile, abavoti bakhetha ngokusekelwe kulezo zibopho, bese bewina amaqembu asebenzisa imithetho yabo ethenjisiwe.

Inselele Yokusho Ukuthi Ungubani

Izithembiso zomkhankaso zihluka kakhulu ekuqondeni kwazo, kusukela emigomweni engacacile kuya ezihlongozweni ezinemininingwane. Kulula ukuhlola izithembiso eziqondile ukuze zigcwaliseke kodwa futhi kungaba nzima kakhulu ukugcwalisa izithembiso ezithenjiswe. Izithembiso zeVague zinikeza ukuvumelana okungcono kodwa zenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukuba bagcine ohulumeni benecala.

Ukwenziwa kwezifungo kushiya indawo enkulu yokuchaza – futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuphumela ekuhleleni isihlongozo esixoxwe futhi silungiswe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nalapho ohulumeni bezama ukufeza izithembiso zabo, izinkambiso zokugcina zingase zihluke kakhulu kulokho okwahlongozwa ekuqaleni phakathi nomkhankaso.

Ukuhlola Indaba: Ikhetha Izinhlelo Zikahulumeni Ezishintshayo

Ukuhlola izibonelo ezingokomlando eziqondile kubonisa indlela okhetho abaye babangela ngayo izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokwesimiso futhi balungisa nezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

I - New Deal Ne - Electoral Maraday

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal Part phakathi nonyaka ka-1930 yabonisa "ukwanda okuqhubekayo kukahulumeni" abaningi abakubheka njengokusekelwa ukwethenjwa umphakathi phakathi nenhlekelele yezomnotho, kanye nokusekela okunamandla kukakhetho kwagunyazwa uRoosevelt ukuba aphishekele ukunqoba okuguqulayo. Ukunqoba kwe-Roosevelt okunamandla ngo-1932, phakathi nojukujuku kweNkathi Yokwehla Kwezomnotho, kwanikeza umyalo ocacile kahulumeni wokusingatha ukuwa kwezomnotho.

I-New Deal yaguqula indima kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni eMelika, idala izinhlelo ezifana ne-Social Security, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, imithetho yamabhange, nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Lokhu kuguqulwa kubonisa indlela igunya elinamandla lokukhetha, kanye nezimo zenhlekelele nentando yezombangazwe, okungasiza ngayo ukuba ushintsho olusheshayo lwezimiso ezihlanganisa uhulumeni nezakhamuzi.

Ukukhathalela Impilo Nezombangazwe Ezingezona Eziphambili

Isimiso sokunakekela impilo sinikeza esinye isibonelo esishukumisayo sendlela ukhetho oluthonya ngayo izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Ukudlula kwe-Affordble Care Act ngo-2010 kwalandela ukunqoba kwe-Democratic orthoral eyanika i-profector zombili izindlu zomkhandlu inzuzo yokhetho lwaphakathi nonyaka ka-2010. IRiphabliki eyalandela yaphumelela okhethweni, ngokwengxenye eyaqhutshwa ngokumelene nomthetho wezempilo, kwabonisa indlela imiphumela yokukhetha engenza ngayo futhi inqande inqubo enkulu.

Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ithonya eliqhubekayo lenqubo yokukhetha − imajor izinhlelo ezimisiwe ngemva kokhetho olulodwa zingase zibhekane nokulungiswa noma imizamo yokuzihlela ngemva kokhetho olulandelayo enemiphumela ehlukene. Ukusekelwa kwezinguquko zenqubo akuxhomekile kuphela ezivumelweni zokuqala kodwa futhi nasekusekeleni komphakathi okuqhubekayo kanye nasemiphumeleni engcono yokukhetha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukubuyiselwa kwenqubo yesilinganiso sikahulumeni

Ukhetho lukahulumeni luye lwaqhubelela izinqubo eziphawulekayo ezindaweni ezisukela ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya ekulungiseni ukwahlulela komthetho wezemthetho kuya ekutholeni insangu ngokomthetho. Izwe livame ukusebenza njenge "imisebenzi yokulawula idemokrati," enemiphumela ehlolwayo ezingeni lombuso eyenza ukuba ukuhlolwa kwezimiso okungase kamuva kusakazekele kwezinye izifundazwe noma ithonya lesizwe. Lezizibonelo zombuso zibonisa ukuthi ithonya elikhethiweyo emizamweni eminingi lisebenza emagameni kahulumeni ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Izilinganiso Zebhola Nentando Yeningi Eqondile

Ngaphezu kokukhetha abameleli abathatha izinqumo zezimiso, izifunda eziningi zivumela abavoti ukuba banqume ngokuqondile ngezindlela zokuhlela, ama-astendium, kanye nezinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo. Loluhlobo lwentando yeningi eqondile lunikeza enye indlela yokulawula izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezithonya ngayo izinhlelo zokhetho.

Izilinganiso Zebhola

AmaMelika ezindaweni ezingu - 41 ayoba nokuvota ezinyatheloni zezemithetho ezingaba ngu - 160 ezweni lonke, kuhlanganise nezinyathelo ezihlanganisa indaba yokukhishwa kwezisu ephikiswayo, futhi ezinye izinyathelo zokuvota eziyobonwa ngoNovember zihlanganisa lezo eziphathelene nezakhamuzi, izimiso zokukhetha, izahlulelo zobugebengu, amaphoyisa, intela, intela, nezimiso zezidakamizwa.

Idemokrasi eqondile idlula ngokuphelele impikiswano yemiyalo njengoba ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izimiso ngokuqondile. Lenqubo inikeza ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwemiphumela elandelwa yizinqubo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso, nakuba iphakamisa futhi imibuzo ngendima yokucubungula, ubuchwepheshe, namalungelo amancane ekwenzeni inqubo.

Izinzuzo Nokulinganiselwa Kwentando Yeningi Eqondile

Izindlela zebhola zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana: zinikeza iziyalezo ezicacile ezindabeni ezithile, ukuthembisa ukuvota, futhi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe isikhundla sokungasabeli kwemithetho noma izinqumo ezingathandwa. Nokho, zinemingcele: izimpikiswano zezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zingakhuliswa kakhulu, imikhankaso ekhudlwana kakhulu ingaba nethonya elingenakulinganiswa, futhi ukubusa okuningi ngezindlela zokuvota kungasongela amalungelo amancane.

Ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezinyathelo zokuvota eminyakeni yamuva kubonisa ukuthi kokubili isakhamuzi esikhulayo sifisa ithonya eliqondile lesimiso nokukhungatheka ngezinhlangano zabameleli. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela ebalulekile ngendlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokukhetha eziklama ngayo, njengoba zikha enye indlela lapho imiphumela yevota inquma ngokuqondile.

Umjikelezo Wesimiso Sezokuhamba Nokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso

Ukubekwa kwesikhathi kwezimiso ngokuphathelene nomjikelezo wokhetho kuthinta kakhulu kokubili amathuba okusetshenziswa kwezimiso kanye nesimo sezimiso eziphishekelwayo. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso zesikhashana kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokukhetha ezithonya ngayo izinhlelo.

Amafasitela Okusha Okushaya Ohlelo

Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili, ohulumeni abasanda kukhethwa bajabulela inkathi yangaphambi komshado lapho igunya labo linamandla futhi inhloko - dolobha yabo yezombangazwe iphakeme. Lokhu kuveza ithuba lokuphishekela izimiso ezingokwentando yeningi noma zempikiswano. Ohulumeni abahlulekayo ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu phakathi nalenkathi bangase bakuthole kunzima ngokwengeziwe ukwenza izinhloso zabo njengoba ukukhetha okulandelayo nokuphikisa kwezombangazwe kukhula.

Ukuhlola okudlule okugxile kwamanye amazwe kuye kwaphawula ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho egunyaziwe phakathi komjikelezo wokhetho, ngokwengxenye okungabonisa amandla ohulumeni anamandla okwenza izinhlelo esikhathini sangemva komshado. Lokhu kubonakala ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene futhi kusikisela ukuthi isikhathi sezinhlelo zokuthatha izivumelwano sibaluleke njengokusho okuqukethwe yimithetho egunyazwe yibo.

Ukulungiswa kokukhetha ngaphambi

Njengoba kubhekiswa okhethweni, ohulumeni ngokuvamile balungisa izimiso zabo nezinto eziza kuqala ukuze bakhange abavoti. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthengeni imali eningi ekusebenziseni izinhlelo ezithandwayo, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezithenjisweyo, noma ekugwemeni izinyathelo ezingathandeki kodwa ezidingekile. Nakuba lokhu kusabela ezingcindezelweni zokuvota kungabhekwa njengokuthatha isibopho sombuso wentando yeningi emsebenzini, kungaholela nasekucabangeni okufushane nokukhetha okunezimiso okubeka phambili impumelelo enqubweni ethatha isikhathi eside.

Ithonya elingokomthetho lemithetho yokukhetha lidala amathuba nezinselele zokubusa okuphumelelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukhetho oluvamile luqinisekisa ukulandisa okuqhubekayo nokusabela ekushintsheni izinto ezithandwa umphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kokhetho oluzayo kungavimbela ohulumeni ekuphishekeleni imithetho ngezinzuzo zesikhathi eside kodwa izindleko zesikhashana.

Iziphetho Nezinqumo Zokuhamba Ngendiza

Izinga nokwakheka komvoti kuthinta kakhulu imiphumela yevoti, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izimiso eziphishekelwa ohulumeni. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso ezinamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokukhetha eziklanywa ngayo.

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Ehlukile Nemithetho

Uma amaqembu athile enani labantu evota ngamazinga aphakeme kunamanye, izikhulu ezikhethiwe zingasabela kakhulu ekuthandeni amaqembu aphakeme aphambukayo. Lokhu kungadala ubandlululo lwezimiso olusekela izithakazelo zezakhamuzi ezindala, ezicebile, noma ezifunde kakhulu ezivota ngamazinga aphezulu. Ngokuphambene, amaqembu anezinga eliphansi kakhulu angathola izintando zawo ezingaphansi kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Lokhu okunamandla kunemiphumela ebalulekile ezicini ezingokwenqubo ezifana nokuxhasa imali yemfundo, ukunakekela impilo, izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, nenkambiso yentela. Ohulumeni bangamisa izinhlelo ezisiza ukuphumelela kokungalawuleki kakhulu kuyilapho bedebeselela izimpikiswano ezibalulekile emaqenjini ngokuhlanganyela kokhetho oluphansi. Imizamo yokwandisa umvoti, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu angaphansi kwamalunga, ingaba nemiphumela evelele ngaphandle nje kokwenza okhethweni lube abamele kakhulu.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezinhlobo Zokhetho

Ukujika ngokuphawulekayo kuhlukahluka kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokhetho, nokhetho lukamongameli luthatha ingxenye enkulu kunokhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi, oluthi lona lubone ukuvelela okuphezulu kunokhetho oluningi lombuso nokhetho lwendawo. Lokhu kushintshashintsha kungakha imifelandawo nezimiso ezihlukene kuye ngohlobo lokhetho.

Ukhetho oluncishisiwe lungabuswa abavoti abeqisayo noma abashukunyiswa kakhulu yimibono, okungaholela emiphumeleni yenkambiso ephambuka ekukhetheni umphakathi. Lesi simo singavezwa ikakhulukazi okhethweni abayinhloko, ngokuvamile abanquma ukukhetha kodwa bahehe ingxenye encane kuphela yabavoti abavamile.

Indima Yezigigaba Zezombangazwe Ekuguquleni I - Electoral Ifinyelela Enqubweni

Amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile phakathi kwemiphumela yokukhetha nokumiswa kwezimiso. Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu asebenza ngayo kuleli lungelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ubuhlobo phakathi kokhetho nezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Iqembu Elihlukile Nesimiso

Amaqembu ezombangazwe akha iziteji ezibonisa izikhundla zawo ezingokomthetho ezindaweni eziningi ezihlukene. La mapulatifomu afeza imisebenzi eminingana: asiza abavoti ukuba baqonde ukuthi yiziphi izimiso iqembu elizoziphishekela uma likhethiwe, anikeza isiqondiso kuziphathimandla ezikhethiwe ngokuphathelene nezinto eziza kuqala eqenjini, futhi akha izimiso zokulandisa ngokumisa izimemezelo zeqembu ezingase zihlolwe.

Izinga lapho amalungu ezindawo ezizimele ezivumelanayo futhi afeze izibopho zawo zasesiteji lihluka phakathi kwezimiso zezombangazwe. Izimiso zeqembu eziqinile ezinamalungu ajezisiwe zivame ukubonisa amazinga aphakeme okusetshenziswa kwepulatifomu, kuyilapho izimiso zeqembu ezibuthakathaka zingabona ukwehluka okukhulu phakathi kwezithembiso nokusebenza.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesiyalo Seqembu

Imithetho yeqembu − izinga lokuvota kunoma yiliphi amalungu eqembu kanye nokusekela izikhundla zeqembu — ngokufaka umbukiso lithinta ukuhunyushwa kwemithetho yokuzikhethela. Izimiso zePhalamende ezineziyalezo eziqinile zivumela ukumiswa kwezimiso eziqinile, njengoba amaqembu abusayo engadlulisa ngokuqiniseka izinqumo zawo zemithetho. Izimiso zobumongameli ezineziluleko ezibuthakathaka zingabona ubunzima obukhulu ekusebenziseni izimvume zokukhetha, njengoba izishaya umthetho ngazinye zingakhubazeka ezikhundleni zeqembu.

Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuyala kweqembu nokuzimela komuntu ngamunye ophethe umthetho kuhilela ukudayisa. Isiyalo esinamandla senza ukuba kusetshenziswe iziqondiso ezigunyaziwe kodwa singanciphisa ikhono labameleli ngabanye lokusabela ezidingweni ezithile ezikhethekile. Ukungaqondi kahle kuvumela ukumelelwa kwabantu abengeziwe kodwa kungase kuqheke inqubo evumelanayo futhi kuyenze kube nzima ukumisa izinhlelo ezibanzi.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe: Izimiso Zokuthutha Nokukhipha Izinhlelo

Izimiso ezihlukene zevoti zidala ubudlelwane obungafani phakathi kwemiphumela ehlelwa yivoti nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Ukuhlola lezi zindlela kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela umklamo ongokwezimiso othinta ngayo ukuhunyushelwa kwamavoti ezimisweni zikahulumeni.

Ukumelelwa kwe-Propotigal vs. Eyokuqala-Past-the- Post

Izimiso ze-propotical messages, ezihlela izihlalo zomthetho ezisekelwe ekuvoteni kwamaqembu, zivame ukuveza izinqubo eziningi nohulumeni abahlangene. Lezizimiso zinganikeza ukuchazwa okucacile kokuthandwa yivoti ehlukahlukene kodwa zingabangela ukuba ukuhunyushwa kwemiphumela yevota kube yimiyalo ecacile ngenxa yesidingo sezingxoxo zesivumelwano.

Izimiso zezangaphambili zezambuku, ezihlalisa abazothola amavoti amaningi ezifundeni ngazinye, zivame ukuveza izimiso ezimbili ezihlukene kanye nohulumeni abahlukene. E-United States, isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili njalo siphumela ekubeni kube neqembu elilodwa elinabaningi kuhulumeni elingachazwa njengegunya. Lezizimiso zinganikeza izimvume ezicacile kodwa zinganikeza ngaphansi kokuveza imibono emincane futhi zenze imiphumela ephumela ekudukeni kwenani elikhulu uma kuvela ukuvota.

Uhulumeni wentando yeningi

Izimiso zezombangazwe ziyahluka ekugcizelelweni kwazo ekwakheni izivumelwano nokwenza izinqumo eziphambili. I-Consenus idemocracy, evame emazweni anezimo ezihlukene kanye namasiko aqinile okuxhumana, ivame ukuveza izinguquko zezimiso eziguquguqukayo kanye nokuhileleka okukhulu. Imibuso yentando yeningi, evame kakhulu ezimisweni zekhompuyutha yokuqala yasendulo, ingenza kube nezinguquko eziphawulekayo ezilandela izinguquko ze-volution kodwa futhi ingaholela ekuntengantengantenga ngokwemithetho njengoba ohulumeni beshintshana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene.

Lezizindlela ezihlukene zentando yeningi zakha ubuhlobo obuhlukile phakathi kokhetho nemiphumela yenqubo. Asikho isimiso esiphakeme ngokwemvelo − ngasinye sihilela ukudayisa phakathi kokunquma nokungaguquguquki, ukuzinza nokusabela, ukucwebezela nokuqonda.

Izinselele Zethonya Lokwehluleka Kwesimiso

Izenzakalo eziningana zangesikhathi sethu zibekela inselele ubuhlobo obungokwesiko phakathi kokhetho nesimiso sikahulumeni, ziphakamisa imibuzo ngekusasa lethonya lokhetho ezimisweni zikahulumeni.

Ukwehla Kwelanga Ne - Gridlock

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuyekelela futhi kuvame kakhulu. Uma amaqembu enemibono ehlukene kakhulu futhi ebheka omunye nomunye njengengemthetho, izinqubo ezivamile zokuxoxisana nokuthuthukisa izimiso zingaphela. Lokhu kuhlukana kungavimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho egunyazwayo, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezidinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene noma amazinga kahulumeni.

I-dricklock ingaholela ekuhlelekeni okungahleleki, lapho izinguquko ezidingekile zibambezeleka noma zivinjelwe naphezu kokusekela komphakathi. Ingandisa futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezenzo zokuphatha, izinqumo zokuphatha, nezinye izinqubo ezidlula izinqubo zomthetho, ezingase zinciphise ukulandisa kwentando yeningi.

Ithonya Lemali Kwezombangazwe

Indima yemali kwezombangazwe zokhetho iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi okhetho baguqula ngempela yini okuthandwa yibo abavoti bengene esimisweni noma ukuthi abanikeli abacebile nezithakazelo ezikhethekile banethonya elingenakulinganiswa. Izimiso zezimali zenkampane ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo zingenza inzuzo engcono ikwazi ukuhlela imiphumela ehlelwa yivoti nezinqumo zenqubo ezilandelanayo ngendlela ezihlukanisa kakhulu ezithandwa umphakathi.

Lenselele inzima kakhulu ezimisweni zezezimali ezingenazimiso eziqinile zezezimali. Ngisho nalapho okhetho luveza imiphumela ecacile, ithonya lemali kuyo yomibili imikhankaso nokunxusa lingase liphendukezele ukuhunyushwa kwemithetho yokuzikhethela, kuthandwe ukukhethwa kwabavoti.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezimiso

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwabangela izithiyo ezintsha ekuzilawuleni kwezimiso zezwe. Izivumelwano zezohwebo zamazwe ngamazwe, izingcindezi zezimali, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nezinye izindaba zomhlaba kulinganisela amandla ohulumeni okusebenzisa izimiso ezisekelwe kuphela kwimithetho egunyazwe ekhaya. Abaqondisi bangakhetha ohulumeni abathembisa izinqubo ezithile, kodwa bathole ukuthi imingcele yomhlaba wonke ivimbela ukufezeka okugcwele.

Lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kwemiyalo yezwe egunyazwe yibo kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezizwe ngezizwe kudala izinselele zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ohulumeni kumelwe balinganisele ukusabela kwabavoti basekhaya namaqiniso okuncintisana kwezizwe zonke, ngezinye izikhathi aholela emiphumeleni yezimiso edumazayo yamathemba okhetho.

Ukuqinisa Ukuxhumana Kwamaphoyisa Namaphoyisa

Ngenxa yokubaluleka kokhetho ekulolongeni izimiso nezinhlelo zikahulumeni, kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene ukuze kuqiniswe ukuhlobana phakathi kwemiphumela ehlelwa yizinqumo nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.

Izinguquko Eziphawulekayo

Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zihlanganisa izinguquko ezimisweni zokuvota, imithetho yezezimali, izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuvota, nezinqubo zokuvota. Abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi lezinguquko zingabangela ukuba okhetho lube abameleli abaningi, zinciphise ithonya lemali nezithakazelo ezikhethekile, futhi zimise imithetho ecacile yokuthatha isinyathelo sesimiso. Abagxeki bakhathazeka ngokuthi ezinye izinguquko zingase zibe nemiphumela engalindelekile noma zisekele izithakazelo ezithile zezombangazwe.

Iziphakamiso eziqondile zihlanganisa ukuvota okunezigaba, okuvumela abavoti ukuba baveze okuthandwayo phakathi kwabafuna ukubhapathizwa; ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, okungandisa ukuvota; izimali zomphakathi, ezinganciphisa ithonya labanikelayo abacebile; kanye nokuzifunela ukuvota okuzimele, okunganciphisa ukuvota okungashintsha inqubo. Ngamunye walezinguquko kungathinta indlela ukukhetha okungaguqula ngayo imiphumela yenqubo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukwaziswa Nokuhlanganyela

Ukuqinisa ukuxhumana kwe-elevotor-policy kudinga futhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwabavoti kanye nokuthembisana. Uma abavoti benokwaziswa okungcono ngezikhundla zenqubo namarekhodi erekhodi, bangakhetha ngokuqondisisa okubonisa kangcono izintando zabo zesimiso. Izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa imfundo yomphakathi, ukulawula iqiniso, kanye nokwaziswa okufinyelelekayo konke kunganezela ethonyeni elinenjongo kakhulu lenqubo.

Ubuchwepheshe bemishini bunikeza amathuba amasha okuthembisana ukuvota nokwaziswa, kodwa futhi yenza izinselele ezihlobene nokungaqondi kahle, amagumbi okunanela, nokusebenzisa kabi izintambo. Ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezihlanganisa amandla angcono amathuluzi emishini kuyilapho uhlela izingozi zawo kuyinselele ebalulekile ekuqiniseni ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Imishini Engalandisa

Ukuqinisa izinqubo zokulandisa kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zifeza izibopho zazo. Lezizimiso zihlanganisa izimiso eziqinisekisayo zokulandelela izithembiso zokuqinisekisa ukugcwaliseka komkhankaso, ukubika njalo, izindikimba zobubonisi bezezindaba, nokuhlola okuqinile kwemithombo yezindaba. Uma abavoti behlola kalula ukuthi ohulumeni baye basebenzisa izinhlelo zabo ezithenjisiwe, okhetho baba amathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu okuqinisekisa ukusabela kwezimiso.

Ukubona izinto ngokucace ekuthatheni isinqumo sikahulumeni kusekela ukulandisa. Uma izakhamuzi zingaqonda ukuthi izinqumo zezimiso zenziwa kanjani nokuthi zingenziwa kanjani, zingahlola kangcono ukuthi lezo zinqumo zibonisa iziqondiso zokhetho futhi zigcina izikhulu zinecala ngokhetho olulandelayo.

Ikusasa Lethonya Elikhulu Ezimisweni Zikahulumeni

Uma sibheka phambili, cishe izimo eziningana ziyothonya indlela izimiso zikahulumeni zokhetho nezinhlelo ezikhona emashumini eminyaka azayo.

Izinguquko Zenani Lomuntu Nezimiso Eziza Kuqala

Izinguquko zezibalo, kuhlanganise nenani labantu asebegugile emazweni amaningi athuthukile, ukwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo, nokushintsha kwezimiso zomkhaya, kuyothinta kokubili imiphumela ekhethwayo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala. Njengoba izinguquko ezikhethwayo, kanjalo nezinqumo eziphishekelwa ohulumeni. Ukuqonda lokhu kuzalana kwabantu kubalulekile ekulindeleni iziqondiso zezimiso zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuhluka kwezimiso zezizukulwane ezithandwayo kungase kube okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izinhlelo zezenhlalo, kanye nomthetho wobuchwepheshe.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe izoqhubeka iguqula indlela esebenza ngayo nokhetho nendlela oluthonya ngayo indlela. Ukuvota ngo-Online, umkhankaso wobuchwepheshe, ukuqoqwa kwezokuxhumana, nokufakwa kokwaziswa konke kuthinta izinqubo zokhetho nemiphumela. Lobu buchwepheshe buveza amathuba okwanda kokuhlanganyela nokuthembisana kanye nezingozi ezihlobene nokuxhaphaza, ukuzifihla, nokungalingani.

Inselele yezimiso zentando yeningi iyakuba ukusebenzisa amandla obuchwepheshe okuqinisa ithonya lokhetho esimisweni kuyilapho uqapha izingozi zaso. Lokhu kudinga ukushintshwa okuqhubekayo kwezimiso zokhetho, imfundo yomphakathi, nezinhlangano zentando yeningi emaqinisweni ezombangazwe zemishini.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nezinselele Ezihlala Isikhathi Eside

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezinye izinselele ezithatha isikhathi eside kudala ubunzima obukhethekile bethonya lenqubo yokukhetha. Lezi zimo zidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo phakathi namashumi eminyaka, kodwa imijikelezo ye-elevotor igxila kakhulu ekufinyeleni isikhathi esifushane. Izindlela zokuthuthukisa ezivumela ukuba okhetho lukwazi ukuhlela isimiso sesikhathi eside ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukulandisa ngentando yeningi kuyinselele enzima ekubuseni kwamanje.

Amanye amakhambi ahlongozwayo ahlanganisa ukukhokha kwesimo sezulu esizimele, izimiso zesikhathi eside ezidlula imijikelezo ye-votor, kanye nezindima ezikhulisweyo zobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukiseni inqubo. Ukulinganisela lezindlela zobuchwepheshe nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi ngokhetho kuyoba balulekile ekuxazululeni izinselele zesikhathi eside ngokuphumelelayo.

Izihluthulelo: Izinhlelo Nomthetho Kahulumeni

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokhetho nezimiso zikahulumeni ezisemihlelweni bunezici eziningi futhi bunamandla, busebenza ngezinqubo eziningi futhi bubhekene nezithiyo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuqonda okuningana okuyinhloko kuyavela ekuhloleni lobu buhlobo:

  • Ukukhetha kunikeza ukufaneleka okuyisisekelo kwezinguquko ezingokwenqubo ngokwenza imiyalo egunyaza ohulumeni ukuba baphishekele izinhloso zabo. Amandla alemiyalo ayahlukahluka ngokwemiphumela ye-votorotor, kanye nokunqoba okuphelele okunikeza imvume ecacile yezenzo zenqubo.
  • Izinqubo ze-Multiple zihlanganisa ukhetho nenkambiso [, kuhlanganise nokukhetha umholi, umphumela wokuyala wezisusa zokukhetha, imiphumela yokukhetha evumela abameleli abahlangene, kanye nokuqondisa idemokhrasi ngezindlela zobuphekula. Lezimiso zisebenza ndawonye ukuguqula imiphumela ye-elector ibe zinguquko ezimisweni.
  • Ithonya lobuzali lisebenza ngokuqhubekayo[, hhayi ngemva nje kokhetho. Ithemba lokhetho lwesikhathi esizayo lihlela izinqumo eziqhubekayo zezimiso njengoba izikhulu zifuna ukulondoloza ukusekela komphakathi nokuzibeka ngokwazo ukuze zikhethe kabusha.
  • Iziphakamiso ezisemthethweni nezisebenzayo ithonya elilinganiselwe lendlela yokukhetha enkambisweni. Ukulinganiselwa komthetho-mthetho, ukulinganiselwa kohlelo lokuhlela, izombangazwe ezihlangene, ithonya leqembu lesithakazelo, nezibopho zomhlaba wonke konke kuthinta ikhono lohulumeni lokusebenzisa imiyalelo esemthethweni ngokugcwele.
  • Umbono we- usebenza njengomshayeli nomfutho , uthonya imiphumela yokhetho nezinqumo zenqubo phakathi kokhetho. Ubuhlobo phakathi kombono womphakathi nenkambiso buyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ohulumeni basabela futhi bazame ukuthuthukisa izintando zomphakathi.
  • Izimiso ze-votorat zenza izimiso ezihlukene. Ukumelelwa kokuqala-kamuva, iphalamende, nezimiso zomongameli ngayinye idala ubudlelwane obuhlukile phakathi kwemiphumela ekhethiwe nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.
  • Izindaba ngokuphawulekayo[ ekuhumusheni izigunyazo zokukhetha ezisemthethweni. Inkathi yangemva komshado elandela okhethweni inikeza ithuba elinamandla kakhulu lokushintsha uhlelo, kuyilapho ukusondela kokhetho kudala izisusa ezihlukene nezithiyo.
  • [ Izinselele zamuva [ zihlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwezwe, imali kwezombangazwe, kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwakha izithiyo zethonya eliphumelelayo lenkambiso yokukhetha, kudinga ukuthathelwa phambili kwezinhlangano nemikhuba yentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ukukhethwa kuseyindlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezimiphakathini yentando yeningi ezithonya ngayo izimiso zikahulumeni nezinhlelo.

Ukuqonda lobu buhlobo kubalulekile ukuze kube nempumelelo ekwakheni izakhamuzi. Abaqondisi abaqonda indlela ithonya lokhetho elingenza ngayo ukukhetha okunolwazi olunzulu, benze izikhulu zilandise ngokuphumelelayo futhi bahileleke ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Abaphathi bemithetho abaqonda amandla okhetho bangazisebenzisa kangcono izinselele zokusebenzisa izinhloso zabo kuyilapho belondoloza ukufaneleka kobuntando yeningi nokusekela umphakathi.

Ikusasa lethonya lezinhlelo zikahulumeni liyoxhomeka ekutheni imiphakathi yentando yeningi isingatha kanjani izinselele zamanje kuyilapho ilondoloza futhi iqinisa ukuhlobana okuyisisekelo phakathi kobukhosi obuthandwayo nemiphumelo yenqubo. Lokhu kudinga ukunaka okuqhubekayo ekushintsheni kwendlela yokukhetha, ukuthembisa umphakathi, ukuklanywa kwezinhlelo, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokusabela nokuphumelela ekubuseni.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezimiso zokukhetha nokubusa kwentando yeningi, imithombo ikhona ngezinhlangano ezinjenge International iInternational Institute for Democracy ne-Electoral helper, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe yeLegislatures[, kanye nezinhlangano zezemfundo ezifunda ngokwezombangazwe ezilinganayo nenkambiso yomphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela nale mithombo kungajulisa ukuqonda ngendlela inqubo yokhetho ethinta ngayo ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke nekusasa lethu.

Ekugcineni, ubuhlobo phakathi kokhetho nezimiso zikahulumeni bubonisa inselele eqhubekayo yokubusa ngentando yeningi: ukuhumusha izintando zezakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene zibe isimiso somphakathi esivumelanayo, esiphumelelayo, esingokomthetho. Nakuba bengaphelele, ukhetho lusalokhu luyithuluzi lethu elibaluleke kakhulu lokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziveza intando yabantu futhi zisiza umphakathi ukuba ube nesithakazelo. Ukuqinisa lokhu kuhlobana phakathi kwemiphumela ekhethiwe nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo kumelela omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yedemokrati yentando yeningi yanamuhla.