Isingeniso: Isivikelo Sobunye ObunguMbusi Emthethweni Wemfundo

Ubukhosi obuvikela imvelo buyimfundiso engokomthetho eyisisekelo evikela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezikhungo zemfundo ezilawulwa uhulumeni, ezinkantolo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba bavume ukumangalelwa. Kubafundi, abazali, izikhungo zemfundo, kanye namalungu amathathu alimalayo ezikoleni zomphakathi noma esimisweni seyunivesithi kahulumeni, lemfundiso ivame ukunikeza isithiyo sokuqala nesinzima kakhulu sokuthola izikhuthazo ezingokomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela ukuvikela ubukhosi kusebenza ngayo emongweni wezinhlangano zemfundo zikahulumeni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuhleleni isikole, ekuqondiseni izingozi, noma ekuhleleni inqubo yokungagunyazi lutho ezimisweni zemfundo yomphakathi.

Ngokomlando kusekelwe emthethweni ovamile wesiNgisi, ukugonyelwa komthetho wezikhulu e-United States kuye kwavela ngamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni nombuso, imithetho, nezinqumo zenkantolo. Izikhungo zemfundo zikahulumeni .(ukusukela ezikoleni eziyisisekelo kuya emayunivesithi ahamba phambili). Lokhu kugonyelwa kusho ukuthi ukunganaki okuvamile, ukuphikisana, ngisho nokunye okungokomthetho-sisekelo kungalahlwa ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe umthathi mthetho othile. Lesi sihloko sihlola umlando wemfundiso, isicelo sayo sanamuhla sokunquma izikole namayunivesithi, ukuhlukanisa izikole kanye nezingatho zokunga eziyinhloko ezivumela abafundisi, kanye nezingathíki eziwusizo eziwusizo kubafundi, nabafundi, nochwepheshe bezomthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokungahlangani KoMbusi

Umthetho Ovamile wesiNgisi nethi "INkosi Ingenza Okungalungile"

Isimiso sokuzimela ukuvikela kokuzivikela kombuso silandelela umsuka waso emthethweni wenkathi ephakathi, lapho inkosi yayibhekwa njengengakwazi ukwenza iphutha elingokomthetho. Ngokwengeziwe, uhulumeni wayengeke abekwe icala ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Lomqondo wathunyelwa emakoloni aseMelika futhi kamuva wafakwa e-jurisprade ye-United States esanda kwakhiwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa imfundiso ezinqumweni zakuqala Cholm v. Georgia [17], eyapheliswa ngokushesha yi-Agalelo-mthetho le-Platemplitedment, ebekwe inkantolo engokomthetho emelene nemithetho yezizwe ezimelene nezizwe ezihlukene.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nokungahlangani KukaHulumeni

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye, esagunyazwa ngo-1795, siyanikeza: "Amandla okwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe njengadlulisela noma yisiphi isambatho enkantolo noma elungile, aqala noma amangalelwe omunye wase-United States yizakhamuzi zaseZweni elithile, noma yizakhamuzi noma iZiphetho zanoma yisiphi iZwe Langaphandle." Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza le mithetho ebekelwe imingcele emelene nezindawo ezisenkantolo zikahulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi ze-Prosavent, ngaphandle kokuba imvume kahulumeni noma iSishaya-Hulumeni i-Provis ngaphansi kweNguquko ye-14. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela nezinhlangano zezwe namaqembu amaqembu ezemfundo, amakolishini, namayunivesithi ukuthi ibhekwa njenge-"igedroad of of of of of of the Hoverties.""

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ngemithetho Kahulumeni

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye sibusa izenzo zenkantolo kahulumeni, umbuso ngamunye unezintambo zawo zokuvikela ezimele, ngokuvamile ezihlangene nemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Izizwe eziningi ekuqaleni zamukela umthetho wesiNgisi ngokugcwele, bese zikhipha izigebengu ezihlukanisayo ngokuzisho ngetort. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Tort Pontierss Act ka-1963 ivumela amasudus ngokumelene nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngaphansi kwezimo ezicaciwe, kuyilapho iNkantolo ye-Antiers Act yaseNew York ibusa iziphakamiso ezimelene nombuso. Lemithetho yombuso idla ibhekile ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano eziningi zemfundo zikahulumeni zimelene nomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwanamuhla Ezinhlanganweni ZoMbuso Zemfundo

Izikole zoMbuso njenge-"Arms of State"

Kunezinjongo zokuzimela isikole, isikole somphakathi esiphansi, isifunda sesikole esiphakeme, noma iyunivesithi kahulumeni ibizwa ngokuthi i-"dume of the dual quality". Lokhu kuhlelwa kuhlanganisa ukugonywa kukahulumeni nenhlangano ngokwayo, kuvimbela amasutu esikoleni noma izisebenzi ezisebusweni bawo ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe umbulali. Izikole zomphakathi nezikole zomthetho ezingekhona izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile azinaso isimiso sokuzivikela kombuso futhi zingafakwa njenganoma yisiphi isici esizimele. Umehluko ubalulekile: umfundi ulimele eqedweni lesikoleni semidlalo yomphakathi, noma izisebenzi zakhe eziseceleni komthetho ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe umuntu ozingenile esikoleni esizimele.

Izinga Lokuhlangana: Imiphi Imithetho Evinjelwe?

Umbuso ovikelayo uhlanganisa ukunganaki okuningi, kuhlanganise nokunganaki (ukungaqondi kahle), ukuqondisa okungaqondile, ukugqekeza ngenkani kwesivumelwano, ngisho nokuphula umthetho. Nokho, ukuvikela akudluleli ezivumelwaneni ezifuna ukuthunjwa noma ukukhishwa kwemvume kuziphathimandla ngokumelene nomthetho wezentengiselwano oqhubekayo, njengoba kusungulwe u-Ex ex Young (1988). Lokhu kuvimbela ukumelana nokukhululeka okulindelekile, njengokuyala isikole ukuba sihambisane nomthetho wezeluleko lwezeluleko lwezentengiselwano (IIA) noma ukuyeka inqubo yokugembula izimali, kodwa akuvumeli ukulimala kwemali.

Ukuhlukahluka Phakathi kuka - K - 12 nemfundo ephakeme

Nakuba izikole zomphakathi zeK-12 namayunivesithi kahulumeni zijabulela ukuvikela ubukhosi, isimo sobuphekula sihlukile. Izenzakalo ze-K-12 zivame ukuhilela ukulimala kwabafundi, ukuxabana kwezemfundo, kanti amacala aseyunivesithi ngokuvamile ahilela izimpikiswano zemisebenzi, ukuphulwa kwezivumelwano zokucwaninga, nokuphulwa kwesihloko se-IX. Izinkantolo zingasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuhlukene kuye ngokwakheka kwenhlangano nokusekela imali, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuvikela ukumelana nezifo zihlala ziqinile.

Izigebengu Nezinsalela KuMbusi

Izenzo Zokusho Izenzo Ezisho Uhulumeni

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa i-Tort Actions Act (noma u-Governal Liability Act) ephazamisa ukuzivikela kobukhosi ngokwengxenye kwezinhlobo ezithile ze-tort. Ngokuvamile, lemithetho ivumela ukumelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngezenzo zokunganaki zezisebenzi ezisebenza ngokulingana nomsebenzi wazo. Nokho, ngokuvamile ihlanganisa ukulinganiselwa okukhulu, njengalokhu:

  • Izimfuneko zobuphetho: amaPlaintiff kumele abhale isaziso esingokomthetho phakathi nesikhathi esifushane (umz. izinsuku ezingu-90 ngonyaka) ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ukumangalelana. Ukwehluleka ukuvumelana nokuzibeka emagoqweni.
  • Izigqoko zedamage: Izifunda eziningi zifaka imvunulo engekhona eyomnotho (ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka) noma ukululama okuphelele (umz. R550 000 eCalifornia, R150 000 eTexas).
  • Imisebenzi yokukhulula: Imithembo esekelwe ezinqumweni ze-teace (umzk., uhlelo lwezifundo, uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali) ngokuvamile ivikelekile, kuyilapho ukunganaki okusebenzayo (umz., uthisha oshiya into eyingozi etholakalayo) angavunyelwa.
  • [ Izenzo eziningi azikuchaphisi ukuziphatha okubi, ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuboshwa okungamanga, noma ukukhwabanisa.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kweTexas Tort Actips Act (I-Criv. Prac. Prac. & Rem. Code 31: 101.0211, izikole zomphakathi zisengozini yokulimala komuntu siqu ngenxa yesimo esithile noma ukusetshenziswa kwempahla yakhe ebonakalayo, kodwa hhayi ngamabomu amatort noma iziphakamiso ezivela ekusebenziseni ukuqonda. Ukuzichaza okunjalo kudinga ukucophelela.

Izinkulumo Ezivumelanayo

Izikhungo zemfundo zikahulumeni zivame ukungena ezivumelwaneni zempahla, izinkonzo, izakhiwo, nemisebenzi. Izifunda eziningi ziye zavala ukuzivikela kobukhosi ekuphuleni izivumelwano, kungaba nge-Tort Anties Act (uma isivumelwano siphathwa njengenzuzo yempahla) noma ngemithetho yesivumelwano ehlukene. Nokho, ukululama kungalinganiselwa ekulimaleni okungokoqobo, futhi isijeziso sivalwe. Ezinye izifunda zifuna ukuba isivumelwano sibhalwe futhi sivunyelwe yigunya elifanele.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Athi Angaphansi Kwama - 42 E - U.S.C. (e - United States) Ngo - 6983

Ingxenye yonyaka ka1998 ivumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe abadlali bamazwe ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni noma amalungelo omthetho-mthetho. Inhlangano yemfundo yamazwe ngokwayo ayi "yeyo" efuna ukuvunyelwa ngaphansi kuka-76983, kodwa izikhulu ezisebugqizini bazo ngabanye zingamangalelwa ngokulimaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Exe Young imfundiso ivumela izicathulo ezingokomthetho ezikhundlekweni zazo ezilindelekile zokukhulula iziphakamiso ezilindelekileyo. Lendathane esabelweni egxekayo ehilela ukucwaswa (Isihloko VI, isigaba se-IX), isigaba esingu 504, inqubo ekhululekile yesiyalo kubafundi, futhi isivikelo esilinganayo. Nakuba imfundiso yombuso evikela imali esendaweni yombuso, umbutho lweziqu lombuso ngamunye, ihosayo lwezahlulelo lwezehlulelo noma izikhulu zezwe.

Inhlangano Ixoshwa Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISishaya-mthetho singase silwele ukuzivikela kombuso ngokusemthethweni lapho senza ngaphansi kweSigaxa 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane, uma ukukhukhuleka kushiwo ngokungangafihli futhi kulingana nokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iSihloko II saseMelika esinomthetho okhubazekayo (ADA) noMthetho weSiviko soMzali ne-Medical Let Act kubekwe ekuvimbeleni okusemthethweni emongweni othile, ukuvumela amasudi emali elimaza amayunivesithi ezwe. Ngokufanayo, iSihlomo II se-Agesti Nomthetho we-Act ne-Acimetic Pac Act zinganqoba ukuzivikela uma kuhlangene nesivikelo esifanayo. Nokho, ukuvikelwa kwe-al Lestion kulinganiselwe; izinkantolo zidinga inqubo esemthethweni yezomthetho engokokubandlulweni, ivumela amasutifomu esemthethweni esemthethweni engokomthetho.

Ukuvunyelwa Umbuso

Umkhohlisi oqonde kakhulu uyenzeka lapho uhulumeni evuma ngokuzithandela ukuba aquliswe. Lokhu kungenzeka ngomthetho okhethekile, ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo, noma ngisho nangokuvikela icala ngaphandle kokuphakamisa isivikelo sokuzivikela. Izifunda eziningi zivumela ngokusobala amasutu ezikoleni zomphakathi namayunivesithi ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma uhulumeni amukela izimali zikahulumeni (umz., i-I-I, i-piEA, Pell Grants), kungasolwa ukuba avume ukuvala ukukhipha izimo zikahulumeni ezilawulayo.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Eziqondile Nezibonelo Zamacala

Ukusebenza Ezindaweni Eziphambili Esikoleni

Isimo esivamile sihilela umfundi olimele esitejini sesikole somphakathi ngenxa yemishini ekhubazekile noma ukungaqondi kahle. uPalliams v. State (Inkantolo yokudlulisa Amacala), umfundi owawa ebhandeni lenkawu ewe esikoleni. Inkantolo yafaka iTort Access, iphawula ukuthi isaziso salo mthetho sasibekwe ngesikhathi esifanelekile phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi ukwehluleka kwesikole ukuhlola imishini njalo kwawela ngaphakathi kwe-raiver yezindawo eziyingozi zendlu yomphakathi. Nokho, umonakalo wawusugwenywe, futhi umfundi wayengeke alulame ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokomzwelo ngaphandle kokulimala komzimba.

Ukuziphatha Okubi Ngokobulili Ngokuthumba

Izinkulumo ezivela ekuxhashazweni ngokobulili othisha noma abaqeqeshi baveza izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuzivikela. Izithi iTort's Acts zikhipha ngokuqondile amatort noma zifuna ubufakazi bobuhlobo obukhethekile. Jane Doe v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [i-Maryland] [i-Maryland]], inkantolo yavumela ukuthi ukugonyela kobukhosi kwavimbela ukunganaki ebhodini lesikole ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuvimbela ukuxhaphaza kothisha, ngoba isenzo sathiwa yisubasenziwe yisisebenzi, futhi ukunganaki kwebhodi ngokwayo kwathathwa njengesexwayiso. Ngokungafani, ezinye izisho zivumela ukuthi ngaphansi "isimo esibucayi" noma inkolelo - programmetivery" noma ngaphansi kwenqubo engaphansi kwe-1993.[93]

Izinkulumo Zokungavumelani Nokucwasa

Abafundi abakhubazekile njalo bamangalela amayunivesithi kahulumeni ngenxa yokuhluleka ukunikeza indawo yokuhlala engcono ngaphansi koMthetho we-ADA noma i-Cate 504 woMthetho wokubuyisa izimali. Ngaphansi ITannessee v. ILane [2004], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSihloko II se-ADA esisemthethweni sokuzivikela kombuso okungokomthetho ngenxa yamalungelo ayisisekelo, njengokungena ezinkantolo. Ngakho, izinkantolo eziningi ezingaphansi ziye zakwandisela lemfundo. Ngakho, umfundi ongakwazi ukuyisa ihholo lezifundo ngenxa yesihlalo sabakhubazekile ngenxa yesakhiwo sesihlalo sesihlalo sesihlalo sesihlalo sesihlalo sesandla singangena ngokukhokhwazwa inzuzo yemali futhi athole ukukhululeka.

Izizathu Ezingokoqobo Zezazi

Phawula Izimfuneko Nezici Ezifile

Enye yezihibe ezivame kakhulu ekumangaleleni isikhungo semfundo sezwe iphuthelwa isaziso sefasitela le-claim. Nakuba i-tort evamile inemithetho elinganiselwayo eminyakeni eyodwa kuya kwemitha emithathu, imithetho yokuzimela idinga isaziso sokuqala phakathi kwe 30, 60, noma izinsuku ezingu-90 ngemva kokulimala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Government Code yaseCalifornia 76 911.2 idinga ukubopha ukuba inikezwe phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha ze-accrual yengozi enkulu. Ukuhluleka ukufaka isaziso esifike ngesikhathi. Amakhofi kumelwe anamathele emithethweni eqinile yemithetho ye-proccodensial, kuhlanganise nokukhonza isaziso ezikhulwini ezithile (umz., unobhala wesikole, ummeli jikelele, noma umphathi we-kamenjini yezempatho).

Ukulimala Nokulinganiselwa Kwezifo

Ngisho noma icala livunyelwe, ukululama kungase kulinganiselwe kakhulu. Izibalo eziningi zikahulumeni zithatha izinyathelo zokulimaza okungekhona okungokomnotho (ukuhlupheka nokuhlupheka) ngesilinganiso esisukela ku-R150 000 kuya ku-R250 000 000. Ezinye izifunda zilinganisela ukululama okuphelele ngezenzakalo, futhi eziningi zivimbela ukulahlwa kwesijeziso ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zommeli ngokuvamile ziyaphela noma zidinge imvume yenkantolo, ukunciphisa izisusa zabameli ukuba bathathe amacala anjalo. Ukuqonda lemingcele kuyingozi ekunqumeni izinqumo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezisebenzi

Ngaphambi kokumangalelwa, abamangalelwa kungase kudingeke baqede amakhambi okulawula. Ukuze kudingeke izimpikiswano ezikhethekile zemfundo ngaphansi koMthetho wezemfundo ekhubazekayo (IDEA), inqubo efanelekile yokuqulwa kwecala kumelwe icelwe ngaphambi kokumisa isenzo somphakathi. Ngokufanayo, izikhalo ezingaphansi kwemithetho yokucwasa imisebenzi ngokuvamile zidinga ukuhlanganiswa nenxusa (isimo se-EEOC noma ihhovisi lesizwe lamalungelo omphakathi). Ukuhluleka ukukhipha imoto kungaphumela ekuxoshweni, ngisho noma isimiso sokuvikela ukuvikela kombuso sincishisiwe.

Amasu Okunqoba Ukungahlangani

Abameli abanokuhlangenwe nakho basebenzisa amasu amaningana ukuze bagweme ukuvikela ukuzivikela komzimba:

  • Izikhulu ezisezikhundleni zazo ngazinye [ ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo, zigxila ekubekeni isibopho somuntu siqu kunokuba zigxile ekulimaleni komnikelo kahulumeni.
  • Kufunwa usizo olungenaluphazamiso noludambisayo ngaphansi Ex propee Young[ kubaphathi bezwe, ikakhulukazi uma imiyalo yemfundo iphula umthetho kahulumeni.
  • Ukumisa umthetho kahulumeni wokuveza igebe ngaphansi kwe-ADA, i-Title IX, noma 7683 lapho uKhongolose wayehlose ukuqeda khona ukuvikeleka.
  • [ Izindawo zokuhlala ezihlanganisa isivumelwano senhlangano sokushintsha izimiso kunokukhokha umonakalo, ezingase zidlulise izimo zokuzivikela.

Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kokungahlangani Nokulandisa

Izimpikiswano Ezivuna UMbusi

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela izimali ezikhokhwa ngentela kuvikela abakhokhi bentela ekuncishisweni, bavumela izikole ukuba zigxile ekuthunyelweni kwemfundo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okungokomthetho okuqhubekayo, futhi balondoloza ukuqapha kukahulumeni ekumisweni kwezimiso. Ngaphandle kokuzivikela komzimba, izikole zingaqapha ngokweqile, zigweme izinhlelo eziwusizo ngenxa yokwesaba ukumangalelwa.

Izimpikiswano Ezimelene Nobukhosi

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izikole ezivikelayo zivikela ekuziphenduleleni ngokunganaki, ubandlululo, nokuphulwa komthetho-sisekelo. Zivame ukushiya abafundi abalimalayo nezisebenzi bengalinyazwanga, zidala indawo yokudlala engalingani lapho uhulumeni engalimaza khona ngaphandle komphumela, futhi zingathuthukisa isiko lokungalawuleki. Abashisekeli abaningi abangokomthetho basekela ukugonyelwa ngokuphelele noma ngokuyingxenye kwezemfundo, ikakhulukazi lapho amalungelo omphakathi esengozini esengozini.

Izimo Nezinguquko Zamuva

Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe amaningana aye anciphisa ukuzivikela kobukhosi ezikhungweni zemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwezindawo zokuhlasela ngokobulili eziphezulu emagcekeni, ezinye izishayamthetho zashintshwa ukuze zivumele amasudi amelene namayunivesithi ukuba aqaphele. Ukuphakama kwe-tort ngaphansi kwe-9398333 kunikeze enye indlela, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobuhlanga kanye nokucwaswa kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zaqopha ngaphandle, njenge "imisebenzi ye-propiretary" uma iyunivesithi yomphakathi isebenza emisebenzini enjengeyezebhizinisi (umz., ukusebenza isitolo sezincwadi zezincwadi noma inkundla yemidlalo).

Ukuhileleka kwe-Federal kuyaqhubeka kuguqula. I-Civil Rights Redivil for Gender-Motivive Violence Act kanye nezinye izimiso ziqinisekisa ukuxhasa okucacile kwezimali zikahulumeni ezifuna ukuvikelwa kwemithetho evikela amalungelo abantu. Nokho, ukuthambekela kwamuva kweNkantolo eMthethweni enjenge Torres v. Texas Department of Public Safety [2022]) [2022] kugcizelele ukuthi ukuviswa kwezinga ngokuzenzanga ngokuzenzangagonyeliswa kwemali yomthetho ngaphandle kokuba kucace injongo yokuhlangana.

Isiphetho

Ukuzivikela kombuso kuseyisithiyo esinamandla futhi ngokuvamile esidida ukuphikisa kwezemfundo yomphakathi ezikhungweni zikahulumeni. Nakuba lemfundiso inezimpande zakudala, ukusebenza kwayo kwanamuhla kuhilela umsebenzi onciphileyo womthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, imithetho yombuso, nomthetho ohlukile wokwahlulela. Kunoma ubani ocabangela ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho ngokumelene nesikole somphakathi noma iyunivesithi (8) ukulimala kwenkundla, ukuxabana emsebenzini, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, noma ukuvumelana ngesivumelwano sesivumelwano, akuyona into engenziwa ngokuzithandela; kuyimpikiswano.

Ngoba izimfuneko zokuthatha i-procebralthics ziqine kakhulu futhi zihlukile kakhulu ngokohlobo lwezwe kanye nohlobo lweziqu, ukuxhumana nommeli onokuhlangenwe nakho equlwini lomphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Iseluleko esingokomthetho singasiza ekutholeni ukuthi iscio-sescheme silula yini, ukuthi 'exte Young [ isinyathelo sikhona, futhi indlela yokusebenzisa izimemezelo nemithetho ekhandlayo. Naphezu kokuba yinkimbinkimbi, ukuvikela kobukhosi, akuphelele. Ngokuhlela nangokuzi kahle nokwazi umthetho, amaphekula amaningi angagcina izinhlangano zemfundo zinecala lengozi yangempela.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[FLT: 0] i-Cornell Leagin Information ye-computection Institute ye-computer yezokuzivikela ngokwezikhundla ne Isiqondiso soMahluleli ngemfundo nesimiso sokuvikela imfuno . Isivumelwano sezwe esisho imithetho, njenge- Govermentment codect \\ 810et seq se., inikeza imininingwane ebucayi yokwelapha. Ekugcineni, Izinhlangano zezemfundo zezemfundo zezemfundo [FLT][FLT][FLT][FLT][FLT][FLT]][FLT]][FLD]][F]]