Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nokufinyelela Kwaso Kwanamuhla

Isimiso sokuzivikela sombuso silandelela isisekelo saso somthetho-sisekelo saso sisuka eSigwegweni sezwe seshumi nanye, esagunyazwa ngo-1795. I-mendiment iyanikeza: “Amandla okwahlulela e-United States ngeke athathwe njenganwebela kunoma yiliphi isudi engokomthetho noma i-equator, eqaliswe noma ebekwe i-Vanetics of the State, noma i-Baigatens noma iZizwe zanoma yisiphi isifundazwe.” Nakuba umbhalo wayo ubonakala unciphe kancane / qhaphuza isamba se-pastsss (* i-umthetho we-U.S.Inkantolo ephakeme itolike isikhathi eside ichaza ukubuyiselwa kwesimiso esithile sombuso: izigwebo ezinkantolo yangasese, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi ezisezweni ezivamile, ngaphandle kwemvume yombuso noma i-Hundmentalse-bugnes.

Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, lesi simiso sokuvikela siye sanwetshwa ukuze singahlanganisi nje umbuso ngokwawo kodwa futhi “ingalo [i] yezwe ngokwalo” ``izinto ezisebenzayo, izisetshenziswa, nezinhlangano ezisebenza ngokuphumelelayo njengezitho zikahulumeni. Kuzimiso zempilo, ukuthi isakhiwo sifanelekela yini njengenhlangano encike ezintweni ezinjengokulawulwa kwezwe, umthombo wezimali zayo, nokuthi isahlulelo kuyo singakhokhwa yini engcebweni yemali kahulumeni. Bheka i-Cornell Legal Information Institute: uSoversal Immuny ukuze uqonde umbono ovamile.

Indlela Izimiso Zokunakekela Impilo ZoMbuso Ezingena Ngayo Emfundisweni EwuMbusi

Izimiso zokunakekela impilo zezwe zithatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene: izibhedlela zomphakathi zaseyunivesithi, iminyango yezempilo kahulumeni ephethe imitholampilo, izibhedlela zasesifundazweni ezisebenza ngokusemthethweni, nezindawo ezikhethekile ezinjengezindlu zomuntu osemnkantshwini noma izibhedlela zengqondo. Eziningi zezindawo ezilawulayo, lezi zinhlangano zibhekwa njengezingamandla zikahulumeni futhi ngaleyondlela zijabulela ukuvikeleka ubukhosi obufanayo njengombuso ngokwawo. Abakhohlisi abafuna ukukhokha ukuze basebenzisele imithola - mpilo engekho emthethweni, ukunganaki, noma ukufa okungalungile ngakho babhekene nempikiswano yokuqala: ingabe uhulumeni ulwelwesi olu hlangothi lwawo lwempi ngenxa yalohlobo lokufuna ukulwa?

Impendulo ivame ukuxhomeke enqubweni ekhethekile kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa izenzo ezivumela ukumangalelwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni kodwa zibeka izicelo eziqinile eziqinile zokwenza isaziso semali ngaphakathi kwefasitela elifushane, inciphiso, futhi zifuna ukuba icala lithethwe enkantolo ekhethekile (njengenkantolo yokuzibopha). Ezinye izizwe zihlala ziseduze nokuvikela abagcini bezempilo, zishiye izisulu zingenalutho olufanele.

Umehluko Oyisihluthulelo: Umbuso ophethe uhulumeni

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni uneziphetho zawo siqu zokuzivikela (zifakwe ngokwengxenye yi-Federal Tort Anitiess Act), ukuvikela uhulumeni ekuzimela kuhlukene futhi ngokuvamile kuqinile. ISichibiyelo seshumi Nenye sisebenza kuphela ezizweni, hhayi kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibuso ingafaka isivikelo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni njengendaba yomthetho kazwelonke, ngaphandle kweSiphendulo se-Ashumi Nenye. Ngakho, isibhedlela esizimele esigwenywe uhulumeni esisenkantolo singabhekana neziphetho zomthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho nomthetho.

Abahlukanisiwe Nohulumeni Ophakeme Ekunakekeleni Impilo

Naphezu kwesihlangu esikhulu, abahlaseli ngezinye izikhathi banganqoba ukuvikeleka kobukhosi ngaphansi komunye walezi zindawo ezintathu ezihlukile eziqashelwayo.

Isivumelwano Sezwe Noma IWaiver

Amazwe angawaphazamisa ngokuzithandela amagonogoci ngokushaya umthetho noma ngokuziphatha kwawo (isib., ukuthenga umshuwalense wecala ogunyaza ngokusobala isuti). I-raiver evame kakhulu ingenziwa ngesenzo sikahulumeni sokufuna ukulwa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • I-California Code kaHulumeni 76 810 et seq. - Imvume ibhukwana ngokumelene nezinhlangano zomphakathi elilimazayo elibangelwa “isimo esiyingozi sempahla yomphakathi” nezenzo zokunganaki zezisebenzi, ezingaphansi kwenkathi yezinyanga eziyisithupha zokuzisholo nokulimaza amakhefu.
  • Inkantolo ye-New York of Incentes Act - Imvume isho ngokumelene nezibhedlela ezisebenzisa umbuso, kodwa kuphela eNkantolweni ye-Pilotis; amacala abahluleli awatholakali, futhi umonakalo kwezinye izikhangiso uyalahlwa.
  • I-Texas Tort Act - AmaWaves avikela ukulimala okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto noma imishini ngokunganaki, kodwa alondoloza ukuvikeleka kwezindlela eziningi zokusebenza kabi kwezokwelapha ezisholo ezimelaneni nezindawo zokwelapha ze-stance à frarun (nakuba ezinye izibhedlela zaseyunivesithi .6 ezikhona).

Ngenxa yokuthi abahlukumezi abathathwa kalula, abaphangi kumelwe bawunqume ngokucophelela lo mthetho ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi lokho abakushoyo kuyinto elindelekile.

2. Amalungelo Omphakathi Athi Angaphansi Kwama - 42 EU.S.C. ngo - 1983

Congress, ngo-Polign Rights Act ka-1871 (iqinisekisiwe ngo-42 U.S.1998), igunyaza amacala ngokumelene nanoma yimuphi “umphathi” lowo, ngaphansi kombala womthetho kazwelonke, ophuca umuntu othile amalungelo ombuso noma angokomthetho. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo yaba se . UMnyango weSizwe wamaphoyisa [[FFLT:1]], 491], u-U.S. 58 58 (19989), lokhu kusho ukuthi “aphonsi kwe-69), izikhulu zikahulumeni azikhonzi ukukhululeka ezivume ukuthi zise ngaphansi kuka-199848, kodwa izikhulu zikahulumeni zisekwe emandleni azo engokomthetho osizoni lokukhulula [kuhlonzelweni olungenamthetho lwemvume ezindaweni ezingokomthetho, noma ezinziwayo zemvume yokwelapha.) (FL.[FL.[F.2:1] Iziboshwa ezikalisiwe ngokukalaka okungalindelekile, izinqubo zokwelapha ezingokomthetho.[F.[F.[F.][3] [198]

Nokho, u1998 akavumeli ukulimala okungavunyelwe kuhulumeni noma ezinhlanganweni zawo ngokuqondile. Ukuze athole usizo lwemali, umbhishobhi kufanele aqambe isikhulu esisebuthweni baso ngabanye (ongase aphikelele ukuthi ukuzivikela okufanelekile) noma abonise ukuthi umbuso uwephula umthetho ngokusemthethweni ukuzivikela komthetho-mfashini. Bheka DOJ Civil Rights Division: 42 U.S.C. 76.

3. Ukuxoshwa Kwezakhiwo

IsiKhokhi seSivumelwano singakudlulisa ukuvikeleka kombuso ngokusemthethweni uma wenza ngaphansi kweSiqeshana 5 seSichibiyelo se 14 ukuze kuqinisekiswe izivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungiselelo okukhucululwa kwamaMelika anoMthetho (ADA) noMthetho wokubuyisela inguquko kuxhaswe njengokusebenza kwezinye izimo, kuvumela amasutude ezindawo zokuvikela impilo esizwe, okuhlanganisa isifunda sezwe (izindawo) zihlanganisa isifunda se-ADHSTIFREFTTF:0 (lapho umkhahloba we-omsscheme. [[FLT:]] Board of Trusteense of University of Alabaccorangen v. [[FLT:], 351] U.S (ikhulunye i-2001) [isihloko se-Uniglot] [3],[3][3]

Nokho, ukuxosha akuzenzakaleli; umkhandlu kumelwe ubonise ukuthi inhloso yawo icacile ukuqeda inqubo nokuthi ukuxoshwa kuhambisana nokwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Izinselele Ezingokwemvelo Neziwusizo

Ngisho nalapho kubonakala sengathi kusebenza umuntu ohlukile, ukumelana nesimiso sezempilo sikahulumeni uSararun kunezithiyo eziyingqayizivele.

Phawula Izimfuneko Zokugomela

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga izimemezelo ezingase zihloselwe ukukhipha isaziso esingokomthetho phakathi nesikhathi esifushane, (futhi izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya ku-180) ngemva kokulimala. Ukwehluleka ukuvumelana nakho kubulala isuti, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kulungile. Isaziso ngokuvamile sihlanganisa incazelo yokulimala, usuku nendawo, futhi isibalo semali efunwayo. Lemfuneko iphoqelelwa ngokuqinile, futhi izinkantolo azikho ukukhomba ngokulinganayo ngenxa yokungazi umthetho.

Ukuvikelwa KukaMbusi Njengokuzivikela Kwempi

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuvikeleka kuyindaba elawulayo, kungaphakanyiswa kunoma yiliphi izinga lokubekwa kwecala, ngisho nangemva kokwahlulela okungahleliwe. Umbuso ungakhanga futhi nohlelo lwamuva lwe-texantel olunqanda ukuvinjelwa ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokuhleleka, ubambezeleka kwezinhlelo izinyanga noma iminyaka. Bheka P.S. v. neTexas Department of State Health Services[, isinqumo samuva saseTexas se-acrectellate esibonisa indlela isivikelo sokuzivikela somphakathi esingaphazamisa ngayo isibhedlela somphakathi.

Umonakalo Nokulinganiselwa Kwezindlela Zokwelapha

Uma ulwelo lukahulumeni lungavikelwa ekufuneni izibalo zokuzigoma, luvame ukubeka izikepisi emalini ephansi ka-R250 000 (R150 000) kulowo nalowo ozibophayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isijeziso sitholakala cishe emhlabeni wonke ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. AmaJuries angase futhi acwaswe ukuze asekele izinhlangano zomphakathi, futhi uhulumeni angasebenzisa imithombo yawo emikhulu ukuze aqinise isivikelo esiqhubekayo. Abameli bamaPlaintiff kumelwe balinganisele ngokucophelela ukululama okungase kutholakale ezindlekweni zombuso.

Ukuhlangana Okufanelekayo Kwesizwe Esizimele

Uma ummangalelwa ephenya isisebenzi sikahulumeni (udokotela, umhlengi, umphathi) esesilinganisweni saso somuntu siqu sokulimaza imali, ummangalelwa angaqinisa ukuzivikela okufanelekayo. Lesivikelo sivikela izikhulu ukuba zingabi nacala ngaphandle kokuba zeqe amalungelo asungulwe ngokucacile angokomthetho noma angokomthetho umuntu onengqondo abengase awazi. Ngokwasemkhakheni wempilo, ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo ngokuvamile kuvikela abaqeqeshiwe abahlukanisa izinqumo ze-internasecondal, ngisho nalapho lezo zinqumo ziholela ekulimaleni okuyinhlekelele. Ukuthambekela kwamuva kweNkantolo Ephakeme kokuzivikela okufanelekayo kwenza lokhu kube yisithiyo ngisho nesithiyo ephakeme kakhulu.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezimo ZoMbuso Nokukhula

Ukuzivikela kobukhosi kuyindaba yakho kokubili umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni nomthetho kahulumeni, okuholela ekuhlukahlukeni okukhulu ezikhundleni.

Izwe Elinemibhoshongo Ebanzi

IFlorida, iGeorgia, neWashington ziye zafaka izivumelwano ezibanzi zokuvikela unqanda ukuphathwa kabi kwezokwelapha ezizweni ezisebenzisa imishini. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi we-Immuniny Sigment (Fla Stat. 7668.28) ukuvumela ukuba kufinyelele ku-R240 000 kumuntu ngamunye futhi ku-R340 000 ngethuba elithile, futhi kunokwenzeka ukuba umthetho ufune ukukhokha izikweletu ezithelela umonakalo owengeziwe.

Izwe Eline - Narrow Noma Alikho I - Waivers

Ngokuphambene, imithombo enjenge-West Virginia ne-South Carolina iyakwazi ukuvikela izibhedlela zomphakathi ngokuphelele. Ezizweni ezinjalo, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuzimela ingaba ukusho komthetho-mthetho ngaphansi kuka- naasudi omelene nochwepheshe wezokwelapha (uma benganaki kumandla kahulumeni angewona). Ukuntula umbulali kungabangela ukungalingani okusobala: isiguli esilimele esibhedlela esizimele singalulama izigidi, kuyilapho isiguli esinezibaziwe ezifanayo esibhedlela sikahulumeni esingase silulame.

Intuthuko Yamuva Enkantolo

Izinkantolo zesifunda eziningi zamuva nje zikhulume ngendlela ulwelwe oluzimele olusebenza ngayo ezinhlangano zosizo lwempilo ezithola izimali zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweMedicare noma iMedicaid. Isifunda seshumi nanye, ngokwesibonelo, siqhutshelwa Benett v. Umnyango weYunivesithi ye-Alabama Health Services Foundation [2023] [2023]) ukuthi isimiso sezempilo somphakathi saseyunivesithi asilahlekelwanga nje kuphela ngokuthatha izimali zikahulumeni. Okwamanje, isifunda sesihlanu sise v. Umnyango wezempilo neZibhedlela ze-Trabharn [[FLT][FLT] [202] wanquma ekhethekile yokucwaninga i-Malcrealsctives Act, hhayi nje kuphela ezindaweni zomphakathi. Lezi zidinga ukugcuphethiwe.

Amacebiso Awusizo Kwama - colletiff Nezimbobo Zawo

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Thola Ukuthi Umlweli Uyinqaba Yini Yombuso

Akuzona zonke izibhedlela ezinegama elithi “isimo” ezifanelekela njengenhlangano kazwelonke. Amalungiselelo azimele, namabhodi azimele, kanye nokuzijabulisa ngokwawo kungabangela isakhiwo sibe “isiqeshana sezombangazwe” (njengesifunda) kunenhlangano kahulumeni. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe zivame ukuba nemithetho ehlukene yokuvikela. Ukuhlaziywa kokulawula nokuxhasa izakhiwo kubalulekile.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Thola Izinyoni Ezikhangayo

Bukeza lokho okushiwo uhulumeni ukuthi ithatha isinyathelo, ilungiselelo lomthetho-mthetho, nanoma yimuphi umlando wemithetho. Bheka ukuthi ikuphi okuhlukile kwezezokwelapha ezingekho emthethweni, futhi uhlole ukuthi uhulumeni uye wathenga yini umshuwalense wecala (ngokuvamile owehlisa imingcele yezimiso). Futhi hlola naziphi izimiso zikahulumeni ezingase zivikele i-Broose jajigate (umk., i-Emergency Medical Act ne-Act Work, EMTALA, ziye zabekwa ukuba zakhe imbangela yezenzo ezilawulayo ezilawula izifunda ezithile).

Isinyathelo 3: Hlala Uhambisana Ngokuqinile Nezimfuneko

Uma ikhona umnqikazi, landela yonke imithetho ye-procedroal ebhalwe phansi. Thumela isaziso ngeposi eqinisekisiwe, gcina amathikithi, futhi hlanganisa zonke izici ezidingekayo ngomthetho. Uma umthetho ufuna ukuba kube yiqiniso ngaphansi kwesifungo, thola i-affidavit ebhalwe phezulu. Ukukhubazeka okukodwa kobuchwepheshe . Okufana nokufaka izindleko zesikhathi senyanga eyodwa noma ukuhluleka ukusho isilinganiso esiqondile semali echithiwe @can acn.

Isinyathelo 4: Zikhethele Ezinye Izindlela Zokufundisa

Uma ukukhululeka kwe-art kuvinjelwe, cabangela iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (umz., ukunganaki ngamabomu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-8 noma seshumi elinesine seziboshwa noma iziguli ezizinikele ngokungenanjongo) noma ukuzisholo ngaphansi kwe-ADA, i-Rehabilitation Act, noma i-Affordlable Care Act e-octal engekhona 76discration. Lokhu kufunwa kukahulumeni ngokuvamile kusinda ekuvikeleni kokuzivikela kobusobo ngenxa yokuthi kuxhomeke ekuhlanganeni noma ekuphathweni kwe- engaphandle kwengxenye ye-Young engaphandle kwe-octives.

Isiphetho

Umthetho ulokhu uwumgoqo omkhulu kakhulu ekuxazululeni izimiso zezempilo zomphakathi. Izimpande zawo zasendulo zomthetho zenza ukuba kuqiniswe amashumi eminyaka yokwanda kokwahlulela, kushiye ama-paltiff anendlela encane, isudi, amalungelo esizwe, noma ukumiswa kwemithetho engokomthetho, noma ukumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni, futhi ifuna ukuvumelana ngokucophelela nezidingo zomthetho. Iziguli nemikhaya yazo ezifuna ubulungisa ngemva kokulimala komthetho, ifuna iseluleko esingokomthetho esikhethekile kusemuva, i-Practical syctive trans system, noma ukulawulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, njengoba ngisho nokushintsha kancane kwemfundiso ephethe isivikelo somthetho. Ekugcineni, imfundiso iveza ukushukuma kwesimo phakathi kwe-Expone nezinhlangano zomphakathi, ukuvalelanisa ukuqina kwezimiso ezimweni ezingokomthetho zesizwe.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-CORnell LII i-preset yokuzivikela kobuso be- kanye ne- Project ye-Oyez yezomthetho weNkantolo ephakeme ephethe ukuzivikela kobusombululo [.