Isingeniso: Umfanekiso Oyinhloko Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WasePhalamende LaseNdiya

UMphathiswa weSikhulu waseNdiya uyinhloko yegatsha eliphethe kahle nehhovisi elinamandla kakhulu kwezombangazwe zezwe. Nakuba uMongameli waseNdiya engumphathi wezwe, uNdunankulu ohola uhulumeni, ubeka isiqondiso sezimiso, futhi uyala ukuqiniseka kweLok Sabha, indlu ephansi ekhethwe ngokuqondile yePhalamende. Ukuqonda inqubo uNdunankulu amiswa ngayo, kanye nobukhulu bemibuso yemithetho yezomthetho nemithetho ehlangene nehhovisi, kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi iNdiya lilawulwa kanjani.

Isimiso saseNdiya yintando yeningi ye-Westminster-democracy yephalamende, evumelaniswe nesimiso sikahulumeni salelizwe esihlukene nesimiso sayo sezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Ihhovisi loNdunankulu alikhethwa ngokuqondile abantu okhethweni oluhlukile; kunalokho, ukumiswa kuvela emphumeleni wokhetho oluvamile nokuhlanganiswa kwezivumelwano zezombangazwe. Uma nje usehhovisi, igunya likaNdunankulu libanzi, lithinta cishe yonke imibuso yokubusa, kusukela ekwakheni umthetho nasezimalini kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasemithethweni yezizwe zangaphandle.

Inqubo Yokumisa: Ukusuka Kujenene Kuya Kumongameli Ophethe

Ukukhethwa Okuvamile NeLok Sabha

Inqubo yokumisa iqala ngokhetho oluvamile lweLok Sabha, oluqhutshwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwe-Ecomtion Commission of India. INdiya ihlukaniswa yaba ngu 543 izimemezelo zephalamende, ngayinye ekhetha ilungu elilodwa lePhalamende (MP) ngesimiso sokuqala sokuvota sangaphambili. Izakhamuzi ezineminyaka engu-18 nangaphezulu zifanele ukuvota, zenza lokhu kube yinqubo yentando yeningi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ngaphezu kwamalungu akhethiwe, uMongameli angawamisa amalungu amabili omphakathi wama-Anglo - Indian uma lowomphakathi ungamelelwanga ngokwanele, nakuba leli lungiselelo labuyiselwa ngeSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo we-109 ngo-2020. I-Lok Sabha manje inamandla amakhulu kakhulu angamalungu angu-552, kodwa ngokulandelana nezihlalo ezizimele zama-Anglo-Indian, amandla asebenzayo manje angamalungu akhethiwe angu-53.

Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Nezenkolo

Uma imiphumela yokukhetha isikhishiwe, uMongameli waseNdiya umema umholi weqembu lezombangazwe noma umfelandawonye oyala iningi leLok Sabba ukuba lakhe uhulumeni. Uma iqembu elilodwa livikela ingxenye yezihlalo zengqikithi (272 noma ngaphezulu kwezingu-553), umholi walo uyisici esingokwemvelo esikhethwayo kuNdunankulu. Nokho, ohulumeni abahlangene baye bavame kwezombangazwe zamaNdiya, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngawo 1990. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umholi welungu lenhlangano enkulu noma umbambiswano wesivumelwano umenywa.

UMongameli akasebenzisi ukwahlulela ngokungenangqondo. Lomhlangano uwukumema umuntu ongase agunyaze ukuqiniseka kwendlu. Uma kungekho qembu noma ukuhlangana kwangaphambi kogudungelwano okusobala, uMongameli angamema iqembu elikhulu kakhulu ukuba lifakazele iningi lalo phansi kwendlu ngesimiso esimisiwe. Lenqubo ilawulwa yimihlangano yomthetho-sisekelo nesahlulelo sikaMongameli, okuboniswa ekuthintaneni nabaqondisi bemithetho nemithetho-mthetho.

Ukumisa Ihhovisi Okungokomthetho

Ngemva kokuba uMongameli enelisekile ukuthi ohlongozwayo angakha uhulumeni ozinzile, kukhishwe isiqinisekiso sokumisa. UNdunankulu u-

Isifungo esifanayo sokuthatha sihlanganisa ukumiswa koMkhandlu Wezikhonzi, omalungu awo amiswe ngokweseluleko soNdunankulu. UNdunankulu unikezela izikhulu zeposi kubefundisi, futhi uMongameli uzimisa ngokomthetho. UMkhandlu wezikhonzi unomthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene kuLok Sabha, okusho ukuthi yonke inkonzo kumelwe iphele uma ilahlekelwa ukwethenjwa kwendlu.

Ukuvuselelwa Nokuhlelwa Kwayo

Inkathi kaNdunankulu ayimiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo. Ihhovisi liba khona uma nje uMphathi-mikhosi oPhakeme ethembekile iLok Sabba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuze kube ukhetho lukahulumeni olulandelayo, ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni ushiyeka phakathi nenkathi engu-662 ngenxa yokuhamba okungavumelani nomthetho, ukuyeka, noma ukufa koNdunankulu. Uma ukuhamba okungu-1936 kudluliswa abantu abavamile eLok Sabba, uhulumeni kumelwe ushiye, futhi uMongameli umeme omunye umholi ukuba akhele uhulumeni noma atusa ukudilizwa kwendlu.

Lapho uphelelwa umsebenzi, wonke uMkhandlu Wezikhonzi ubhekwa njengosuyekile, njengoba inkonzo iyonke inomthwalo wemfanelo ngaphansi koNdunankulu.

Izimfuneko Nemfanelo Yehhovisi

UMthetho - sisekelo waseNdiya awunikezi izimfanelo eziqondile zesikhundla soNdunankulu ngaphezu kwalezo ezidingekayo ukuze ube ilungu leLok Sabhaha noma iRajiya Sabhaha. Kumelwe kube ozobhapathizwa:

  • Isakhamuzi saseNdiya.
  • Okungenani eneminyaka engu - 25 ubudala uma ilungu leLok Sabha, noma okungenani elineminyaka engu - 30 uma liyilungu leRajiya Sabhaha.
  • Ungaphathi hhovisi lenzuzo ngaphansi kukaHulumeni waseNdiya noma kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba ukhululwe umthetho.
  • Enengqondo ehluzekile hhayi umuntu oncibilikile.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umuntu ongelona ilungu lanoma iyiphi indlu yePhalamende ngesikhathi sokumiswa angamiswa abe nguNgqongqoshe Omkhulu, uma nje eba yilungu phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo YoNdunankulu

Imibuso yeNdunankulu isuka emithonjeni eminingana: uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, imihlangano yephalamende, nesikhundla soNdunankulu njengomholi woMkhandlu Wezikhonzi. Lemibuso mikhulu futhi ithinta zonke izici zokubusa. Ingahlanganiswa ngezigaba eziningana.

Amandla Abaqondisi

Njengenhloko yoMkhandlu Wezikhonzi, uNdunankulu ulawula igatsha eliphethe ngokuphumelelayo.

  • Ihlela izinto ezizohlelwa yiKhabhinethi futhi yengamele imihlangano yayo. izinqumo zeKhabhinethi zithathwa ngokomthetho yiKhabhinethi, kodwa imibono yoNdunankulu inesilinganiso esinqumayo.
  • INkosi Ephethe ingamisa kabusha izikhonzi, izikhiphe eMkhandlwini, noma ilethe amalungu amasha, ngaphansi kokumiswa okungokomthetho kukaMongameli.
  • Ihlanganisa umsebenzi wemisebenzi ehlukahlukene. IKhabhinet Secretariat, eholwa nguNobhala weKhabhinethi, isebenza ngaphansi kwesiqondiso soNdunankulu ukuqinisekisa ukubambisana kwezimiso nokubambisana kwezimiso.
  • Kutusa ukumiswa kwezikhulu ezikhudlwana, kuhlanganise noMphathi-mikhosi we-Attorney, i- Comptroller noMphini jikelele, iKhomishane yeSikhungo soNhloko, kanye noMbusi wezwe. Nakuba uMongameli emisa lezi zikhulu ngokomthetho, ukutuswa kweNkosana enguNdunankulu neKhabhinethi kuyabopha.
  • IzEnzo njengendlela eyinhloko yokuxhumana phakathi koMkhandlu Wezikhonzi noMongameli. Isiphakamiso 78 soMthetho-sisekelo sifuna ukuba uNdunankulu adlulisele zonke izinqumo zeKhathene kuMongameli futhi anikeze noma yikuphi ukwaziswa uMongameli angakucela.

Amandla Okushaya Indiva

UNdunankulu uyilungu lanoma yiliphi iPhalamende futhi unendima eyinhloko enqubweni yokushaya umthetho.

  • Isimiso sikahulumeni sokushaya umthetho sihola ngokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezizokwethula nokuthi zizoqala nini.
  • INkosi Eyinhloko ivame ukukhuluma neNdlu Ngezindaba Ezibucayi nangenkulumo - mpikiswano ephathelene nokunyakaza kokwazisa ekhelini likaMongameli.
  • Ingatusa ukuqedwa kweLok Sabba ngaphambi kokuphela kwegama layo leminyaka emihlanu, eliqala ukhetho olusha. Lombuso, osetshenziswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 85(2)(b), ungenye yamathuluzi ezombangazwe abaluleke kakhulu asetshenziswa uNdunankulu.
  • UMongameli ufaka iso ekubizeni nasekunyulweni kwezinqumo zePhalamende. Lapho uMongameli ekhipha izimemezelo ezingokomthetho, isikhathi nesikhathi sezikhathi zezikhathi kunqunywa ngeseluleko soMphathi - mbuso.

Amandla Emali

UNdunankulu, njengenhloko kahulumeni, wengamela izimali zesizwe. Imali inikezwa uNdunankulu wezezimali, kodwa uhlelo lwayo lonke nesimiso ibekwa kuqala nguNdunankulu neKhabhinethi. UMphathi wesigele ufeza indima eyinhloko ezinqumweni zentela, izindleko, nesimiso sezimali. Umthetho omkhulu wezimali, kuhlanganise no-Bill yezezimali yaminyaka yonke, uqondiswa uhulumeni ngaphansi kobuholi bukaNdunankulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNdunankulu uphethe izindikimba eziyinhloko zezomnotho njengeKomiti yeKhabhinethi yezezomnotho neNational Development Council. Lamakomiti amisa izimiso zezezisekelo, ezezimboni, ezolimo, nezindleko zezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

Amandla Okunqumelana Izinqumo

Ngaphandle kokumiswa kwabefundisi nemisebenzi engokomthetho, uNdunankulu usho okuthile okuwujuqu ekumisweni:

  • UMahluleli Oyinhloko nabanye abahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme namaNkantolo Aphakeme, ngaphansi kwesimiso sekhollegium, lapho uMahluleli Omkhulu waseNdiya nabahluleli abakhulu betusa ukumiswa, kodwa imibono kahulumeni, edluliselwa ngoNdunankulu, ingayithonya lenqubo.
  • Isihlalo namalungu emisebenzi eyinhloko yokuqondisa, imishini, kanye namagumbi omphakathi.
  • Izinduna Zebutho Lempi, Impi Yasendle, Nebutho Lomoya, kanye nezinye izikhulu zezempi eziphambili.

Lemibuso emisayo inikeza uNdunankulu ithonya eliphawulekayo enkantolo, ebaphathini bezomthetho, nasemabuthweni ahlomile, konke kungaphakathi kwesimiso sezokuhlola nomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Nokulondeka Kwezwe

UMphathiswa oPhakeme uyisici sezwe lonke eNdiya.

  • Kumelela iNdiya ezingqungqutheleni ezinkulu zomhlaba, kuhlanganise ne - United Nations General Assembly, G20, BRICS, neQuad.
  • Ixoxa nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe futhi inikeza isiqondiso sesimiso sakwamanye amazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siphathelene nobuhlobo bezohwebo, izivumelwano zezohwebo, noma ukusebenzelana okuhleliwe.
  • Nakuba izivumelwano ezinjalo zidinga ukuhlawuliswa kwephalamende kwezinye izimo, indima yoNdunankulu ekuqaleni nasekuqhubeni izinkulumo zezombusazwe ibaluleke kakhulu.
  • Isihlalo seKomiti YeKhabhinethi Ngokulondeka (CCS), indikimba ephakeme kunazo zonke eyenza izinqumo ezindabeni zokuvikela kwesizwe.

Amandla Aphuthumayo

Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, uMongameli angamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe, isimo esiphuthumayo sikahulumeni, noma isimo esiphuthumayo sezimali, kodwa lezi zimemezelo zenziwa kuphela ngeseluleko esilotshiwe seKhabhinethi, ngokuphumelelayo ngokutusa kukaNdunankulu. Phakathi nesimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe (Article 352), uhulumeni omkhulu uthatha amagunya akhundleni, futhi amalungelo ayisisekelo ancishiswa ngokuzenzekelayo. Indima yoNdunankulu ekunqumeni ukuthi ingabe ingabe ukutusa isimo esiphuthumayo kuwumthwalo wemfanelo onzima womthetho, uma kuvunyelwa iphalamende ngenyanga eyodwa.

Ubuhlobo NoMongameli

UMongameli waseNdiya uyinhloko kahulumeni, kuyilapho uMongameli engumholi kahulumeni. UMongameli usebenza ngosizo nangeseluleko soMkhandlu Wezikhonzi, oholwa uMphathi wezikhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iziphathimandla eziphethe zikaMongameli, cishe kuzo zonke izici, ezisetshenziswa ekutuseni kukaNdunankulu. Nokho, uMongameli angabuyisela ukutusa kokuphinde aphinde ahlolwe kanye (uMkhandlu wamashumi ayisikhombisa ayisithupha), kodwa uma uMkhandlu wezikhonzi uthumela, uMongameli kumelwe akwamukele.

UNdunankulu ugcina uMongameli ewazisiwe ngazo zonke izinqumo ezinkulu zezimiso nemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ubuhlobo buchazwa umhlangano womthetho - sisekelo, inhlonipho, kanye neqiniso lezombangazwe. Nakuba uMongameli engumphathi omkhulu wamabutho ahlomile futhi enamandla okuthethelela, lamandla asetshenziswa eselulekweni soNdunankulu noMkhandlu Wezikhonzi.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Naphezu kwemibuso emikhulu yoNdunankulu, ukuhlola okuningi komthetho - sisekelo nokwezombangazwe kulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwegunya:

  • Umthwalo wemfanelo wokujezisa: UMkhandlu Wezikhonzi unomthwalo wemfanelo njengeqembu kuyiLok Sabha. INgqongqoshe Eyinhloko ayinakuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngezindaba ezifuna ukuvunyelwa yi-CampB, futhi yonke inkonzo ingasuswa ngevoti engakholeki.
  • Jodicial Review: INkantolo Ephakeme neNkantolo Ephakeme zingathatha izinyathelo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho. Izinqumo zeNgqongqoshe, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwemibuso ephuthumayo nokwenza umthetho, kuhlolwa ngokwahlulela.
  • [ I-Prilicatement Scrimentinary: UNdunankulu nezikhonzi banecala ePhalamende ngemibuzo, izimpikiswano, nemicimbi yamakomiti. Ukuphikiswa kunendima ebalulekile ekubekeni uhulumeni endongeni.
  • I-Federal Programme: i-Indiya iyinyunyana kazwelonke, futhi ohulumeni bombuso bajabulela ukuzibusa ezindabeni ezihlelwe kuHlahlu lweZwe. UNdunankulu akanakungenela ezihlokweni zikahulumeni ngaphandle kwangaphansi kwamalungiselelo akhethekile omthetho-sisekelo, njengasekubuseni kukaMongameli ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 356.
  • Imedia ne Freevil Society:[ I-media ephambili nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezikhuthele zakha isimo sokuhlola nokulandisa komphakathi okucindezela ukusebenzisa amandla okuzinqumela.

UNdunankulu Emsebenzini Wokubusa WaseNdiya

Ihhovisi loNdunankulu liyindawo okuminyene kuyo ukubusa kwelaseNdiya. Kusukela ekuqondiseni uhlelo lwemithetho kuya ekuyaleni amabutho ahlomile, kusukela ekuxhumaneni nemibuso yakwamanye amazwe kuya ekulolongeni isimiso sasekhaya, ithonya loMphathi omkhulu lisakazeke kakhulu. Nokho lelihhovisi lichazwa ngokuvimbela kwalo njengamandla alo. Imfuneko yokugcina ukuqiniseka kweLok Sabba, ukwabiwa kwemibuso kwezwe, kanye nokuzimela kweminyango kuqinisekisa ukuthi iNkomkhulu libusa phakathi kwesimiso sokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda inqubo yokumiswa kanye nemibuso kaNdunankulu kunikeza indlela yokusebenza kwentando yeningi yaseNdiya. Kwembula indlela imiphumela evoti eguqulela ngayo ekubeni yigunya eliphethe, indlela ukuhola kwezombangazwe okuma ngayo, nendlela umthetho olawulayo ovimbela ngayo ukugxiliswa kwamandla. Njengoba iNdiya iqhubeka iguqula isimo sezombangazwe nezomnotho, indima yeNkosana enguNdunankulu iyohlala ibalulekile ekusekelweni kwezwe.

Kubafundi abafuna imininingwane eyengeziwe ekwakheni umthetho-sisekelo, umbhalo ogcwele woMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya ukhona kuMnyango wobuKhosi osemthethweni. Ulwazi lwe-Prime Minister’s Office nemisebenzi yamanje lungatholakala e-websiteni ye-'FLT] yomphathi-mthetho [. I-data ezinqubweni zokhetho nemiphumela ikhishwa yi-Profector of India [[FLT:]], futhi ukucwaninga okunzulu ngemithetho yemithetho yemithetho kuvela kuwebhusayithi ye-webhusayithi ye-'[FLT:][FLT][FLT]RSRS RActive'. [FFT:7]

Isiphetho

Ukumiswa kweNkomdlana ye-Indiya inqubo yentando yeningi eqala ngokukhetha futhi iphele ngemvume kaMongameli. Yisimiso esibonisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi: ukubusa okuthandwayo, ukubusa okuningi, nomthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene. Uma imiswe, uMphathi omkhulu usebenzisa imibuso eminingi ethinta zonke izici zokubusa — ukubusa kwegunya, ukubeka imithetho yezomthetho, ukusebenzelana kwezezimali, nokulwa kwezempi. La mandla alinganiswa yizisekelo ezingokomthetho-mthetho, ukuqondisa kwephalamende, ukubusa kwesifunda, nokungalawuleki kombuso. Ngakho isikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu senkonzo siyisinye semithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu, sidinga ikhono lezombangazwe, ukwethembeka, umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kanye nokuzinikela ezindisweni zentando yentando yeningi. Esizweni esikhulu, ihhovisi likamongameli eliyindeli alisona isikhundla sesikhundla nje segunya labantu ababusayo bonke abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane.