Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo: Isephuzo Esijulile

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umthetho ophakeme wezwe, ukumisa uhlelo lukahulumeni nokuhlelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo. Kubantu bansuku zonke baseMelika, ukuqonda lamalungelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kuseyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuhamba neziphathimandla, abaqashi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Lesiqondiso sinweba isivikelo esiyinhloko esinikezwa yiBill of Rights kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo, ukunikeza umongo wezwe nesiqondiso esisebenzayo. Ukwazi amalungelo akho akunike amandla okuwasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo futhi ugweme izingibe ezivamile.

Isisekelo: IBhili Lamalungelo Nezinqumo Eziyinhloko

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezagunyazwa ngo-1791, zakha iBill of Rights. Zaklanyelwa ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngeSiphendulo se-Created procession se-145 ne-Unimetic Programme Clauses, eziningi zalezi sivikelo ziye zasetshenziswa nakohulumeni bendawo ngokufanayo. Nakhu ukuwohloka okusebenzayo kwamalungelo acelwa kakhulu:

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukukhuluma, Umhlangano Nenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu: ukukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nezicelo. Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, lokhu kusho ukuthi ungaveza imibono yakho, usebenzise ukholo lwakho, futhi uhlanganise nabanye ukuze usekele ushintsho oluzokwenziwa (kodwa lamalungelo awaphelele). Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo ebangela ubudlova, iwukuhlamba, noma ibangela usongo lweqiniso lungase lubekelwe imingcele. Isikhathi, indawo, nezimiso ezisebenza emihlanganweni yomphakathi; ungadinga imvume yokufaka izimpawu ezinkulu ezindaweni ezithile ezinjengemigwaqo noma amapaki. INkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni awunakubandlulula lapho unikeza inkulumo.

  • I-Public forums: Izindawo zokuhamba emaceleni, amapaki omphakathi, kanye nezindawo zikahulumeni ziyizindawo zomphakathi ezingokwesiko lapho amalungelo akho okukhuluma enamandla khona.
  • Nonpublic forums:[ Izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhungo zezempi, nezakhiwo zamahhovisi kahulumeni zingabeka imingcele eqinile uma zigcwele ububanzi futhi zikhonza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho.
  • Impahla ye- Eyangaphandle:[ ISichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokuvamile asisebenzi kumnini zindawo eziyimfihlo, njengezindawo zezitolo noma amasiteji ezokuxhumana, ngaphandle uma benza njengabadlali bakahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ibangele ukuba uphenye ekhaya, emotweni, noma entweni yakho.

  • I-conect:[ Uma uvumela ukuseshwa ngokuzithandela, akukho justamenti edingekayo.
  • Umbono oPlain: Uma isikhulu sibona ukuvinjwa okungekho emthethweni kusobala, bangawuthatha ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Izimo eziguquguqukayo:[ Ingozi enkulu, ukuphishekelwa, noma ubufakazi bokubhubhisa kungathethelela ukuphenyiswa ngaphandle kwesizathu.
  • Ukusesha kweVehicle: Ngaphansi Imfundiso yeQumrhu , izikhulu zingasesha imoto uma kunesizathu esingase sikholwe ukuthi iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu; i-Arizona v. Gant (2009) yaphinde yacwenga lokhu, ilinganisela ukuphenya isenzakalo sokubopha imoto ezindaweni eziseduze.

Ukuze uthole umcabango onegunya, bheka Cornell Legal Information Institute’s Reformation setwene isishwankathelo seSichibiyelo .

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

Isichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni akwenze ungabi nokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Sivikela futhi ekuzibekeleni phansi. Ilungelo elidumile lokuthula. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme imanda v. Arizona [1966] ifuna amaphoyisa ukuba akutshele ngalelilungelo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sivimbela izingozi eziphindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo) nokuthatha impahla yomuntu ngaphandle kokukhokhwa (indawo ebanzi).

Isihluthulelo sokuthatha indawo: Uma uboshiwe noma uboshiwe, kusobala futhi ngokuzolile, u-“Ngifisa ukuthula, ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli.” Ungawalahli lamalungelo, ngisho noma amaphoyisa ekucindezela.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Leseluleko Necala Elifanele

Unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukubhekana nofakazi, nokuba nosizo lommeli. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, umuntu kumelwe anikezwe izindleko ezingakhokhi eziphumela ekuboshweni (njengoba kusungulwe Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963). Lokhu kusebenza ezigabeni ezibucayi", kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwemibuzo, nokuqulwa kwecala.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivikela ebheyili ephakeme, ekukhokheleni izintela, nasekujeziseni okunonya nokungavamile.

Ukuhlangana Okuphoqelelayo Komthetho

Ngisho nokuma kwezimoto okuvamile kungakhula uma amalungelo engacacile. Ukwazi ukuthi ungathini, futhi yini okungamelwe uyisho, kungakugxeka.

Izimoto Ziyama

  • Zifanise: Kudingeka unikeze imvume yokushayela, ukubhalisa, kanye nobufakazi bomshuwalense. Ngalé kwalokho, unganqaba ngenhlonipho ukuphendula imibuzo.
  • Ukufuna imoto yakho: Isikhulu singabuza, “Uyacabanga uma ngibheka?” Unelungelo lokuthi cha. Uma kungenzeka noma isiqinisekiso, bangase-sesha, kodwa ukwenqaba ukuvuma kungalinganisela isilinganiso sobufakazi obusetshenziswayo kuwe kamuva.
  • Ukuhlola i-Filidi Spiculture: Ezifundeni eziningi, ungalahla ngokomthetho ukuhlola kokungaphumi nokuhlola ukuphefumula kokuqala, kodwa ukwenqaba kungaphumela ekukhipheni imvume yokususa indle ngaphansi kwemithetho eshiwoyo. Nokho, ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali (igazi, umoya, umchamo) kungaphoqelelwa ngesiqinisekiso.

Ukuhlangana Emgwaqweni

Uma usondela kumaphoyisa lapho uhamba noma endaweni yomphakathi, unelungelo lokuthula futhi uhambe uma ungabanjwa. Ungabuza, “Ingabe ngikhululekile ukuhamba?” Uma impendulo inguyebo, hamba ngomoya ophansi. Uma kungenjalo, uthathwa njengobanjwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. i-Terry v. u-1968], iNkantolo ePhakathi inqume ukuthi izikhulu zingama futhi zikubekelele ngaphandle kwe-patk uma zicabanga ukuthi zinokungabaza okunengqondo ngomsebenzi wobugebengu futhi zikholelwa ukuthi uhlomile futhi uyingozi. Phakathi ne-pat-demist, awunakho ukuphendula imibuzo. [ucingo, gcina izandla zakho zibonakala, futhi uthi awuvumi ukuvuma ukuphendla.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso semininingwane, vakashela i 's sazi amalungelo akho ekhasini elisebunhlanganweni bamaphoyisa.

Uma Uboshwa

  1. Ungalwi nento engavunyelwe ukuboshwa, noma ukholelwa ukuthi ukuboshwa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho.
  2. Qhuba ilungelo lakho lokuthula ngokushesha: “Angiphenduli imibuzo kuze kube yilapho nginommeli.”
  3. Kucela ummeli bese uyeka ukukhuluma. Konke okushoyo kungasetshenziswa kuwe enkantolo.
  4. Cela ucingo ukuze uthintane nommeli noma ilungu lomkhaya.

Amalungelo Akho Emsebenzini

Imithetho yemisebenzi inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekucwaseni, izimo ezingalondekile, nokuphindisela.

Izivikelo Ezilwa Nokungalawuleki

Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1946 senqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, noma ezweni. UMthetho we-Age Pay, i-Age Discan in Act, kanye nomthetho waseMelika onezinkinga ze-Datect wenezela izingqimba zesivikelo. Uma ucwaswa, faka icala nge- Act [EFLT OPROUTY] phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 noma 300 (ethembele kumbuso wakho).

Ukuphepha Emsebenzini Nempilo

I-Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) ifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze indawo yomsebenzi ngaphandle kwezingozi eziqashelwayo. Unelungelo lokubika izimo ezingaphephile ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela. Ungafaka isikhalo esiyimfihlo ku-OSHA futhi ucele ukuhlolwa.

Ukuba Wedwa Emsebenzini

Abaqashwa banamalungelo alinganiselwe ezindaba zomuntu siqu emsebenzini. Abaqashi bangahlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-computer, ama-imeyili, nezingcingo uma benenjongo esemthethweni yebhizinisi futhi bemazisa izisebenzi. Nokho, impahla yomuntu siqu nezindawo ezingasese (njengezikhiye noma izindlu zangasese) ngokuvamile zithola isivikelo esiqinile. Izinkantolo zibeke imingcele ekuhlolweni kokuhlola okuxekiwe nokuqapha. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi imfihlo yakho iphulwe, bhala isenzakalo futhi uthintane nommeli wemisebenzi.

Ukuhlanganiswa Nesenzo Sokubambisana

I-National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) ivikela ilungelo lezisebenzi ezizimele ezisebenza emangxenyeni ahlukene lokuhlela, ukwakha izinyunyana, nokuhlanganyela ekuthengiseni ndawonye. Ivikela izisebenzi ezingezona ezixoxa ngeholo, amahora, noma izimo zokusebenza nezisebenzi ezisebenza nazo. Ukuphindiselwa kwemisebenzi enjalo akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho.

Ukusebenzisa Amalungelo Emikhathini Yomphakathi

Izindawo zomphakathi ziyizindawo ezingokwesiko zokuveza nokuhlangana ngenkululeko. Nokho, uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo esikhathini, indawo, nendlela yokwenza, uma nje leyomingcele ingekho ekhona futhi ishiya imikhondo yokuxhumana evulekile.

Ukuqhayisa Nemibhikisho

Ngokuvamile awudingi imvume yokubhikisha emigwaqweni yomphakathi noma emapaki, kodwa amadolobha amaningi adinga imvume yokubuthana okukhulu okuvimbela izimoto noma okusebenzisa umsindo okhulisiwe. Hlola imithetho yendawo.

  • Ezindaweni zomphakathi, ungabhala amaphoyisa aqapha umthetho uma nje ungagxambukeli imisebenzi yawo.
  • Uma uboshwa, usenelungelo lokuthula nommeli.
  • Zitshele ukuthi ungubani kodwa ucabangele ukukushiya ekhaya uma ukhathazekile ngokubonakala engosini yokubhikisha (hhawu eminye imikhandlu idinga i - imetad uma uvalelwe.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

Izindaba − nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezibhala izenzakalo − jabula kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqoqa ukwaziswa ezindaweni zomphakathi. Amaphoyisa angase angangeni emishini yokuqopha ngaphandle kwemvume noma avimbele ngokomthetho ukunyatheliswa kokwaziswa okuthola ngokomthetho.

Amalungelo Ezinombolo Nezinqumo Zesine

Ubuchwepheshe buye baguqula lokho “ukuhlola nokuthatheka”. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yavumelanisa iSichibiyelo sesine nenkathi yobuchwepheshe yezinombolo emacaleni amaningana aphawulekayo:

  • [FLT]] California (2014: Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuphenya okuqukethwe ucingo lwamakhalekhukhwini ngaphandle kwemvume, ngisho nesenzakalo sokubopha.
  • [FLT]] center v. United States [2018]: uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso sokuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando ngendawo yengqamuzana (CSI) kumshini wocingo.
  • [FLT][FLT] United States v. Jones (20: Ukunamathisela umkhondo weGPS emotweni kukwenza ukusesha okudinga isiqinisekiso.

Lemithetho ibonisa isimiso sokuthi imininingwane yemishini yemishini iveza umbono oseduze ngokuphila kwethu. Lapho uxhumana namaphoyisa, akudingeki ukuba unikeze iphasiwedi yakho yocingo noma uvule ithuluzi ngaphandle kwemvume. Uma umthetho ufuna ukuba ubhale imvume yakho, usho ukuthi ufaka isimemezelo sakho seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzilahla, nakuba lo mthetho ungasakwazi ukunikeza ezinye izifunda.

Amalungelo Abafundi Ezikole

Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-mthetho esangweni lesikole. Inkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu iTinker v. Des Moines (1969) isinqumo esidumile sathi abafundi bangaziveza uma nje bengaphazamisani nenqubo yemfundo ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Nokho, izikole zinenkululeko enkulu yokuvimbela inkulumo engcolile, ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni kwezidakamizwa, noma i-spoorder (umz., ezincwadini noma imidlalo).

  • Ukusesha nokuquleka: izikhulu zesikole zidinga kuphela “ukusola okunengqondo” ukusesha impahla yomfundi (ngaphandle kwesizathu esingalindelekile). Ukusesha kombhexi ngokuvamile kuyavunyelwa uma isikole sinesimiso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imfundo: izikole zingasebenzisa amakhamera ezindaweni ezivamile, kodwa hhayi emagumbini okuhlambela noma emagumbini okuvala.
  • Irekhodi lezifundo: IRhover Educational and Ancy Act (FERPA) ivikela imfihlo yamarekhodi emfundo.

Uma ungumfundi noma umzali, yazi ukuthi ungakubekela inselele ukuphenya nokuyala okungenangqondo ngezinqubo zesikole noma ngezenzo ezingokomthetho.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo kodwa liye laba yindaba yempikiswano enkulu. Impikiswano enkulu ye-Preferenceth, yeshumi elinesihlanu, yeshumi elinesishiyagalolunye, neye-20-STIth Isichibiyeli sivikela ekuphikeni okusekelwe ebalazweni, ebulilini, ekukhokheleni, nasebudaleni (kulezo 18 nangaphezulu). Ilungelo lamaGawulayo ka-19565 lihlala lingumthetho wetshe letshena ovimbela inqubo yokuvota ngokuvota. Eminyakeni yamuva, imithetho yamavoti, imithetho ye-ID, ukuvota, nokuhlola intela kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo emishala engokomthetho. Uma ubhekana nezinkinga ezinqubweni − njengokuphendulwa noma ukubheka noma ukugconswa kwe-clockstion. u-Document u-Prence no-ographylentiant (umg.6,6,6,6-UR.)

Amalungelo Ezokwelapha Nezokwelapha

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo ungaqinisekisi ngokuqondile ilungelo lokunakekela impilo, izinguquko eziningana nezimiso zivikela amalungelo akho ezimisweni zezokwelapha:

  • [ Isibhedlela esiqinile sezokwelapha ne-Act yezisebenzi (EMTALA): izibhedlela ezamukela iMedicare kumelwe zinikeze ukwelashwa okuzinzisayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unamandla akho okukhokha noma umshuwalense.
  • Ihealth Munistry Portcability and Accounsuty Act (HIPAA): ivikela ukufihla imfihlo kwamarekhodi akho ezokwelapha; abaxhasi bempilo ngokuvamile abanakuhlanganyela ulwazi lwakho ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Akwesokudla ukwenqaba ukwelashwa: Abantu abadala abaqaphile banelungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa okungafuneki, kuhlanganise nokunakekelwa kokuphila, ngaphansi kwesithakazelo seSichibiyelo seshumi nane.
  • Amalungelo okuzala: Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kumaDobb v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]) yabuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisu ezizweni, ngokuphawulekayo iguqula indawo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Isivikelo samanje siyahluka ngokobubanzi.

Isiphetho: Ulwazi Luyisivikelo Sakho Esingcono Kakhulu

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awayona imibandela engaqondakali; angamathuluzi asebenzayo akuvikelayo nsuku zonke. Noma umiswa amaphoyisa, ubhekene nobandlululo emsebenzini, ukhulumela obala emhlanganweni, noma ungenele ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuqonda izinga nemingcele yalamalungelo kukwenza ukwazi ukwenza ngokuqiniseka. Unganqikazi ukuthinta ummeli uma uphulwa amalungelo amakhulu. Ngokuqhubekayo ufunda, bhekisela emithonjeni ethenjwayo efana neyabantu abakho, [[FLT:]] i-American Bat Association’s project yemfundo yomphakathi [ kanye ne-[FLT:] Inhlangano yolwazi olusemthethweni [FLT:] ne-Genell Legivertivement Information Institute .