Isingeniso: Itshe Eliqinile Lokuzichaza KwaseMelika

Umqondo wenkululeko yomphakathi uhlanganiswe kanye nesisekelo saseMelika, usebenza njengesivikelo sokuzibusa komuntu ngamunye nesibuko esibonisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zesizwe. Lenkululeko, ehlanganiswe kuMthetho-sisekelo naku-Bill of Rights, ayimilungiselelo engokomthetho; iyizimiso eziphilayo ezichaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo. Ezimpikiswaneni ezinamandla zesizukulwane esisungulweyo eziphikisanayo ngezinqumo zezindaba zomuntu siqu nangenkulumo, inkululeko yomphakathi iye yaqhubeka ihlela lokho okushiwo ukuthi iMelika. Zihlanganisa inkolelo eyisisekelo yokuthi uhulumeni uyinceku yabantu, hhayi inkosi, nokuthi umuntu ngamunye unelungelo eliyisisekelo okumelwe livinjelwe ekungeneni.

Ukuqonda indlela inkululeko yomphakathi elawula ngayo iMelika kudinga okungaphezu kolwazi olusheshayo lokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Kudinga ukwazisa ngemibango engokomlando, izincazelo zokwahlulela, kanye nezinguquko zempucuko eziye zahlola futhi zathuthukisa lemiqondo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimpande ezijulile zenkululeko yomphakathi, sihlola inkululeko eyinhloko echaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwamaMelika, futhi sihlaziya izinselele eziqhubekayo ezigcina lezizindinganiso zihamba phambili engxoxweni yesizwe. Ngokwenza kanjalo, sibona ukuthi inkululeko yomphakathi ayizona nje izimfundiso ezingokomthetho kodwa yona kanye imishini yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Umlando Wenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Isisekelo SoMthetho WesiNgisi Nefilosofi Yokukhanyiselwa

Isibopho saseMelika senkululeko yomphakathi asizange sivele esimweni esiphansi. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bathonywa kakhulu amasiko angokomthetho aseNgilandi amakhulu amaningi kakhulu, ngokuphawulekayo iMagna Carta ka-1215. Lencwadi yesandla yamisa isimiso sokuthi ngisho nenkosi yayingaphansi komthetho nokuthi abantu abakhululekile babenamalungelo athile adumile kakhulu, ilungelo lenqubo nokuqulwa icala abahluleli. Kamuva, iNgisi Bill of Rights of 1689 yaqhubeka ivimbela amandla obukhosi futhi isekela ukuphakama kwephalamende, ibeka izibonelo zikahulumeni omelele.

Isimo sokuhlakanipha soKhanyiso sasibaluleka ngokufanayo. Abacabangi abanjengo-John Locke, owabhala kabanzi ngamalungelo emvelo (_life, inkululeko, nempahla ) zenza kwaba nesisekelo sefilosofi yeNguquko yaseMelika. Locke waphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni bathola amandla abo alungile emvumeni yababuswayo futhi abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezikude okungekho hulumeni ongawaphula. Baron de Montesquieu inkolelo yokuhlukanisa amandla futhi ebumbe isimo somthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elinganqoba futhi lisongela.

Isivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka 1787, izihambeli zaphikisana kakhulu ngesidingo sesivumelwano samalungelo abantu. Abameleli abaningi, njengo-Alexander Hamilton, baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo (ngo-(ngokulinganiselwe nangemibuso yawo) eyisivikelo esanele. Abalwa nombuso onamandla babesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla ungayiphazamisa inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukuyekethisa kwavela kwakuyisithembiso sokunezela iBill of Rights ngemva kokudilizwa. Ngo-1791, iziphendulo zokuqala zeminyaka eyishumi zamukelwa, isiqinisekiso senkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukunxusa, ukukhomba, ukuvikela izikhali, ukuphenywa okungenangqondo, nezinye izivikeli eziningi.

Lezi zinguquko zazingezona izinhloso ezingekho kodwa ukusabela okuqondile ezikhalweni ngokumelene nokubusa kwaseBrithani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvinjelwa kwamasosha (ISichibiyelo esinezelwe esinesine), kwabonisa ukucasuka kwamakoloni kwezEnzo ezihlanganisayo. Isivikelo ekuzivikeleni ekuzibekeleni ngokwawo (ISichibiyelo sesiHlamiso sesiHlathi) sasinanela izinkumbulo zezinkantolo ezihlangene. Ngaleyondlela, kusukela ekuqaleni, ukubekwa kwaseMelika kwakwenziwa ngokumelene nobushiqela nokuboniswa kwesithunzi somuntu siqu.

Inkululeko Eyinhloko Echaza Umphakathi WaseMelika

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Ikhorali Lentando Yeningi

[[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yokukhuluma, evikelwe yiSichibiyelo sokuqala, ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi itshe eliyinhloko lentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke uhulumeni, zisekele ushintsho, futhi zingene engxoxweni eqinile yomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbula. INkantolo Ephakeme ichaze lenkululeko eqondile, ngisho nokuvikela inkulumo engathandeki nenokwenyanyekayo. [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT] [2]] [v]. United States[FLT][19] [196] [FLT] [FLT] [5], Justivelm Holmes Jr.[4] ivulile ngisho nomthetho ongathi ubudlova obulandelanayo][5] ngaphandle komthetho.[5][3][3]

Imininingwane yaseMelika igubha izimakethe zemibono, lapho iqiniso livela khona ngokuncintisana phakathi kwemibono. Lomgomo uye wahlolwa enkathini yokuhlola inombolo, nezimpikiswano ngokukhuluma ngenzondo, ukuqamba amanga, nendima yama-techmtheid. Nokho isibopho esiyisisekelo sisalokhu sikhona: uhulumeni ngeke unqande inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi iphikisana. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuphikisana nokusungulwa, izici ezibonisa umoya waseMelika.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa: Ukusuka Endaweni Kuya Ebuntwini

Nakuba igama elithi “i-prigracy” lingaveli eMthethweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mthethweni lokuzifihla elisekelwe kweyokuqala, kweyesithathu, kweyesihlanu, neye-Ninth Isichibiyeli. Lelilungelo ladume ngokuqatshelwa [[FLT]][1] [FLT]]. Connecticut[[[FLT:] [12] [6] [6] [FL] [5], [5], eyabulala umthetho ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inqubo. [[3] [3] [3] [3] Inkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi i-FT] i-ogglect:[3] [5] [5] [3] [3] futhi isithi se-oglov3] [F], kodwa [3] kusekunyenyenye i-F3] [F].[3] [3]

Ekhulwini lama-21, ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo libhekene nezinselele ezintsha zezobuchwepheshe. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola, ukumba imininingwane ngezinhlangano, nokwanda kwe-Internet yemishini yezinto kuphakamisa imibuzo ngezinga leSine seSichibiyelo. Indaba ye [FLT][1] Kyllo v. United States (2001] [2001]]] ukusebenzisa i-metamsstiki ukuze uvule indlu ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlola, iqinisekisa ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ayinakunciphisa ngokuzenzakalela izinto ezilindelwe umuntu siqu. AmaMelika abheka ilungelo lokulawula ukwaziswa komuntu siqu njengengxenye enkulu yenkululeko nenkululeko.

Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Esilinganayo: Isithembiso Sobulungisa

IziHlumulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lesi simiso siqinisekisa izinqubo ezilungile ($notice, ukuzwa, inkantolo engakhethiyo ) / ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo esinzima. ISiphendulo se 145 seSimo se-Createct Procession Claus sihlanganisa futhi okuningi kweSigqi samalungelo emalini, itshe lenjongo yohulumeni kumelwe ihloniphe inkululeko kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Equal Livices yeSiphendulo se-Grand thi ye-14] ifuna ukuba uhulumeni uphathe bonke abantu ngaphansi komthetho, itshena lokuzibo lwemfanelo yomthetho waseMelika.

Uphawu olufanele lwenqubo luhlanganisa Miranda v. Arizona (1966], eyayidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukusolwa kwamalungelo awo okuthula nokunika iseluleko, futhi [FLT]][FLT]]] Gideon v. Wainright[[ , okuqinisekisa ilungelo lommeli wamagqwethawe abangenakukwazi ukukhokhela omunye. Lemithetho i-Melika i-sterecty okuvikela isimiso sobulungisa nezindlela ezilungile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingcebo noma isimo sobulungisa.

Indlela Inkululeko Ephakathi Egunyazwa NgaseMelika

Ukuzitika Ngomuntu Siqu Nokuzitika

Ukuzichaza kwaseMelika kuhlangene kakhulu nobufandamentali . Inkolelo yokuthi umuntu ngamunye unefa elibalulekile nelungelo lokuphishekela indlela yakhe siqu. Inkululeko yomphakathi ivikela lobu bushiqela ngokuvikela abantu ngabanye ekucindezelekeni okuhlangene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvela kuhulumeni, umbono, noma ukuvumelana kwezenhlalo. Isiqinisekiso senkululeko yeSichibiyelo sokuqala senkululeko engokwenkolo sivumela amaMelika ukuba asebenzise (noma angenzi) naluphi ukholo ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokunxusa linikeza izakhamuzi ukuba zakhe izinxulumano nezikhundla. Lokhu kugcizelelwa komuntu ngamunye kuyisicici esichazayo sempucuko yaseMelika, esiboniswe kuyo yonke imikhawulo yenkolo kuya ku-Silicon Valley.

Umcabangi wezombangazwe waseFrance u-Alexis de Tocqueville, encwadini yakhe edumile uDemocracy eMelika, waphawula ukuthi umuzwa onamandla wokuzimela komuntu siqu waseMelika wawulinganiswa ngokuzimisela ukwakha amaqembu okuzithandela. Inkululeko yomphakathi inikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lwalokhu kulinganisela, ivumela abantu ukuba bakhulume lapho behlangana ngezinjongo ezifanayo. Ngaphandle kwalezi zikhuselo, umkhuba waseMelika wawungaphendukela ekuvumelaneni nasekuthobeleni igunya.

Ukulingana Ngaphansi KoMthetho

Insika yesibili yezindinganiso zaseMelika ukulingana ngokuchanekileyo, umqondo wokuthi zonke izakhamuzi zinelungelo lobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Nakuba izwe livame ukuhluleka ukufinyelela lomqondo ofanele, isibopho esingokomthetho sokuvikela okufanayo siye saqhubekisela phambili izinhlangano zezenhlalo. I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne-1960 ithembele emalungelweni eSiphendulweni sokuqala senkulumo, umbuthano, nesicelo sokubekela inselele ukuhlukaniswa nobandlululo. Umthetho wemithetho we-loval Rights Act ka-1964 ne-Voting Rights Act ka-19669 uguqule izimiso zomthetho ezigunyazwe.

Namuhla, ukulwela ukulingana kuyaqhubeka ezimpini ze LGBTQ+ amalungelo, ubulili, nobulungisa bobuhlanga. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Obergefell v. Hodges [202015] ukubhalisa umshado ofanayo wezentengiselwano [ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko evikelwe yi-Uct Programme Clausle indisa ezinqumweni zomuntu siqu ngomshado nangomkhaya. Lesinqumo savumelana nokuqiniseka kwaseMelika kokuthi umthetho kumelwe uphathe bonke abantu ngesithunzi esifanayo, ngisho nanjengoba inqubo engokwesiko.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Womphakathi Neyobunye

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayihlobene kuphela namalungelo abantu ngabanye; futhi ikhuthaza umthwalo wemfanelo we-vivic kanye nokubophana komphakathi [. Inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa inika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ekubuseni nasekugcineni izikhulu zinecala. Idemokrasi enempilo ixhomeke kubantu abanolwazi nabakhuthele abasebenzisa lamalungelo. Ukuzichaza kwaseMelika kuhlanganisa umuzwa womsebenzi wokwenza okuhle okuvamile, ngokuvota, ngokusebenza ejajini, ngokusebenza ekwahlulele, noma ngokubhikijela.

Lokhu kuhlobana okufanayo phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuyisisihloko esiphindaphindwayo emfundweni yomphakathi waseMelika. IBhili of Rights ayimane nje inike imvume; imema izakhamuzi ukuba zibe abaqaphi benkululeko yazo siqu. Uma amaMelika evikela inkululeko yomphakathi yabanye, ngisho nalabo abangavumelani nayo, iqinisa ukuthembana komphakathi okubalulekile emphakathini womphakathi ozibandakanya nentando yeningi. Lokhu kubopheka ekuthatheni isigaba sombuso wentando yeningi kuyisici esibalulekile salokho okusho ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba iMelika.

Izinselele Ezingokomlando Zokukhululwa Kwabemi

Usongo Lokuqala: Izenzo Zobu - Eva Nezokuthungatha

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba iBhili of Rights igunyaziwe, le republic entsha yabhekana novivinyo lwayo lokuqala olukhulu. Ngo-1798, phakathi kwezingxabano noRelievolution France, i-Federalist-odism elawulwayo yadlula i- Alisen neSiqulo Semisebenzi. Lemithetho yakwenza kwaba yicala ukusakaza “inkohliso, ihlazo, nokubhala okubi” kuhulumeni, ngokuphumelelayo ukumelana nokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe. I-Sédition Act yawerry ngokuqondile yaphula iSiphendulo Sokuqala, kodwa yaphoqelelwa kakhulu ukuba abahleli bephephandaba abavumelana noThomas Jefferson-Revicean.

I-pashsh yayishesha. uJefferson noJames Madison bahlanganisa i-Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, bephikisa ngokuthi izifundazwe zingayiqeda imithetho kahulumeni. Nakuba ukuchithwa kwemithetho kahulumeni kungaphoqelelwanga, impikiswano yaqokomisa ukungalawuleki kwesivikelo sokukhuluma. I-Sedition Act yaphela ngo-1801, futhi uMongameli uJefferson wathethelela labo ababeboshwe. Lesi senzakalo safundisa amaMelika ukuthi inkululeko yomphakathi idinga ukuqapha kwasikhathi sonke, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zesiyaluyalu sezombangazwe.

Inkululeko: Internament yeJapane nePTRIOT Act

IMpi Yezwe II yaletha enye inselele enkulu. Ngo-1942, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt owasayinwa u-Edition Experioup 906, egunyaza ukuthuthwa nokufakwa ngempoqo kwamaJapane angaphezu kuka-200,000, ama-35 aseMelika, amabili awenza izakhamuzi zase-U.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho [FLT][FLT] [1] [[FLT]] v. United States[[FLT] [194] [FLT] [12] [isibonelo se-FLT] [intshi], isebenzisa izinga lokubuyiseka okunga. Kamuva, uhulumeni wavuma ukungalungisi komthetho futhi wakhokhela ngo-1988. [FLT][FFF][5] [FT] [FFLT] [F] [FFFF]] [ig:] njengesibonelo sesixwayiso sesixwayiso sesixwayiso sokwesaba isixwayiso sobumthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, u-PARIOTT Act owandisa amandla okuqondisa umthetho okuhlola, kuhlanganise nokuhamba ngemibhoshongo yemibhoshongo yezebhizinisi. Abameli bomphakathi baphikisa ukuthi amalungiselelo athile ayephula umthetho weSimemezelo seSine sokuphendulo seNkampuzelo Esasine sokuphehlwa okungenangqondo neSiphendulo Sokuqala sokuvikela ukuhlangana. Lokhu kuqhubeka ukulungisa iNguquko ye-Interlinear Surveillance (FIC) nezinhlelo ezifana neqoqo lemibhoshongo yemimetha ebanzi ye-metameterssss kwaqala impikiswano. Ngo-2013, umculish Edward Snold Snowden wembula izinga leNSchekelo, ushintsho olunjengomthetho we-USA yenkululeko ka-2015.

INkantolo Ephakeme Njengomgadi Nomthombo

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nemfundiso Yokungavumelani

INkantolo Ephakeme idlala indima engenakuthathelwa indawo ekuchazeni inkululeko yomphakathi ngamandla ayo okwahlulela, asungulwe [[FLT]] . Madison [183]] . Ngokushaya imithetho ephula umthetho womthetho, iNkantolo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola umthetho nezimiso zegunya eliphakamele. Mhlawumbe intuthuko ephawulekayo yemfundiso yenkululeko yomphakathi imfundiso yenkululeko yomphakathi [[FLT]] imfundiso yokuhlanganisa i, esetshenziswa yiNkanto elungiselelweni yeMithetho yeMithetho yeMibuso kahulumeni ngokulandela inqubo ye-Graywords Claus. Ngaphandle kokuncintisana, izinkulumo ezithiwe ngenkululeko nenkolo kanye nezindlela zobuMelikanst American.

Izimpawu Ezathonya Izindinganiso

  • Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954): yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle komthetho, igumbuqela imfundiso “ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo”. Lesinqumo asithuthukisanga ukulingana kuphela kodwa futhi saphinda saqinisekisa indima ye-judicariary ekuvikeleni amaqembu ahlukene.
  • Miranda v.Arizona (1966): Amaphoyisa afunekayo ukutshela abasolwa ngamalungelo abo okuthula nokululeka. I-“Miranda `Isixwayiso” iye yaba indinganiso yezimiso zokuthi abantu abangeqiselwe ukuba bafake icala ngokwabo.
  • [FLT][FLT] New York Times Co.V. Sullivan [1964]] wavikela inkulumo yezikhulu zomphakathi ekuhlanjalazweni kwezindawo ngaphandle kokuba yenziwe “ngenzondo engokoqobo.” Lesi sinqumo safaka inkululeko futhi senza ukugxekwa okukhulu kukahulumeni.
  • .[FLT [[FLT] [77]] ne[FLT]Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]]: Ukushintsha [[FLT:] Roe[[] ibuyisela imithetho yokukhipha isisu ezimisweni, ibangela impikiswano enkulu ngezindaba zomuntu siqu, umbango, nobubanzi bamalungelo omthetho-mthetho. Impikiswano eqhubekayo igcizelela indlela inkululeko eguquka ngayo ngefilosofi yokwahlulela.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015): umshado osemthethweni owenziwe ngokomthetho ofana nowesilisa ezweni lonke, uqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko evikelwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine idlulela ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu.

Ngalezi zinqumo nezinye eziningi, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayisebenzisi umthetho nje kuphela kodwa ichaza izindinganiso ezichaza umphakathi waseMelika.

Izinkinga Zamanje Ekwamukelweni Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukuzilibazisa Nokungahloniphi

Ukuvela kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe kuye kwadala enye yezinselele ezinkulu zenkululeko yomphakathi ekhulwini lama-21. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nezinkampani ezizimele ziqoqa inqwaba yemininingwane yomuntu siqu, kusukela ekufuneni inqubo yendawo kuya ekulandeleni. Isidingo seSichibiyeli sesine esifuna ukuba nengqondo futhi esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka sinzima ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa kwezemishini okungafinyelelwa kude. [FLT][1] [kakhulu] [kakhulu] [FLT] v. [20:8] [[FLT], iNkantolo Ephakeme] yanquma ukuthi ngokuvamile amaphoyisa adinga ilungelo lokuthola amarekhodi engqamuzana ngenxa yokuthi abantu balindele ukuba bagcine imfihlo ezinhlanganweni zabo. Nokho, imibuzo eminingi iyaqhubeka ikhona ngemininingwane ye-tebulathi, ukuqamba, ukuqanda, ukuqamba ubuso, ukuqanda, ukuqamba i-stiki phakathi kweze.

Inkululeko Yezindaba Enkathini Yokwaziswa Okungalungile

Izindaba ezikhululekile nezizimele zibalulekile ukuze kube nedemokrasi esebenzayo, kodwa ibhekene nezingcindezi ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Ukuhlasela kwabacosheli bamaphephandaba, ukuncipha kwethemba lomphakathi, nokusakazeka kokungaqiniseki kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yayivikela ngokungaguquki inkululeko yokunyathelisa, ngisho noma okuqukethwe yikho okunzima noma okungathandeki. Icala le-Pentagon Paper ([FLT]]][FLT]]]] New York Times. v. United States[FLT],[FLT]] ]) isekela ilungelo lamaphephandaba lokusakaza izincwadi ezibonisa ukuziphatha okubi. Namuhla, izindaba ezivikela imithombo yezindaba, ukuchayisa ukuphola, nokuqondisa i-interdiumstformationsss. Ukuhlola okusha okukhona manje kwezene ukuvosa ama-Ediyo.

Ukwehluka Kobuhlanga Nokushintsha Kwezinhlanga

Inkululeko yomphakathi yemiphakathi emincane iye yancishiswa kudala imithetho yezeluleko nemikhuba. Umzabalazo we-Black Live Matter, owathola ukunakekela embulungeni yonke ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-2020, waqokomisa ukwahlukana kwezimiso zezinhlanga embuthweni nakumthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owephula umthetho. Impikiswano enjengayo yokuvikeleka okufanelekayo, ukunqanda ukukhomba izivumelwano zomthetho, nokusebenzisa ngokweqile kuphakamisa imibuzo yomthetho ngaphansi kweZiphendulo zeSine ne-14. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokuphikisa, izikhalo ngokwazo ngokwazo ziye zabhekana nemithetho engokomthetho kanye nezimangalelo zezelelwe. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngenguquko ibonisa ukulwela ukuvumelana kwesithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo.

Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Ekhampasi Nasenkulumweni Yeningi

Imfundo ephakeme iye yaba yindawo yokulwela izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Impikiswano ngokudutshulwa kwezixwayiso, izindawo ezilondekile, kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-deplat yezikhulumi eziphikisanayo ihlola imingcele yenkululeko yezemfundo neSichibiyelo sokuqala. Nakuba amayunivesithi ezizimele efuna inkululeko enkulu yokulawula inkulumo, izinhlangano zomphakathi kumelwe zinamathele ezindinganisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo ePhakathi ePhakathi kakhulu [FLT][FLT][1] [[FLT]] [1] [iindawo ephakeme] [[FLT]] [impikiswano yanamuhla] ngenzondo yenkulumo ecushiwe kakhulu, ukunqandanisa, ukuvikela kwemigqa ephakathi kwe-FLT] [FLT] [12:3] [inse] [inse] [inserst projectededededededededededed] yenkululeko yenkulumo yesikole noma isango lesikole], kodwa i-seculogoverdiase, nokwe, futhi ikhuphuza imibuzo

Isiphetho: Umcu Ohlala Njalo Wenkululeko

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayiwona nje amalungiselelo angabonakali encwadini yamakhulu eminyaka adlule; ziyizimiso eziphilayo ezibumba ukuma kweMelika kanye nezindinganiso. Kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zenkathi yokusungulwa kuya ezimpikiswaneni zemishini ngokuphathelene nokungafihliwe nokukhuluma, lenkululeko iye yachaza ubuntu besizwe kanye nezinhloso zaso. Indaba yaseMelika ingeyokukhula okuqhubekayo kwenkululeko, ephazanyiswa izithiyo nezibopho ezivuselelwe. Ilungelo lokukhuluma ingqondo yomuntu, ukukhulekela (noma ukungakhonzi) ngendlela umuntu akhetha ngayo, ukukhululeka ekuphazameni okungenamthetho, nokuthola ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Imibono efanayo iphonswe entweni eyaziwa yilokho okusho ukuthi iMelika.

Njengoba kuphakama izinselele − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivela kubuchwepheshe obusha, ukusongela, noma ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo okuhlala njalo — umsuka wenkululeko kumelwe ulondolozwe futhi uqiniswe. Isizukulwane ngasinye sizuza njengefa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, siqinisekisa ukuthi ziyasebenza ezikhathini ezishintshayo. INkantolo Ephakeme, isishayamthetho, nezenzo zezakhamuzi ezivamile konke konke kunengxenye kulomsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ekugcineni, isilinganiso sedemokramente yaseMelika ayikho nje kuphela ekuvikeleni okuyikho kodwa ngesibindi sabantu bayo sokusekela isivikelo sabo bonke. Inkululeko yomphakathi, phakathi kwabo, iyisithembiso sokuthi umuntu akasoze anikelwa esimweni, nokuthi izindinganiso zenkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa ziyoqhubeka ziveza isimo saseMelika esizayo.

[[[FLT:] Imithombo yezenzuzo:[
[[FT:3]] [Imvuzo yeNkathi Yamalungelo [[FLT:] – imithombo yemfundo engokomthetho eMalungelweni] nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.[[FLT:][FL:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[FOLT]] [[10]] - Ingokwamukeleka ingobo ye-UMlondolo ye-UMTE [[FOK] ye-UFOLT] [icer-oct,[12] [12] imicimbi ye-octivestions.[FFF][12][12][12] [F][12] kunye ne-intevom Izinyuko]