Ukuqonda Ukuhlangana KoMbusi Wezwe

Imfundiso yokuvikeleka kombuso wokuzimela ingenye yezithiyo ezesabekayo kubantu abafuna ukubeka ohulumeni becala ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Isekelwe esimisweni somthetho wasendulo sokuthi "inkosi ayinakwenza okungalungile," lemfundiso ivikela ekumangalelweni enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Nakuba ekuqaleni yayithathwa njengesivikelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni, ukusebenza kwayo kwanamuhla kunemiphumela efinyelela kude yenkululeko yomphakathi, ngokuvamile kushiya izisulu zokuziphatha okubi kombuso ngaphandle kwemvume yazo yokulunga.

Phakathi nendawo, ukuzivikela kombuso akubhalwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni woMbuso wokuqala kodwa kwamiswa ngokuqinile ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye ngo-1795. Inguquko ithi: "Amandla okwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe njenganwebela kunoma yisiphi isambatho somthetho noma ukuvumelana, aqala noma amangalelwa ngokomthetho noma amangalelwa ngomunye we-United States yizakhamuzi zezwe elithile, noma yizakhamuzi noma izihloko zanoma yiliphi iZwe Langaphandle." Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanweba lolu likhululwe ukuba lilwe izakhamuzi zayo siqu ukuba zimelane nombuso othile, zakha isivikelo esiseduze kwecala langasese ngaphandle kokuba izakhamuzi ezivikelayo noma izishaya umthetho noma izishayamthetho ezisemthethweni.

Kulabo abasekela inkululeko yomphakathi, ukuqonda ukuhlukanisa kwesimiso sokuvikela ubukhosi kubalulekile. Lemfundiso ithinta ngokuqondile ikhono lokumangalela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izikhulu zikahulumeni emandleni azo angokomthetho, futhi ngisho nakuzo zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisemongweni. Idala futhi indawo eyinkimbinkimbi lapho isenzo esifanayo esingalungile singase sithathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nohulumeni wendawo (ongakujabuleli ukuvikela kobukhosi) kodwa hhayi ngokumelene nombuso ngokwawo. Lokhu kungalingani kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngobulungisa obulinganayo nangesibopho sabadlali bamazwe anamandla.

Umsuka Womlando Nokuziphendukela Komthetho - sisekelo

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nezincazelo Zokuqala

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye savela enkantolo ephikisayo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yekhulu lekhulu lekhulu le-1793 Chajolm v. Georgia, lapho iNkantolo yathi isakhamuzi singamangalela khona isifundazwe enkantolo kahulumeni. Isinqumo sabangela ukucasuka phakathi kwamalungelo ezwe, okwaholela ekuthatheni iSichibiyelo seNkamiso seshumi nanye ngokushesha sokusigumbula. Kwacishe ikhulu leminyaka, ukubuyiselwa kweNkanto engana nesizwe kuphela nesizwe esithile noma abezizwe. Nokho, [i-FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FOLT] [3], [18], iNkakhulukazi ephakeme, i-Aquast Court, ishoshoshoshosho izakhamuzi ukuthi i-transworth transtiesmesting [irty] i-mondmentmentationssssss, i-mondment i-mondment ngenkantolo evunayone. Inkantolo ya

Lokhu kufunda kwaguqula ukuvikeleka kobuso bomthetho-mthetho kumthetho olawulayo kwaba yisimiso somthetho-sisekelo esikhulu. Inkantolo kamuva yanikeza isivikelo esifanayo sokuvumelana enkantolo yesifundazwe e Alden v. Maine (1999), iphethe ukuthi amazwe awanakubekwa icala ezinkantolo zawo ngaphandle kwemvume yawo, ngisho nasekuphuleni umthetho kahulumeni. ” Zombili lezi zinqumo zakha isivithi esesabekayo sokuthi ama-palcter azimele azimele afanele ahambe ngenyakazi.

Ukuxoshwa Kwenhlangano Nokulinganiselwa Kwayo

ISishaya - mthetho singase sithathe indawo yesimiso sokuzivikela esizimele sikahulumeni ngokumisa umthetho ovumela ukumangalelwa kwamacala ayimfihlo emibuso. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela imithombo emibili eyinhloko yamandla okumisa ama-constant: Isiqephu 5 seSichibiyelo se-14th (okuphoqelela ukuvikelwa okulinganayo nenqubo efanele) futhi, ngokwezinga eliphansi kakhulu, iChwebestical Clause. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yabeka imingcele eqinile kuleligunya.

Seminole Tribun of Florida v. Florida (1996], iNkantolo yathi iNkantolo ayinakho ukusebenzisa amandla ayo ezentengiselwano uClaus ekuvikeleni uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni. Lesi sinqumo saqeda ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Indian Gamigamigatation Act futhi sabonisa ukuthi iNkantolo ivikela isimiso somthetho kumthetho we-agnostic. Ngokuphambene, iNkathi iNkantolo ivumele ukuvikelwa kwemithetho ngaphansi kwesigaba 5 seSiphetho se-14, kodwa lapho umthetho u-"umthetho u-"onqabela i-Active" ukuba ukuziphatha okungakhonzwangaqinile kwesigaba sombuso wesizwe. Lokhu kuhlolwe ku-FFOLD [F:2] Khimelson.[2] i-FFFod Kgen ye-Fod Kromes] yesigaba se-Fodvom], lapho iNkadec. [2] iNkathi yeNka

Lokhu kunquma kwakha umsebenzi oyisikweleti wesivikelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSihlokwana VII se-Civil Rights Act ka-1944 (igunyaza ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngenxa yebala, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yesizwe) ngokwezimiso zikahulumeni ngenxa yokuthi siphoqelela ukuvikelwa kweSikhungo sika-Caltial Claus. Kodwa eminye imithetho ye-omgational, enjengamaMelika anezinkinga ze-AD (AA) asetshenziswa emsebenzini, ekuqaleni atholakala edlula igunya lengxenye 5 [FLT]] Board of Trust of the University of Alabamacas v. [FLT1] [2001]] [2001], kumele ukuba kuvinywe izivumelwano zeze noma yiziphi izinkantolo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zokusekela ukufaneleka komthetho. [FOL:] kungathi kungene noma yiziphi izinkantolo ezingokomthetho zokuvumelana kwezezezezezomthetho ezingokomthetho.[FOct:] [FT] .[FT]] [F3] [3] [200] [

Isihluthulelo Esiya Embusweni Wombuso

Naphezu kobubanzi bemfundiso, amadlanzana ahlelwe kahle anikeza iziteshi zenkululeko yezakhamuzi ukuze athole usizo. Ukuqonda le nkululeko kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni ulwazi olungcono.

Izimpahla Ezisencane Nezingadi Ezihlukene Ngokumelene Nezikhulu ZoMbuso

Icala elibaluleke kakhulu lithathwe ku-1908 Ex yeyeYoung. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi abantu bangamangalela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisebusweni bazo obusemthethweni ukuze banqume ukukhululeka okuqhubekayo kokuphula umthetho kahulumeni. Indaba eqanjiwe iwukuthi isikhulu sikahulumeni esingenzi ngokungemthetho siphulwa ngenxa yokungagunyazi kombuso ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni awunakugunyaza ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni. Lokhu kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba ziyeke imithetho yezomthetho wezomthetho, zidededele iziboshwa ziphathwe ngokungemthetho, noma zibuyisele izinzuzo eziphulwe ngokomthetho wombuso.

Ex etho Young iwumgogodla wamalungelo amaningi omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhangisi we-athoff ubekela umthetho kahulumeni wokuvota i-ID angasheshisa unobhala wenkantolo kahulumeni ukuba agunyaze ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Ngokufanayo, isiboshwa esiboshiwe sinonya nesijeziso esingavamile singafaka umgcini wejele ekutholeni ukukhululeka. Nokho, ukulahla akuvumeli ukukhohlakaza imali emoneni kahulumeni ($] kuphela noma ukukhululeka kombuso. Ukubuyisa isijeziso, i-potlaffs kumelwe sithole ukuthi umbuso uwe ulwe noma umthetho uvikeliwe yiyo noma ukuthi uKhomishane.

Izwe Elinemisebe Eyingozi

Amazwe angawaphazamisa ngokuzithandela amagono awo okuvikela ubukhosi futhi avume ukuvumelana. AmaWaiver angaveza kwiskrini njengokungathi ngomthetho kazwelonke odala inqubo yokuzisholo, /okanye ashiwo ngezenzo ezithile, njengokususa icala enkantolo kahulumeni. Izizwe eziningi ziye zamisa iziphakamiso zokuthi zivumela ukumangalelwa okulinganiselwe ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, kodwa ngokuvamile lokhu kuvala umonakalo, ukubeka imithetho emifushane yokulinganiselwa, futhi kudinga ukuvunyelwa okuqinile ngezimiso zezaziso. Abameleli benkululeko yomphakathi kumelwe bahlole imithetho ekhethekile yecala elingokomthetho lapho behlose ukunyuselwa khona.

Kungenzeka futhi ukuba umbuso uphazamise ukuzivikela komzimba ngokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni uma umthetho oxhasa imali ufaka izimo ezicacile ezigunyazwe ukuvumelana. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibeke umthetho "ocacile": uMkhandlu kumelwe uyiveze ngokucacile inhloso yawo yokuhlela izimali zikahulumeni kulowo ogonyelwe ukuvikela. Ulimi olulula oluvumela ukumangalelwa "noma ubani ogunyazwe" wemali kahulumeni ngeke kwanele ukubhoboza isihlangu sikahulumeni.

Izimpahla Ezingaphansi Kwengxenye Ka - 1983

42 U.S.C. .1998 iyimoto eyinhloko yokulwela umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni namalungelo omthetho-mthetho kubadlali bakahulumeni. Nakuba ngo-1998 ivumela amasutu ngokumelene "nabantu" abasebenza ngaphansi kombala womthetho kahulumeni, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo ibambelele ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni aziyona "abantu" ngokwencazelo yomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthathi-mthetho akanakukhokhisa umbuso ngokwawo ngenxa yomonakalo ongaphansi kuka-634. Nokho, izikhulu zikahulumeni ngazinye zingakhonzwa ngokwezikhundla zazo siqu zemali, uma nje zingangenaso isibopho sokuzivikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-palainea (izinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo) zibhekwa "iqembu" futhi zingathathwa ngaphansi kuka-1976/836,a ngokwehlukahlu lomthetho womphakathi ngoba amalungelo amaningi ekhona ngokwezinga lendawo.

Kulabo abasekela inkululeko yomphakathi, lomehluko ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokumhlukanisa ngokucophelela ummangalelwa ofanele. Ukuthatha isikhulu sikahulumeni esikhundleni saso siqu kugwema isivikelo sokuzivikela sobuso kodwa kukhuphule isivikelo sokuzivikela esifanelekayo, esivikela izikhulu ekusondweni ngaphandle kokuba zeqe umthetho "omisiwe ngokusobala". Inhlanganisela yokuzivikela kobuso becala nesimiso sokuvikeleka ukulondoloza imvelo idala isithiyo esimbaxambili esidinga ukubekwa kusuka ekuqaleni kwanoma isiphi isimo.

Izinkinga Zokukhululwa Kwabemi

Izinselele Ezicini Ezithile

Ukufinyelela kokuzivikela kombuso kuthinta cishe wonke amagumbi enkululeko yomphakathi. Amacala okungalawuleki , isisulu esishaywa amasosha kahulumeni singase simangalele izikhulu kodwa singakwazi ukumangalela inxusa lamaphoyisa ngenxa yomonakalo ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni uwenqandelwe ukuzivikela. amalungelo [[FLT:] [FLT]], iSiphendundulo se-8 sincishwa umnyango wezeluleko lwezwe lwezeluleko olungenanzuzo yombuso, sivinjelwe yize isivikelo sombuso sombuso; ukukhululeka kumelwe kufuneke ezindaweni ezigunyazwe noma izisebenzi ezisebenzela abantu ngabanye. Ngokufanayo, umuntu [[FLT:] onezinkulumo [FFFFF:] ekhululekile [FLT] encishisiwe incikene] inyuswa yindawo efanayo yezenyunyu yemali uma ebheke intengo yemali.

Abasekeli bamalungelo adidekile baye babhekana nobunzima obuthile. Ngemva Board of Trusees v. Garrett, abaqashi bezwe babengogonyiwe kakhulu kumasudi e-ADA asebenzayo, beshiya izisebenzi ezikhubazekile zithembele emakhambini kahulumeni noma amandla azo omuntu siqu amelene nabaphathi. Nakuba kungenzeka ukuba ngcono ngaphansi ingxenye yentsha ihlala ikhona, ukungabikho kwekhambi lomonakalo kungapholisa ukupholisa futhi kunciphise isikhuthazo sokuvumelana nezindawo ngokuzithandela.

Endaweni yamalungelo achazwa ngokuthi asemthethweni okuvikela ukuvikela ubukhosi, ifeza indima ekuthatheni i-asterence ye-opiciation, imithetho ye-ovtimer, nokususwa kwemihlathi yevoti. I-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 ichazwe njenge ngokomthetho wokuvikela imfuno ngaphansi kweSiqendu 5 seSichithiso seSichibiyelo se-14. Ngakho amazwe angabekwa ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuphulwa kwalowo mthetho. Kodwa umsebenzi wezinqumiso ze-vhotiogration usho ukuthi eminye imithetho ehlobene nomthetho wovota ayinikezi umzila ofanayo.

Amathuba Atholakala Ngokunikezwa Iziqondiso Ezikahle

Naphezu kwalezizithiyo, abameleli baye basungula izindlela eziphumelelayo. Indlela evamile ukuhlanganisa ukuveza inkululeko eqinile kumphathi kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe- Ex parate Young ngokufuna ukulimaza isikhulu esisemthethweni ngokwaso. Lokhu kuvumela ummangaleli ukuba anqande ukunyathela okuqhubekayo kuyilapho futhi ebambe umkhangisi wezezimali. Enye indlela iwukuletha ukuphikisa kohulumeni bendawo (amabala, amabhodi esikole, izikole), kunokuba kube uhulumeni ngokwawo, njengoba izinhlangano zendawo zingakutholi ukuzivikela komthetho.

Icala lekilasi ngokuvamile lifuna ukukhululeka ekubekeni inselele ekuphathweni kwezimiso zokwephulwa kwemithetho, njengezimo ezingavumelaniyo emajele kahulumeni noma ukuphatha izinzuzo zomphakathi. Ngenxa yokuthi usizo olunjalo lubheke phambili, lungena ngokuqondene ngaphakathi Exte Young futhi lungaholela ekuvuleni izinguquko ngisho nalapho izindleko zemali zingekho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo ezithile zikahulumeni zingase zamukele kakhulu iziphakamiso ezithile zezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zawalahla amaqembu athile alwela amalungelo omphakathi, noma zachaza imithetho-mthetho yezwe yazo siqu ukuba inikeze isivikelo esikhudlwana kunomthetho kahulumeni. Abameleli akumelwe bashalazele amathuba okuthi bakhululeke enkantolo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, lapho indawo ezimele yokuvikela ingcono kakhulu.

Imizamo Yokulwela Ukushintsha Uhulumeni

Sekuyisikhathi eside izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi zisunduza izinguquko zemithetho ukuze zinciphise izinga lokuzivikela kombuso.

  • Umthetho we-Federal obonisa ngokucacile inhloso yokonakalisa igebe ngaphansi kwesigaba 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane]. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Auncilial Accomplication Proction Commission iye yasekela ukulungiselwa kwemithetho elwela amalungelo abantu ukuba ihlanganise ulimi olucacile lokuveza ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yesizwe.
  • Ukukhokha iziphakamiso zikahulumeni ezinikezwa ukuvumelana. Lendlela iye yasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ezindaweni ezinjenge-Medicaid kanye nokuhamba, kodwa umthetho weNkantolo Ephakeme "inkulumo ecacile" wenza kube lula ukubekela inselele uma isimo singacacisiwe ngokwezimo ezicacile.
  • Izinguquko zesimo. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zanciphisa ukuzivikela kwazo ngokuzithandela ngomthetho noma ngokulungisa umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Tort Access Act yase California ivumela amasutu abanzi ngokumelene nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kuyilapho iNkantolo yeZikhathi zaseNew York inikeza i-auto ukuvikela okuthile ngokumelene nombuso.

Ohlangothini lwe-ligication, abameleli bayaqhubeka behlola imingcele yokungalingani okukhona. Amacala eNkantolo yamuva anjenge- Allen v. Cooper [20] [20], ayethi i-Copy Remedificiation Claritification Act ayizange iqinise ukuthi isivikelo sikahulumeni sobusomhlala-wonke ekunqabeni amaphepha omgunyazi, ibonisa ukuqhubekeka kweNkanto empini ebhekene nomthetho. Nokho leso sinqumo esifanayo asiqinisekwa futhi ukuthi amaqembu awavikelekanga esunjini yosizo ezikhulu eziphethe izikhulu zezobuciko nabakhiqini bezincwadi ezisebenza ngaphandle kwemvume yezizwe.

Ukulinganisela Ubukhosi Namalungelo Omphakathi: Impikiswano Eqhubekayo

Ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi bombuso namalungelo omphakathi womuntu ngamunye akunakuxazululwa noma nini. Abasekeli besimiso sokuvikela ubukhosi bamuva baphikisa ngokuthi silondoloza isithunzi samazwe, sivikela amagugu kahulumeni, futhi sihlonipha isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sobuzwe. Baxwayisa ngokuthi ukumangalela okungenamingcele kungadalula imibuso ukuba ikhubaze futhi iphazamise imisebenzi yayo yokubusa.

Abagxeki baphendula ngokuthi izivikela zezokuvikeleka zisho ukuthi ziyolandisa ngokuziphatha okubi futhi zidala isimiso sobulungisa esingalingani lapho ummangalelwa onamandla kakhulu ($*) ngokuvamile ewumthwalo omncane khona. Bakhomba ezibonelweni ezingokomlando zemibuso esebenzisa isivikelo sokuzivikela ukuze bagweme ukuhlukaniswa kwezimiso zomphakathi, unya lwamaphoyisa, nokuphatha izinhlelo ngobandlululo. Imfundiso, baphikisa ukuthi, iyinsalela yelungelo lobukhonya elingenandawo embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla owenziwe ngomthetho.

Incazelo echazayo ivame ukuqokomisa ukungavumelani phakathi kwamalungelo avikelwe nguMthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuncinana kwamakhambi akhona ngokumelene nezifundazwe. Njengoba uProfesa Erwin Chemerinsky ebhale, "Izithembiso ezinkulu kakhulu zoMthetho-sisekelo azisho lutho uma zingenakuphoqelelwa ngokumelene nohulumeni owephulayo." Lomuzwa uzwakala ngodokotela abaningi ababheka ukuvikela isimilo njengobungcweti obulula ukusekela isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kwabameleli Benkululeko Yangaphakathi

Kulabo abasebenza ngenkululeko yomphakathi, ulwazi olusebenzayo lokuvikela ukubusa akuyona into ekhethwayo ukuze kuhlelwe izenzakalo eziphumelelayo. Nazi izinto eziningana ezisebenzayo:

  1. Njalo sho ummangalelwa ofanele. Inquma ukuthi umenzi wobubi uyinhlangano kahulumeni, isikhulu sikahulumeni, uhulumeni wendawo, noma umuntu. Lokhu kuhlola kuzonquma ukuthi ukuzivikela kombuso kuyasebenza yini nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zosizo ezikhona.
  2. Funa ukukhululeka okungenayo noma kungenzeka. Inxenye ye-Young ukukhipha i-ex kuvumela amakhambi avulekile abheke phambili. Ngisho noma umonakalo wemali uwumgomo wokugcina, isiyalo singanqanda ukulimala okuqhubekayo futhi sibangele ukucindezela kokuzinzisa.
  3. Ukucwaninga imithetho yezwe elahlayo. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho evumela ukumangalelwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu kuvame ukudinga ukukhathala kokulawula, ukugcinwa kwezikhathi ezifinyele, nesaziso esiqondile. Ukungaqiniseki isikhathi sokunika isaziso kungaba yingozi kulokhu.
  4. Cwangcisa inkantolo yombuso nomthetho wezwe. Izinkantolo zikaHulumeni zingachaza imithetho yazo siqu ukuze inikeze amakhambi angenakunikezwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zawalahla amatort omthetho-sisekelo ngenhloso noma ukwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo, zinikeza ikhambi elilimazayo elingasetshenziswanga umthetho kahulumeni.
  5. Ugcine intuthuko yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Umthetho wokuzivikela kobuso obuzimele uguqula inqubo ngegama ngalinye. Abameleli kufanele babheke amacala aphathelene nobukhulu bokukhishwa kwecala, inxenye yentsha [ ehlukene, kanye nokuhlangana phakathi kwemithetho evimbela ukuvinjelwa kanye nemithetho yombuso.
  6. Amaqembu ahlangene nezinhlangano zesizwe. Amaqembu anjenge- Inkululeko yangaphakathi yase-America (ACLU) kanye ne Izenters ze-Educational Fund Imigomo yesimiso sokuzivikela sobuso sokuzivikela futhi ngokuvamile inikeza ukusekela kwe-ambusa. Imithombo yabo ingasiza ekulindeleni ukuphikisa komthetho nesithiyo.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokuzivikela sombuso asiyona nje indawo eqinile yomthetho-sisekelo ."iyiqiniso lansuku zonke kwabameleli benkululeko yomphakathi. Ihlela zonke izinqumo eziphathelene namacala okumangalelwa, lawo abamangalelwa abawabizayo, nawamakhambi okuwafuna. Nakuba le mfundiso iveza izinselele ezinkulu, ukungafani namasu achazwe ngenhla abonisa ukuthi ubulungisa busangenakunqotshwa. Ukulwela ukulandisa kunzima uma ummangalelwa eyizwe, kodwa akunandlela engenakuzenziwa. Njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka zicwenga imingcele yezokuvikela izikhali, futhi njengoba izinyundela zicabangela inguquko, ukulinganisela phakathi kobukhosi nenkululeko okuchazwe ngenhla kuyobe kulokhu kubonakalisa ukuthi ukwahlulela okungokomthetho kwesikhathi sethu. Abameleli beqonda imfundiso bangakwazi ukudlula futhi baqhubeke belwela amalungelo ayo avikelwa yi-Constituple.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa: Umbhalo weSichibiyelo seshumi nanye ukhona ku- . Gov Constitution Anenomentificity. Ukuhlaziywa okuphelele komlando nesimo sokuzivikela sobuso kungatholakala ku [[FLT:] ISiphakamiso se-Cornell Information’s Wex [[FLT:]] [FLT]] kumthetho wesimiso sokuvikela imvelo. Izinqumo zamuva nje [[FLT:] All .[FLT] All .[FLT] ]