ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sisebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi ekuphathweni uhulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezenzweni zokugcinwa komthetho. Simisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lokuphenya, ukuquleka, nokuboshwa, siqinisekisa ukuthi iziphathimandla zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho. Izikhulu zomthetho, ukuqonda nokusebenzisa iSichibiyelo sesine akuyona nje indaba yokulalela okungokomthetho, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi nokungaqiniseki kobufakazi enkantolo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningi kokuthi umthetho usebenzise kanjani iSichibiyelo Sesine eProchwebeni, kusukela ekutholeni izivumelwano zokuhamba ngaphandle kwemithetho, futhi ekusebenziseni izinselele zanamuhla njengobufakazi bobuchwepheshe nezindinganiso zomthetho.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Nenjongo YeSichibiyelo Sesine

Ngo-1791 yamiswa njengengxenye yeBill of Rights, iSichibiyelo sesine sasiyimpendulo eqondile ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwemithetho engokomthetho nezindlela zosizo ezisetshenziswa iziphathimandla zaseBrithani eMelika elawulwa amakoloni. Lezi zigunya ezibanzi zavumela izikhulu ukuba zihlole amakhaya futhi zithathe impahla ngaphandle kwesizathu esiqondile noma ukulinganisela. OFata Abasunguliwe bafuna ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekuphazanyisweni okungahleliwe uhulumeni ngokufuna ukuba noma ikuphi ukuphenywa noma ukuphangwa kube okunengqondo futhi kusekelwe embangweni. Umbhalo we-mendement uthi:

" Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke kuphazanyiswe, futhi akukho maWarrant azakuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, asekelwe u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okungaseshwa kuyo, nabantu noma izinto ezithinjwayo."

Inkantolo yanamuhla elawula imithetho isebenza kulesi simiso, ilinganisela isidingo sokuhlola ubugebengu namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo abantu ngabanye.

Izimfuneko Ezifanelekile: Imbangela Ephumelelayo, Abalweli, Nokucabangela

Imbangela Enengqondo: Indinganiso Engokomthetho

Imbangela enengqondo iyisisekelo seSichibiyelo sesine somthetho weSichibiyelo. Kudingeka ukuba abaqalisi bomthetho babe nenkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni ethile. Imbangela engenzekayo iwumngcele ophakeme kunokusola nje kodwa adinga ukuba yiqiniso okuphelele. Abaphathi baqala ngesizathu esilindelekile ngokuhlola, amacebiso, ubufakazi, noma okunye ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa. Izinkantolo zihlola ngokunokwenzeka ukuthi izimbangela zikhona, zibuza ukuthi umuntu ohlakaniphile angakholelwa ukuthi amaqiniso adingekayo ngaphansi kwengqikithi yezimo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sihogela insangu evela emotweni bese sibona intuthu ngaphakathi, lokho kungase kubangele ukuba kuphenywe imoto. Injongo yalendilinga iwukuvimbela uhambo lokudoba nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya kuthethelelwa ubufakazi obuqinile, hhayi ukucwasa noma ubandlululo.

Izimemezelo Zokufuna: Ukuthola Imvume Yokwahlulela

Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, imvume yokufuna iyindlela ethandwayo yokuqhuba ukusesha. Abathumeli kumelwe bakhishwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi noma umahluleli futhi kumelwe basekelwe embonweni we-affidavit okungenzeka ibangele. Imvume kumelwe ichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi izinto ezizothathwa. Lemfuneko ethile ivimbela ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu, okwakuwuphawu lwezimpawu zemithetho yecala ezozondwayo ezaklanyelwa ukunqatshelwa ukuba inqande ukuphaza.

Izikhulu eziqapha umthetho kumelwe zilandele imithetho eqinile lapho zithatha umthetho omisiwe. Ngokuvamile, kumelwe zingqongqoze futhi zimemezele ukuba khona kwazo ngaphambi kokuba zingene, ngaphandle kokuba kube nezimo ezithiya ukungena ngokushesha. Abaphathi futhi balinganiselwe ekufuneni kwabo izindawo lapho izinto ezicacisiwe zingatholakala khona ngokunengqondo.

Indinganiso Enengqondo

Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela nemithetho iyisisekelo, uphawu lokugcina lweSichibiyelo sesine lunengqondo. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi ukuphenya noma ukuthatheka kunengqondo yini ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo. Okunye ukuphenya kunengqondo ngaphandle kwemvume, futhi ukuquleka okuthile kungasekelwe ngokunengqondo entweni ebangelwa yisimo esingaphansi kwesizathu esithile (njengezigwebo ezimfushane zokuhlola). Ukuhlaziya okunengqondo kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukulinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni nesithakazelo somuntu siqu.

Izinkulumo Eziyisicefe: Indlela Izisebenzi Zomthetho Ezisebenza Ngayo Ngaphandle Komqaphi

Le mithetho ayigcini ngokugwema ukugwenywa kodwa inikeza ukuvumelana nezimo lapho ukuthola imvume kungasebenzi noma kungadingekile. Izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe ziziqonde kahle lezi zici ukuze zigweme ukwephulwa Kwezichibiyelo Zesine.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekuhloleni, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kungase kuqhubeke ngaphandle kwemvume. Imvume kumelwe ibe ukwazi, uhlakaniphe, futhi uzimisele (hhayi ). Abaphathi bavame ukucela imvume phakathi nokuma kwezimoto noma lapho behlangana nomphakathi. Imvume ingalinganiselwa; ngokwesibonelo, umuntu angase avume ukuphenywa kwemoto yabo kodwa angayisebenzisi isiqu sabo. Izinkantolo zihlola ukugcwala kwezimo ukuze zinqume ukugoba, kuhlanganise nobudala bomuntu, imfundo, nokuthi isikhulu sisebenzise izinsongo noma izithembiso.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona ukuvinjelwa noma ubufakazi obusobala, bangasithatha ngaphandle kogunyazo. Isikhulu kumelwe singene ngokomthetho endaweni futhi ngokushesha siqaphele ukuthi lokhu kuwubufakazi bobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu singaphakathi ngokomthetho ekhaya lapho kubizwa ucingo lwasekhaya futhi sibona izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni etafuleni lekhofi, izidakamizwa zingabanjwa ngaphansi kwemfundiso ecacile.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo eziphuthumayo ezidinga isinyathelo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukulimala, ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, noma ukuphunyuka kungathethelela ukuseshwa noma ukuphazanyiswa. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa isakhiwo esivuthayo, isikhulu esiphethe izindlebe siphuma ngaphakathi ekhaya, noma umsindo wobufakazi obufakwa endlini yangasese. Isikhulu kumelwe sibe nezizathu ezinengqondo zokukholelwa ukuthi ukulibala kungaholela ekulimaleni noma ekulahlekelweni ubufakazi. Ngokuvamile ukuxosha kushiwo ukuthi kuhilela ukubalekela ukusolwa noma ingozi eseduze emphakathini.

Ukufuna Ithuba Lokuboshwa Ngemithetho

Lapho isikhulu sibopha ngokomthetho, singase sifune isikhulu esibophayo nendawo engaphansi kwemvume yaso ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kuhlola kuhloselwe ukuvikela isikhulu ezizikhalini futhi kuvimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Isilinganiso silinganiselwe emzimbeni, izingubo, nanoma yiziphi izinto esingafinyelela kuzo. INkantolo Ephakeme Chimel v. California[ [1969] [19] imise lomthetho, kamuva wacwe ngu-[FLT:] Arizongarav. [FLT][FLT][20]] [20], owemoto ehlola ukuboshwa kuphela lapho ukuboshwa kungenziwangazeki futhi kufinyele emgqeni we-partum, noma phakathi nokwethunjini lapho ubufakazi obunengqondo bokuboshwa.

Ukukhishwa kwemoto

I-Vhicles ingaphansi kokulindela okuphansi kwemfihlo ngenxa yokuhamba nokulawula kwayo. Uma kungenzeka amaphoyisa anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imoto inobufakazi bobugebengu, angase afune yonke imoto, kuhlanganise namabhokisi avaliweyo ngaphakathi kwayo, ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kusebenza ezimotweni, amaloli, izikebhe, nezinye izimoto ezihlelwa ngesandla. I-glee imoto ingaxoshwa ngaphambi kokuba imvume itholakale, futhi ukuhamba okuyisisekelo kunciphisa ukulindele kokuba umuntu angalitholi.

I - stom neFrisk (Izimemezelo Zokulwa)

Ngaphansi Terry v.O. (1968), izikhulu zomthetho zingabopha umuntu okwesikhashana futhi zenze ukufunwa kwezikhali okulinganiselwe uma zinokungabaza okunengqondo kokuthi lowo muntu uhilelekile emsebenzini wobugebengu futhi angase ahlome futhi abe yingozi. Ukusola okunengqondo kudinga amaqiniso aqondile, angaqondakali. Ngokunyakazayo, isikhulu singavala izikhali ukuze sizizwe. Uma siqaphela into ezwakala injengesikhali, singayithatha. Lokhu kuvikela kwesikhulu ngezimiso ze-Greythrych.

Abanye Abaphawuliwe

Okunye okungasetshenziswa kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukulandela: abaphathi bempi befuna ifeyini ebalekayo bangangena esakhiwoni sangasese ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Uhlu lwezibalo: Lapho imoto igqunywa, izikhulu zingayifuna ukuze ziphephe futhi zibhale izinto eziyigugu.
  • Ukusesha kombuso: Ukuhlolwa okuthile (isib., kwamabhizinisi ezimboni ezilawulwa kakhulu) kungaqhutshwa ngaphandle kwemvume, uma nje kunengqondo.
  • Ukusesha: emingceleni yomhlaba wonke, izikhulu zinegunya elikhulu lokuhlola abantu kanye nezinto ngaphandle kwemvume ngenxa yezithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphethe.
  • Izidingo ezikhethekile ziseshwa: Ukuhlola izidakamizwa zezisebenzi zesitimela ngemva kwezingozi noma zabafundi abahlanganyela emisebenzini yangemva kwesikole kungathethelelwa ngezidingo zikahulumeni okhethekile ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa komthetho.

Ukuthunjwa Nokuboshwa: Umuntu Ubanjwa Nini?

Incazelo Yokunyamalala

Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, ukuthatheka kwenzeka uma isikhulu, ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezisetshenziswayo, siqeda inkululeko yomuntu yokuhamba. Lokhu kungasukela ekuboshweni ngokugcwele kuya ekuboshweni okufushane okuphenyayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza umehluko phakathi kokuhlangana okungalawuleki (lapho umuntu ekhululekile ukuhamba) nokuthatheka. Umuntu ubanjwa kuphela uma ecabangela zonke izimo, umuntu onengqondo angeke azizwe ekhululekile ukuphuma.

Ukuboshwa: Ukuthola Imbangela Engagwenywa

Ukuboshwa ngokugcwele kudinga isizathu okungenzeka. Isikhulu kumelwe sibe nenkolelo enengqondo yokuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu. Ukuboshwa kungafakwa noma kungangenziwa ngaphandle kwemvume, kuye ngezimo. Ngokuvamile, ukuboshwa okungenazibopho kuvunyelwa ukuboshwa okungagunyaziwe okwenziwa phambi kwesikhulu noma, uma kwenzeka kwenzeka kumphathi ekhona, (naphezu kwalokho amazwe athile avumela ukuboshwa okungagunyaziwe okungagunyaziwe okusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekile ngisho noma icala lingagcinwanga).

Lapho zithola imvume yokubopha, izikhulu kumelwe zinikeze imentshisi echaza imbangela okungenzeka. Imvume kumelwe isho igama lomuntu ukuba aboshwe. Ukwehluleka ukulandela lezi zinqubo kungaholela ekucinindezelweni kobufakazi obutholakala ngemva kokuboshwa noma ngisho nasekubekeni icala lomphakathi ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983.

Imbangela Enengqondo Yokuzibamba

Ukusola okunengqondo kuyindinganiso ephansi kunesizathu okungenzeka ibangelwa. Kusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela uTerry ukuma nokuvalelwa ijele okufushane. Ukusola okunengqondo kudinga amaqiniso aqondile, angenakungatshazwa aholela isikhulu esicabangelayo ekusoleni izenzo zobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu sendawo ephakeme sibona umuntu ebheka njalo ezimotweni ezipakiwe bese sizama iziphatho zomnyango. Ukuziphatha, kuhlangene nezinye izici, kunganikeza ukusola okunengqondo kokuma.

Imbangela engenzeka, njengoba kuphawuliwe, ingumnyango ophezulu. Abaphathi-mpi kumelwe benze ukuhlolwa okuhlukene komzuzwana ukuthi banobufakazi obanele yini ukuba basuka ekumeni baye ekuboshweni. Umngcele phakathi kokusola okunengqondo nembangela engenzeka ubekwa enkantolo.

UMthetho Wokuqeda: Ukukhipha ISichibiyelo Sesine Samalungelo Okuziphatha

Injongo Nohlelo Lokusebenza

Umthetho wokuhlukanisa uthi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphula iSichibiyelo sesine abunakusetshenziswa ngokumelene nommangalelwa enkantolo yobugebengu. Lomthetho wamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme e Mapp v. iOhio [1961] futhi busebenza embusweni kanye nasemikhankasweni kahulumeni. Injongo eyinhloko iwukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa futhi ulondoloze ubuqotho bokwahlulela. Uma ubufakazi buyisithelo sokufuna okungekho emthethweni noma ukuthumba, bucinezelwe, njenganoma ibuphi ubufakazi obuthathwe ebufakazini obungavunyelwe yi-mthethweni (“isithelo sesihlahla esinobuthi").

Okuhlukile Embusweni Wokuphela Kwabantu

Ukuze zigweme ukululaza ukugcinwa komthetho okungokomthetho, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela okuningana okuhlukile:

  • Ukweqa kokholo okuhle:[ Uma isikhulu sincike ngokunengqondo edilini lokuhlola kamuva elabonakala lingasebenzi (umz., ngenxa yephutha labefundisi), ubufakazi abukho.
  • Ukutholakala okungenakuvinjelwa: Uma ubufakazi bebungatholakala ngokungenakugwenywa ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, abukhishwanga.
  • Umthombo ozimele: Uma umthetho uthola ubufakazi ngomthombo ongaphandle kokuziphatha okungemthetho, kungavunywa.
  • Actnuation:[ Uma ukuxhumene phakathi kwesenzo esingekho emthethweni nobufakazi kukude ngokwanele, ubufakazi bungakhomba.

Lezi zici ezihlukile ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wokuzihlukanisa awuyiwo umthetho wabamangalelwa lapho amaphoyisa enza ngokholo oluhle noma lapho ukuhlobana phakathi kokuziphatha okubi nobufakazi kubuthakathaka.

Ubuchwepheshe Nesichibiyelo Sesine: Izinselele Zanamuhla

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yaphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba ziphinde zihlole izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo sesine. Imithetho manje isebenzisa izinqola ze-GPS, ukwaziswa kocingo, ama-metary metary, ama-drones, namathuluzi okuhlola amanani angaveza imininingwane ejulile yokuphila komuntu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ngokoqobo.

Ocingo Lwamangqamuzana Nemininingwane Yazo

. California (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme] igomela ukuthi izikhulu zidinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo socingo lwamakhalekhukhwini ukuze ziboshwe, ngoba omakhalekhukhwini banemininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu. Ngokufanayo, Calter v. United States [2018]) idinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando okuphathelene nendawo yegumbi lokusebenza (CSSLI), njengoba ukuthatha umkhondo wenqumo womuntu kuhlanganisa ukuphenya ngaphansi kweSigqi se-Primende sesine. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukuqonda ukuthi imininingwane yezimiso idinga isivikelo esiqinile.

Ukulandelela iGPS

Ku United States v. Jones (202), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukunamathisela umthumeli we-GPS emotweni futhi ihlole imishini yayo kunguphendlo. Nakuba uhulumeni engase aphikise ngokunciphisa ngokulindela okunciphileyo kwemfihlo emigwaqweni yomphakathi, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwabhekwa njengokuphazamisa okungenangqondo. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe manje kuthole isiqinisekiso sokulandela iGPS ezimweni eziningi.

Amafutha Nezakhi Zomzimba

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-drone ngokuqashelwa umthetho kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nemfihlo egcekeni nasempahla yangasese. Okwamanje, ukuqapha okungenamvume kwezindawo ezivulekile emoyeni ngokuvamile kuvunyelwa ngaphansi kwe- Florida v. Riley (19989), kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kwama-drones ekuhloleni okuhlolwa kungase kudinge izimvume. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna imvume yokusetshenziswa kobugebengu.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nemisebenzi Yase - Internet

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuvame ukusebenzisa izikhungo zezokuxhumana, izindaba zomphakathi, ne-metameter ekuhloleni. ISichibiyelo sesine ngokuvamile asikuvikeli ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwa ngokuzithandela nabathathi-kathathu (imfundiso yesithathu). Nokho, iziqondiso zamuva zisikisela ukuthi imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe ingathola isivikelo esikhulu. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe baqaphele lapho bethola ama-akhawunti abodwa noma besebenzisa izithulusi ezingaphansi kokuthungatha ukwaziswa.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Eziqhubekayo Nezindinganiso Ezishintshashintshayo

ISichibiyelo sesine sisewumsebenzi onamandla womthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iyaqhubeka ilungisa imingcele yokungafihliwe, ikakhulukazi njengoba ubuchwepheshe buzivelela. Amacala amuva aye adingidwa:

  • Amakhamera omzimba: Aqoshwa nini amagumbi okuhlala angawodwa?
  • Iqoqo le-DNA: Lapho kuboshwa, amanye amazwe aqoqa amasampula e-DNA. INkantolo ku-Maryland v. King (2013]) ivumele ukuqoqwa okulinganiselwe kwenjongo yokuhlukanisa, kodwa i-lithigigati eqhubekayo ihlola izinga.
  • Uphenyo lwesizwe lwezokuphepha: Isilinganiso phakathi kwamandla okuhlola ngaphansi komthetho we-USA PATRIOT neSichibiyelo sesine sisalokhu siphikisana.
  • Ukuveza nokumisa imibhalo kwangaphambili: izinkantolo ziye zathi ukuma kwezimoto ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka kungokomthetho-sisekelo ngisho noma isisusa somphathi singahambisani, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa lenjongo yokulungisa.

Iminyango eminingi iye yamukela izimiso ezingaphezu kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo bomphakathi nokunciphisa ukuhlaziywa.

Izizathu Eziwusizo Zezikhulu Zomthetho

Ukuqeqesha Nokusebenzisa Insimu

Nsuku zonke, izikhulu zenza izinqumo zomzuzwana ezisekelwe ezimisweni zeSichibiyelo sesine. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ziyaqonda lapho zidinga isiqinisekiso, ukuthi zingasho yini ukuthi yini engenzeka, nokuthi ikuphi okungahambisani nalokhu. Amaphutha angaholela ekucindezeleni ubufakazi, amacala axoxiwe, namacala omphakathi. Amaphoyisa amaningi manje ahlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe esibonelweni okungagunyaza ikhono lesikhulu lokusebenzisa ukulunga ezimweni zangempela.

Ukubhalela Abameli Nokuthola Ababezothola Izindawo

I-affidavit ebhalwe kahle ibalulekile ekutholeni imvume yokufuna ukuthunga. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe bahlanganise amaqiniso aqondile, bagweme izinkulumo ezivumelanayo, futhi bamise i-nexis phakathi kobugebengu, ubufakazi, nendawo. Kumelwe futhi bakhumbule ubudala (-* uma sekudlule isikhathi esiningi kakhulu phakathi kwamaqiniso nesicelo sokuqinisekiswa, ngokunokwenzeka imbangela kungenzeka ukuthi iqediwe.

Imiphumela Yokuphula Imithetho

Lapho isikhulu sephula iSichibiyelo sesine, imiphumela ingadlulela ngalé komthetho owehlisiwe. Uhulumeni ungabhekana necala lomphakathi ngaphansi kwe-Catego 1983, futhi isikhulu singase siqanjwe enkantolo. Imithombo yezemvume noma ukuqondisa kukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wobulungisa wase-U.S. uye wafaka imithetho yemvume ngeminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa edinga izinguquko ezibanzi ezihlobene nokuhlola nokuthatheka.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

ISichibiyelo sesine asisona isithiyo ekubekeni umthetho ngokuphumelelayo; siwuhlelo oluqinisekisa amandla okufuna nokuthatha lusetshenziswa ngokuzibamba nangokuziphendulela. Ukuqonda izici zazo cishe kusuka ku-(izimbangela) nomthetho ohlukile) owenqabela ukuphatha imisebenzi yabo ngokomthetho nangokokuziphatha. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintsha, iSichibiyelo sesine siyoqhubeka sithuthukisa indlela umthetho ovikela ngayo umphakathi kuyilapho ucabangela amalungelo omthetho ochaza inkululeko yaseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Cornell Legal Information’s secape seSichibiyelo Sesine , kanye nezindaba eziyinhloko zeNkantolo Ephakeme njenge United States v. Leon[ (ukungakholwa okuhle) kanye Certer v. United States[ (izethulo eziyimfihlo).