Ilungelo lokulingana liyisithembiso esiyisisekelo soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, esihlanganiswe embhalweni wayo ngokulungisa nokuchaza emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka enkathi yokubusa. Lelilungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ukuthambekela kobulili, ukukhubazeka, noma isiphi esinye isici. Kubafundisi nabafundi bomlando nomphakathi, ukuqonda ukuthi loMthetho-sisekelo uvikela kanjani lelilungelo akuyona nje imfundo yemfundo. Mthetho-sisekelo awudingi ukuhlanganisa ukuba nesizwe esifundile. Umthetho awukhulumi "ukulingana" emzimbeni wawo wokuqala, kodwa ngokulungisa, isenzo somthetho, nokuhlola, kuye kwaba incwadi ephilayo evikela futhi ebekela inselele ukuqonda kwethu lokho okusho ukulingana.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Kusukela Ekuqaleni Okungavunyelwe Kuze Kube Izimiso Ezihlala Njalo

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ka-1787 wawunemithetho eqinile evumelana nokulingana, ngokuphawulekayo ikwamukela ubugqila futhi nokubala abantu abagqilazwe njengeziphendu ezintathu zomuntu ukuze baboniswe. Nokho, abakhi bomthetho futhi babenezimiso ezazizosetshenziswa kamuva ukuthuthukisa ukulingana − njengokuqinisekisa uhlobo lukahulumeni werepublic nokwenqatshelwa kwezikweletu zomuntu othola imali. Ukuguqulwa kwangempela kwaqala ngemva kweMpi yomphakathi ngeziNguquko ze-conpulan, ezalahla ukuhlehlela komthetho-mthetho kamuva futhi zabeka isisekelo sesivikelo sokulingana kwanamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Se - 13, Se - 14 Nese - 15: Isithembiso Sokuvuselela

Iqiniswe phakathi kuka-1865 no-1870, lezinguquko ezintathu ngokuyisisekelo zaguqula uMthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo sesithathu saqeda ubugqila nobugqila obungenazinhloso, ngaphandle kwesijeziso somthetho, ukumisa ilungelo lokuqala lomthetho wenkululeko yomuntu siqu. ISichibiyelo [[FLT:] se-14] [[FLT]] sanika bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadalwe eUnited States futhi benqatshelwa ukuphika noma ubani "isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho" noma ukubaphuca imvume yokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engekho nqubo efanelekile. [[FLD] [FLD:] 15] imingcele yezenyulo [FLT] noma i-grandmentogration, noma i-"ogrorces orced" yeyolingana neyokuqala, noma yesilinganiso sesigaba esingokomthetho sokulunga."

Nokho, isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kwe-Focton sakhashelwa cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngemithetho yokuhlukanisa, ama-Black Code, kanye nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esinjenge- Plessy v. U-Forson [1896], owasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi "kokuhlukanisa kodwa kulingana" imfundiso. Akukangaze kube phakathi nekhulu lama-20 lapho isigqebhene sesivikelo seSiphetho se-14 savuselelwa khona ukuba sisuse ukucwaswa kwezwe. I-mendment yalendments ibonisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-siseko asisona esiziphethe; zidinga ukugcinwa ngokucophelela kanye nokuzibopheka.

ISichibiyelo Se - 14: INsika Yokulingana Emininingwaneni

ISichibiyelo se 14 se-Exchange, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, siyilungiselelo elibaluleke kakhulu lomthetho-sisekelo lokulingana. Izingxenye zaso ezinhlanu zikhuluma ngezindaba eziningi, kodwa izigaba ezimbili engxenyeni 1 zinkulu: i-Equal Protection Claus [ ne- I-Classium Procession Claus [].

Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

I-Umeal Protection Claus ifundeka kanje: "Ayikho iZwe... elizophika kunoma ubani ophakathi kwegunya lakhe ukuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho." Lesi sigqebhezana sisebenza kuhulumeni nezindawo (*."nangomthetho weSichibiyelo sesihlanu se-Claus, kuhulumeni kazwelonke. Kudingeka ukuba imithetho iphathe abantu ezimweni ezifanayo. Nokho, akuzona zonke izigaba ezinqatshelwe. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kuye ngokwesigaba:

  • Ukuhlola [ kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelwe ngokohlanga, umsuka wesizwe, noma amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo nokuthi umthetho uhloselwe ukufinyelela.
  • Ukuhlola okuphakathi [ kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelwe ebulilini noma ekwahluleleni. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esibalulekile nokuthi umthetho uhlobene kakhulu nalesosithakazelo.
  • Isisekelo sesisekelo se- i-"FLT] sisebenza kwezinye eziningi izinhlelo, idinga kuphela ukuba umthetho uhlangene nengqondo nenzalo kahulumeni engokomthetho.

Lesi simiso esinezinhlamvana sinikeza izinkantolo ithuba lokulinganisela ukulingana nezinjongo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni, futhi ukukhetha ukuhlaziya ngokuvamile kunquma umphumela wecala.

Inqubo KaClaus Elindelekile

I-Century Process Claus("now State uyoncisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho"". ngokusho, kudinga izinqubo ezilungile lapho uhulumeni esusa ukuphila komuntu, inkululeko, noma impahla. Ngokungaqondiseki, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma kunikezwa izinqubo ezilungile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwesibopho sokuqaphela amalungelo emfihlo, imisha, imishado, ne-ommoba, okunemiphumela emikhulu. Isibonelo, [[FLT:] light v. Virginia[FLD:1] [196], [1967], iNkanto evimbela imithetho enjalo yemithetho evimbela ukuvikelwa kwemithetho evimbela ukuvikelwa, nokumiswa kwemithetho elandelanayo. Knethi Clausniact.

Uphawu Lwecala Lenkantolo Ephakeme Lwenza Ilungelo Lokulingana Likhule

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekuthuthukiseni ukulingana komthetho - sisekelo. Icala ngalinye eliyingqopha - mlando liye lachaza kabusha iSichibiyelo se - 14 ngokucabangela izinqubo ezishintshayo zomphakathi nezimpikiswano ezivelayo. Amacala alandelayo amelela izenzakalo eziyinhloko ekuqondeni indlela uMthetho - sisekelo ovikela ngayo ilungelo lakho lokulingana.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) nokuphela kwe "Inani kodwa Elilinganayo"

Mhlawumbe icala elidume kakhulu lokulingana, Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo, ngazwi linye yakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula i-Unimetic Protection Claus. ISikhulu Sejaji u-Earl Warren sabhala ukuthi "izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani," ukugumbula [ imfundiso evumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga phakathi kwamashumi ayisithupha eminyaka. Lesinqumo, sincike ebufakazi bezesayensi yengozi engokwesayensi yengqondo yomphakathi, saba isisekelo esingokomthetho samalungelo omphakathi futhi saqala izinselele zobandlululo kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphila komphakathi.

Long Virginia (1967): Ilungelo lokushada Ngalé Kwemingcele Yohlanga

Ku ukuthatha [, iNkantolo yalahla umthetho nemithetho ye-Virginia emelene nokungavumelani kwe-trinia nezinye izifundazwe eziyi 16. Umbono ovumelanayo wawuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi izinhlanga "kumelwe zihlolwe kakhulu." Isinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yokushada nomuntu wolunye uhlanga ivikelwe yiyo yomabili iSivikeli esilinganayo neMnyango ka-Celas, futhi yabeka isibonelo sezehlakalo zomshado kamuva.

Reed v. Reed (1971) Ukulingana

Ngokokuqala ngqá, iNkantolo yasebenzisa umthetho i-Uncimel Protection Claus ukuze ishaye umthetho ocalule isisekelo sobulili. Ewamukelwayo v. IReed, iNkantolo yaze yamisa umthetho we-Idaho owawuthanda amadoda phezu kwabaphathi bezindawo. Nakuba iNkantolo yayingasho indinganiso eqinile yokuhlola ubulili, icala lavula umnyango ukuze ubukeze ngokunemba okunzima. Icala elinjenge- Craig v. Borton [6]] yasungula ukucunulwa okucubulisayo ngokobulili obufanayo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukulingana komshado ngemibhangqwana efanayo ye-Scover

Esinqumweni esingu-5-4, iNkantolo yathi imibhangqwana efanayo engongokwabesifazane inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kwe-Sect Programme ne-Auncimential Protection Clauss of the 14th Amendment. Umbono kaMahluleli uAnthony Kennedy wagcizelela ukuthi umshado uyi-"keystone yenhlelo yethu yezenhlalo" nokuthi ukuphika imibhangqwana efanayo engobeni okufanele "kusho isithunzi" sobuhlobo bayo. Obergefell[[FL:1] kuyisibonelo esinamandla sendlela ukulingana komthetho womthetho okunwebela ngayo isiqinisekiso sokuvikela amaqembu angawakho amaqembu.

Ezinye Izinkinga Eziphawulekayo Ezilinganayo

Ezinye izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zahlela ilungelo lokulingana, kuhlanganise ne- Gideon v. Wainwright (ilungelo lokululeka abamangalelwa abangenwayo), Roe v. [[FLT]] [777]] [inani elilinganayo nobulili], Icala ngalinye leYunivesithi yeCalifornia v. [i-Bakke[FLT:] [5] [isenzo esiqinile], [i-FLT] ne[FLT] .[FLT] H v [FT]

Izinyathelo Zokuqinisa Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo, kodwa izishaya-mthetho nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zamisa imithetho esebenzisa ilungelo lokulingana. Lezi zinyathelo zomthetho ziphelelisa izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho kanye nezindawo ezingahlanganisiwe ngokuqondile.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi Ka - 1964 Nesihloko Sika - VII

Lomthetho ophawulekayo wawunqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa nguhulumeni. Isehlo VII sesesenzo esiyinhloko somthetho kahulumeni omelene nokucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Lesisenzo sakha futhi i-Uncility Obship Opportor Commission (EOC) ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi lezi sivikelo zisekelwe kumthetho wezehluleka komthetho womthetho womphakathi kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukulingana; yagcwalisa imibandela eshiyelwe imfuneko yeSiphendulo sombuso se-14 ngokuqondisa ukuziphatha kwabantu emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi.

Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu

Nakuba iSichibiyelo se-15 senqabela ukucwasana kohlanga ekuvoteni, amazwe aseNingizimu asebenzisa izivivinyo zokuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, nobudlova ukuze kuhlaziywe izakhamuzi ezimnyama. I-Voting Rights Act yokwenqabela ubandlululo nemithetho edinga ukubekwa komthetho wobandlululo nomlando wokukhetha ukuze kutholakale imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 i-Shelby County v. Raker[ yahlasela inqubo yokukhokha i-mfa ye-preblication, iholela ekubeni indice entsha yemithetho yokuvota. Lomza ngokuqhubekayo ibonisa ukuthi ukulingana komthetho kudinga imvume yokugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni.

AmaMelika AnoMthetho Wokukhubazeka (1990)

I-ADA yenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile emsebenzini, ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, izindawo zomphakathi, nezokuxhumana. Kudinga abaqashi nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba banikeze indawo yokuhlala efanelekile ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungafanele. I-ADA iyisibonelo sendlela ukushaya imithetho okungadlulisela ngayo izimiso ezilinganayo emaqenjini amalungelo awo ayengavikelwe ngokuqondile yimibhalo engokomthetho.

I - Fair Hoss Act ka - 1968 noMthetho Wemali Olinganayo Ka - 1963

I-Fair Howation Act yavimbela ukucwaswa kwezindlu ezisekelwe ebunhlalweni, enkolweni, ezweni, na (kamuva) ewubuzwe, ukuma, nokukhubazeka. I-Act e-Exmecial Pail ifuna ukuba amadoda nabesifazane bathole iholo elifanayo ngomsebenzi ofanayo ekwakheni isakhiwo. Lemithetho, kanye nenkathi yokucwaswa kweNkathi ye-Genetic Act ka-19676 kanye noMthetho we-Genetic Nondiscration Act ka-2008, ibonisa umzamo oqhubekayo wemithetho wokuqaphela ukulingana kwemithetho engokomthetho kuzo zonke izicimbini zokuphila.

Izinselele Zokulingana Nokulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kwesivikelo esinamandla somthetho-sisekelo nesomthetho-mthetho, ilungelo lokulingana libhekene nezinselele ezingapheli. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi nakubafundi abafisa ukugxambukela ezithembisweni zoMthetho-sisekelo.

Ubuhlanga Obuhleliwe Nokuphoqelelwa Okungaphelele

Ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga ekwahluleleni kobugebengu, izindlu, imfundo, nengcebo kuyaqhubeka naphezu kokulingana okungokomthetho. ISichibiyelo se 14 sesivikelo esifanayo siye sachazwa njengokwenqabela ukucwasana ngenhloso, kodwa hhayi izinqubo ezihlukanisayo. Lokhu kulinganisela kusho ukuthi imithetho nemikhuba elimaza ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqembu amancane afuna ukuvota, imithetho yokugweba izidakamizwa, noma imikhankaso yezemfundo esemthethweni engasinda ngaphandle kokuba abaqondisi bengaba nenhloso yokulahla ubandlululo. Ngakho impi yokulwela ukulingana kweqiniso kumelwe ingabhekisi ukubhekana nokucwasana okusobala kuphela kodwa futhi nemingcele ehlelekile.

Ukungalingani Kohlanga Nokulwela ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo

Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yandisa isivikelo esiphawulekayo kwabesifazane ngaphansi kwe-Unicial Protection Claus, iSichibiyelo Sendawo Ephakathi Samalungelo Omhlaba (ERA) esihlongozwayo esiqinisekisa ngokucacile amalungelo alinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singobulili(ake samiswa ngokuphelele naphezu kokudlula kweSishaya-Mkhandlu ngo-19721. Ukungalungi komthetho we-Province kushiye ukulinganisa kwabesifazane ngenxa yokushintsha kwezincazelo zomthetho. Okwamanje, izindaba ezifana nokukhokha igebezo lobulili, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, kanye namalungelo okuzalayo ziyaqhubeka zincintisana ezinkantolo nasezindlini. [ibbs v. Jackson’s Organization of Healthymentagement ne-Impligion.[FLT] Isinqumo se-Pro]

Ukucwaswa Kwe - LGBTQ+ Abantu Ngabo

Nakuba inqunywe [[FLT: 1] ukumiswa kwelungelo lomshado oxubile, amazwe amaningi angenazo izivikelo ezicacile zokuvikela ukucwaswa kocalucalulo emsebenzini, izindlu, nezindawo zomphakathi ezisekelwe ekuzibonakaliseni kobulili noma ubulili. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [2020] [ku- Bhostock v. i-Clayton County [ ikholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo olusekelwe enkabeni yobulili noma esimweni somphakathi esisekelwe ekukhethelweni kweSiqu VII samalungelo omphakathi. Nokho, umthetho owesizwe uhlala ungekho mthethweni. Imithetho engokwenkolo, izikweleti zendlu zokwenzi, izicelo zokulala, nemizamo yokuhlukanisa intsha esaba ukuhlanganyela emidlalweni eqhubekayo.

Inselele Yokuthatha Isinyathelo Sokuqinisa

Izinhlelo eziqinisayo zihloselwe ukusingatha ukungalungi komlando ngokucabangela ukuhlelwa kwezinhlanga noma ubulili ezinqumweni ezinjengokungena emakolishi noma ukuthathwa kukahulumeni. Lezinhlelo ziye zabhekana nezinselele eziphindaphindiwe zomthetho-sisekelo, nabaphikisi bephikisana noMthetho ka-Momeal Protection Claus ngokuphatha abantu ngokungafani kwezinhlanga. Iziphazamiso ze-Fair Adgicts v. [2023], iNkantolo isho ukuthi ukuvuma kohlanga ngezwi eliphelele kumelene nezimiso zesivikelo sika-Claus Claus noSihlomo VI samaLutho eSivumelo, kuqeda ngokuphumelelayo isenzo sokuphumelela kakhulu kwemfundo ephakeme. Lesi sinqumo sibonisa indlela ukulinganisa umthetho ngezinye izikhathi okunganciphisa amathuluzi akhona ekulungiseni ubandlululo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekulondolozeni Ukulingana Komthetho - sisekelo

Kuthisha nabafundi, ukuqonda amalungiselelo alinganayo oMthetho-sisekelo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ukuze bahlanganyele emphakathini. Imfundo ingakhanyisa kokubili igebe phakathi kwesithembiso nomkhuba futhi inike abantu amandla okusekela ushintsho.

Ukufundisa Umlando

Imfundo ephumelelayo ngokulingana komthetho-sisekelo kufanele ibeke ukulungisa nezenzakalo emongweni ongokomlando. Abafundi kufanele bafunde ngenkathi yobugqila, ukuhlehla koMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, ukwehluleka kokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo, ukuphakama kwe-Jim Crow, nokuphumelela kwenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi. Lombono ongokomlando wembula ukuthi ukulingana koMthetho-sisekelo kuqinisekisiwe yimiphumela yokulwa, hhayi ukuhluleka. Ikhuthaza nokucabanga okugxekayo ngokuthi kungani amaqembu athile esabhekene nokungalingani namuhla.

Ukuqopha Imithombo Eyinhloko

Ukuhlola imithombo eyinhloko `Imibono yeNkantolo, izimpikiswano zobungqungquthela, izincwadi ezivela kubashisekeli − zisiza abafundi ukuba baqonde indlela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo eshintsha ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqhathanisa izimpikiswano ze azinalutho[ kanye ne[FLT]] [FLT] BrowN ibonisa indlela ukucabanga okungokomthetho ngokulinganayo okungashintsha ngayo. Lokhu kuhlola izimpikiswano [FLT: 4.] Oberge yehlela[ noma [FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT:]] [FLT] ] kubonisa indlela umbhalo ofanayo ongomthetho-mzwelo-mthetho-siseko] ovamile ongasekela ngayo izincazelo ezihlukene. Lekhono elibalulekile ekwazi ukuzwa yi-impumelelo.

Ingxenye Ekhuthazayo Yomsebenzi Wesibonda

Ulwazi lwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho lusho okuncane ngaphandle kwesenzo. Othisha kufanele bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele ezinqubweni zentando yeningi: ukuvota, ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukuxhumana nabameleli, ngisho nokumangalela lapho amalungelo ephulwa. Izinhlangano eziningi, njengenhlangano yosizo lwezezemthetho yase-American Freebelies Union kanye ne NAACP, inikeza imithombo yokuqonda nokuvikela amalungelo omthetho. Izinhlangano zosizo nezinhlangano zezezomthetho zendawo zinikeza ulwazi ngendlela yokufinyelela isimiso sobulungisa.

Isiphetho: Ukulwela Ukulingana Ngaphansi Komthetho - sisekelo Okuqhubekayo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo olunamandla lokuvikela ilungelo lokulingana, kodwa awuyona incwadi eqinile. NgeSichibiyelo sekhulu le-14 nenzalo yaso, ngecala leNkantolo ePhakeme, nangezenzo zomthetho, incazelo yokulingana iye yakhula ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Nokho izinselele zobandlululo lwezimiso, ukungalingani kwabesifazane, kanye nokucwaswa kwabantu ngabanye zisikhumbuza ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mthetho asizibulali. Badinga izakhamuzi eziqaphilele, abafundisi ababoshelwe, nesimiso somthetho esibekwe ekwahluleleni.

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, ukulwela ukulingana ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo kusalokhu kuphuthuma. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siwachaze kabusha amagama "isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho" ngokucabangela izimo ezintsha kanye nokuqonda okusha kokuhlonipheka kwabantu. Kubafundi abafunda ngamalungelo abo, nakothisha abaqondisayo, uMthetho-sisekelo uyisihlangu ne-pappad /a incwadi engcono kakhulu eqondene nomphakathi onobulungisa. Ngokuhlola umlando wawo, uphikisa incazelo yawo, futhi usekela ukufezeka kwawo okugcwele, singasihlonipha isithembiso sokulingana okusenhlinzeni yaseMelika.

Ukuze baqhubeke behlola izisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo zokulingana, abafundi bangahlola imithombo ye- ye-National Constitution Center ne- Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School. Lezizigodlo zinikeza imibhalo ebhalwe ngokwezingcaphuno, amaphuzu angokomlando, kanye nokufushaniswa kwezezindaba eziyinhloko.