Table of Contents

Inqubo yokuguqula umthetho ohlongozwayo ube umthetho ongokomthetho ingenye yemisebenzi eyisisekelo kakhulu yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Loluhambo oluyinkimbinkimbi luqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlolwa ngokucophelela, iphikiswana, futhi icwengisiswa ngaphambi kokuba ibe ingxenye yesimiso somthetho esibusa umphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene zenqubo yokubekwa komthetho kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokuthi izinhlangano zentando yeningi zisebenza kanjani nokuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kanjani ekulolongeni imithetho ethinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.

Ukuthunyelelwa Enqubweni Yomthetho

Inqubo yomthetho imelela isisekelo sentando yeningi yabameleli, inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokuba imibono ibe imithetho ephoqelelwayo.Miyalo iqala njengemibono, ngokuvamile isuka emithonjeni ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe, amaqembu abusayo, ngisho nezakhamuzi zansuku zonke eziqaphela isidingo sokushintsha okungokomthetho noma ukushintshwa.

Isivumelwano semali siyisicelo somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iqala ngokubhalwa kwalencwadi, eyisiphakamiso esingokomthetho somthetho omusha noma sokubuyiselwa kwemithetho ekhona. Uma isibhaliwe, imvume iqala ukunikezwa indikimba yemithetho yokuhlola, iphawula ukuqala kohambo olude noluyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamahholo kahulumeni.

Noma yiliphi ilungu leSigele – elivela eNdlu noma eMzini noma abameleli – abanomqondo womthetho bangakhipha umthetho. Lemibono ivela kumalungu oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke nasemaqenjini ombuso wentando yeningi. Lesi sisekelo sentando yeningi siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ungabonisa izidingo nezinkathazo zomphakathi wabaningi, hhayi nje lezo ezisezikhundleni zokubusa.

Umsuka Womthetho: Lapho Kuvela Khona Izincwadi

Imithombo Yemibono Yemithetho

Iziphakamiso zomthetho zingavela emithonjeni eminingi phakathi kwesimiso sezombangazwe. Umqondo wecala ungavela kwilungu elihleziyo leSigele noma iNdlu Sabameleli base-U.S., isiphakamiso phakathi nomkhankaso wokhetho lwenhlangano, noma isicelo sabantu noma amaqembu ezakhamuzi atusa umthetho omusha noma oshintshiwe elunguni leSishaya-Mkhandlu elimelela zona. Lendlela ebanzi yokukhipha izinqumo iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezihlukene nezidingo zimelelwe embusweni yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho.

Amaqembu asizayo nezinhlangano zezezimali ngokuvamile zifeza indima ebalulekile ezingeni lokuqala lomthetho. Ngezinye izikhathi, iqembu lenzalo lingase lifune abameli balo ukuba benze ifaktha, futhi abameli abasebenza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni negatsha eliphetheyo bavame ukunikeza imiqondo yabo yomthetho ngezindlela zezimemezelo. Lokhu kubambisana phakathi kwababambi bezimali ezihlukahlukene kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izibalo ezihlongozwayo zezwe langempela zinikezwa futhi zizwakala ngokolwazi ngokwezimo ezingokomthetho.

Inqubo Yokuphoqelela Izincwadi

Iphepha liyiqoqo leziqondiso zokuguqula ulimi lwemithetho yaseNew York. Ukudweba ibhungane kudinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile okungokomthetho, futhi kuvame ukwenziwa yizisebenzi ze-Legislative Bill Ditrafting Commission yaseNew York. Indlela yobuchwepheshe yokubhala izimemezelo idinga ubuchwepheshe ngolimi olungokomthetho nangokwakhiwa kwemithetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo ucacile, uyagcinwa, futhi uyavumelana nomthetho okhona.

Iseluleko somthetho sochwepheshe nezinkonzo zokuhlela izikweleti zikhona emazingeni ombuso nawasesifundazweni ukuze zisize abakhi bemithetho ekuguquleni imiqondo yezimiso zingene ngolimi olufanele lwemithetho. Lezizazi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izikweleti zihlelwe kahle, zihlelwe kahle ngokomthetho, futhi zihlelwe ngokucacile ukuze kugwenywe ukungaqondani ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni.

Ukusungulwa Nokusetshenziswa Kwezincwadi

Iziponji Neziponso

Ilungu eliyinhloko leKhongolokazi elisekela leli cebo libizwa ngokuthi "isibhamu". Amanye amalungu asekela lesi sivumelwano abizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors". Inani nokuhlukahluka kwezombangazwe kwamalungu akanye kungathonya ngokuphawulekayo amathemba emali empumelelo, njengoba ukusekela i-bipartisan ngokuvamile kubonisa amathuba amakhulu okudlula.

Noma iliphi ilungu leSishaya-mthetho lingamisa umthetho. Umuntu noma abantu abashaya umthetho bangabaxhasi; noma yiliphi ilungu lendikimba eyodwa (Indlu noma iSigele) linganezela igama lakhe njengekhokhasi ngemva kosuku lokuthunyelelwa. Lokhu kuvumela ukusekelwa komthetho ukuba ukhule ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba abenzi bomthetho abaningi beqiniseka ngezimfanelo zayo.

Inqubo Yokuqalisa

Uma isikweleti sesiqalisiwe, kumelwe siqaliswe. Uma ummeleli ewumxhasi, isambathi sesiyaziswa eNdlu. Uma iSenator ingumxhasi, isamba semali sisungulwa eSigeqeni. Igumbi lapho kufakwa khona isikweleti lingaba nemiphumela ehleliwe, njengoba amagumbi ahlukene angaba nemithetho ehlukene yezombangazwe nemithetho ye-proced.

Uma kuqalwa isikweleti, sinikezwa inani: H.R. libonisa isibeko sendlu ne-S. Isigebengu. Lesi simiso sokubala sinikeza indlela ehlelekile yokulandela umthetho nokuthumela inqubo yomthetho. Uma sekusungulwe isimemezelo, singatholakala eKhomishane.gov, eyiwebhusayithi engokomthetho kahulumeni enikeza umthetho kahulumeni umthetho, inikeza ukucaca nokungena komphakathi enqubweni yomthetho.

Ngokuvamile, isikweleti sifundwa okokuqala ngesihloko kuphela esihlelweni esivulekile segumbi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukufunda kokuqala. Lenqubo engokomthetho iphawula ukungena okungokomthetho kwesivumelwano enqubweni yomthetho futhi iqala isikhathi sezenzo ezilandelayo.

Isabelo Sekomiti Nembuyiselo

Isimiso Sekomiti

Uma nje isikweleti sesiqalisiwe, kubhekiselwa ekomitini. Amakomiti ahlukahlukene endlu neSigeqe akhiwa amalungu oMkhandlu anesithakazelo esikhulu ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezindaba zempilo noma zezizwe. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukuba ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bulethwe ekusingatheni izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho uthola ukuhlolwa kolwazi.

Icala libe selibhekiswa ekomitini eliphethe indaba eyinhloko yomthetho. Ngezinye izikhathi isikweleti sizobhekiswa kumakomiti amaningi. Uma umthetho uthinta izindawo eziningi zezimiso, kungadingeka ukuba amakomiti amaningana abukeze, ngalinye lihlole izici ezisebusweni balo.

Amalungu ekomiti enza amalungu akwazi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi olukhethekile lwezindaba ezingaphansi kwegunya lawo. AmaKomiti aqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni eqhubekayo, aphawule izindaba ezifanele ukubukezwa kwemithetho, aqoqe futhi ahlole ukwaziswa, futhi atuse izifundo zokuthatha isinyathelo ku-Igean. Lokhu kuthuthukisa izinga lokubukezwa kwemithetho futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izindaba zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi zithola ukunakekela okufanelekile.

Izivumelwano Zangaphansi Nokubukeza Okukhethekile

Amakomiti angaphansi kwekomiti ahlelwa ngaphansi kwamakomiti futhi aphinde ahlolwe ngesihloko esithile. Ngokuvamile, amakomiti abhekisa izikweleti ekomitini engaphansi ukuze atadishe futhi athole ukuzwa kwawo. Lolu ngwengwezi olungaphezulu lokuhlelwa okukhethekile luvumela ngisho nokuningiliziwe kokuhlola izici ezithile zomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Amakomiti amaningi endlu neSishaya-mthetho amisa futhi amakomiti amancane – angaphansi kwekomiti egcwele lapho amalungu engagxila khona ngokwengeziwe ezicini ezithile zezindawo zesimiso. Izinga lapho izikhulu ezingaphansi zifeza indima engokomthetho ekwenzeni inqubo – ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphatha amacala noma ukuphawula umthetho ngaphambi kokucabangela okugcwele kwamakomiti – ngokuhluka ngokweziko nangokwesiko lekomiti.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti: Inhliziyo Yokucusumbula Ngokwemithetho

Ukubaluleka Kokubukeza Kwekomiti

Ukubukeza kwekomiti kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile enqubweni yemithetho lapho kuhlolwa khona izikweletu ezihlongozwayo, kuphikiswana, futhi kulungiswa iqembu elithile lezishayamthetho elaziwa njengekomiti. Le nqubo ivumela ukucubungula umthetho ngokuningiliziwe, njengoba amakomiti akha amalungu anobuchwepheshe nesithakazelo endabeni yezikweletu. Isigaba sekomiti ngokuvamile silapho umsebenzi ophansi kakhulu womthetho ukhona, ngokuhlaziya nangokulungisa ngokuningi okuthatha indawo ekukhankanyisweni komphakathi kwezingxoxo zaphansi.

Uma isikweleti sisezandleni zekomiti, sihlolwa ngokucophelela futhi amathuba ayo okudlula kuyo yonke i-Congress anqunyiwe. Ikomiti ingase ikhethe ngisho nokuba ikhiphe amacala ukuze iqonde kangcono imiphumela yemali. Lokhu kuhlola okucophelelayo kusebenza njengesefo ebucayi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ocatshangelwa kahle uqhubekela egumbini eligcwele ukuze uhlolwe.

Izindaba Zekomiti

Izindaba zivumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, nabaphikisi bomthetho okufanele uqoshwe. Le mibono yomphakathi inikeza ithuba lokuba kuhlolwe futhi kucatshangelwe imibono ehlukahlukene, kuthuthukiswe ukufaneleka kwenqubo yezomthetho yentando yeningi.

Isenzo sokuqala esingokomthetho sekomiti esingokomthetho esikwesikweleti noma umagazini kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala, okunikeza inkundla lapho amalungu ekomiti nomphakathi bengazwa khona ngamandla nobuthakathaka besicelo esivela eqenjini elikhethiwe – njengezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe izakhiwo eziphambili, izimboni ezifanele, namaqembu amelela izakhamuzi ezithakazelayo. Ukuzwa kuyindlela futhi yokuqaphelisa umthetho kubantu abasebenza nabo, emphakathini, kanye nezindaba.

Ekuqulweni kwecala, ofakazi abamenywayo banikeza amazwi amafushane ekomiti ehlangene, kodwa ufakazi ngamunye unikeza futhi ukulandisa okubhaliwe okude kwemvume yakhe emalini. Ngemva kwezinkulumo zofakazi, amalungu ekomiti ayashintshana ekubuzeni imibuzo kofakazi. Lombuzo nempendulo ivumela amalungu ekomiti ukuba ahlole ngokujule kwemibazwe futhi acacise amaphuzu abalulekile noma isithakazelo.

Ikomiti noma elinye lamaqembu ayo angase anikeze ubufakazi obala ngendaba nangenzuzo yomthetho ohlongozwa ukuba uqondise kuyo, nakuba ikomiti ingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuthatha icala kuqala.

Inqubo Yokuphawula

Ngemva kokuba kuqediwe ukuqulwa kwecala, isambathiso sicatshangelwa esiqephini esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "isibonakaliso". Amalungu ekomiti ahlola imibono enikezwa ngokuningiliziwe. Izigwegwe zinganikezwa kuleyomali, futhi amalungu ekomiti avotelwe ukuba amukele noma alahle lezinguquko. Isimiso sokuphawula silapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokwenza umthetho wezobuchwepheshe wenziwe, amalungu ekomiti afaka izinguquko ezithile ukuze athuthukise isikweleti.

Uma ikomiti inquma ukuthi kungase kufune ukutusa ukuba iNdlu ithathe isinyathelo sokushaya umthetho, ingaba nemihlangano eqongelelayo lapho amalungu ekomiti ehlela khona futhi evota ukumiswa kwemali (noma ukumiswa kwemali). Lemihlangano ibizwa ngokuthi amabhande ngoba amalungu ekomiti aphawula umthetho phambi kwawo njengoba enquma ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezihloselwe ukuhlongoza eNdlu.

Phakathi nayo yonke inqubo kufakwa futhi kwenziwa izinguquko ebhodini nasesitezini seSigele nendlu. Ngakho ngevoti yokugcina icala kungenzeka ukuthi liye labukezwa kaningana futhi libukeka ngokuhlukile kumthetho okhokhelwayo. Lenqubo yokulungisa isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wokugcina uyasebenza futhi ulungiswe kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.

Izinqumo Nemibiko Yamakomiti

Umgcini uphetha lapho ikomiti ivuma, ngokuvota kweningi, ukuba abike imvume yaleligumbi. AmaKomiti akuvamile ukuba athole umcebo ngaphandle kokuba isiphakamiso kulindeleke ukuba sithole ukusekela okuningi kuleyo voti. Lokhu kuhlola okusebenzayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi sekomiti nempahla kugxile emthethweni okunamathemba angokoqobo entuthuko.

Ikomiti ibika ukutusa kwayo ukuthi umthetho "udlulise", "udlulise njengelungisiwe", noma "ungayidluli". Lokhu kutusa okungokomthetho kuqondisa igumbi eligcwele ekucabangeleni kwalo umthetho futhi kuphawule ukubheka kwekomiti ngezinzuzo zemali.

Uma ikomiti ingasithathi isinyathelo esikweletini, izindleko zibhekwa ngokuthi "zifile". Lomsebenzi wokugcina amakomiti usho ukuthi izikweleti eziningi aziqhubeki zidlulele ngalé kwesigaba sekomiti, kanti amaphesenti ambalwa kuphela athola isinyathelo esihle futhi aqhubekela phambili.

Imibiko yekomiti yengqungquthela ibaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni injongo yemithetho. Imibiko yekomiti ye-Congregational iwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu womlando wezomthetho. Imibiko ikhishwa cishe kuyo yonke imibiko ephenduka umthetho, futhi ngokuvamile kunombiko ovela kumakomiti endlu neSigele acabangela umthetho.

Imibiko ivame ukuphinda iphinde ibhalwe umbhalo wemali, ichaze izinjongo zayo, futhi inikeze izizathu zokutusa kwekomiti kulemali. Ngokuvamile, imibiko yamakomiti ihlanganisa umlando wesivumelwano somthetho, izinjongo zemali, nalokho ikomiti ekubheka njengesidingo somthetho omusha. Le mibhalo ebanzi inikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda inhloso nomphumela olindelekile womthetho ohlongozwayo.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano

Ukuhlelwa Kwendlela Yokuhamba Ezindaweni Ezikude

Imali inikezwa ikomiti yokutadisha. Uma ikhululwa yikomiti, isigwebo sibekwa ekhalendeni ukuba sivotelwe, siphikiswane noma silungiswe. Ukufakwa kwesivumelwano ekhalendeni lomthetho kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esinquma ukuthi igumbi eligcwele lizowucabangela nini futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zini umthetho.

UmSheaker weNdlu noMholi weSigele unquma ukuthi isigwebo sifika nini ngaphambi kwendikimba egcwele yendlu neSigele, silandelana, ukuze kuxoxwe futhi kulungiswe futhi kuqedwe. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwamandla kunikeza ithonya elikhulu kubaholi bomthetho ekuqondiseni uhlelo lwemithetho futhi banqume ukuthi izindleko ziyoba yini ezithathwa phansi.

Impikiswano Neziphendulo Ezivamile

ISigele nendlu zinemibono ethile engafani. Nakuba bobabili belingana ngendlela abasebenza ngayo: Yindlu kuphela engaqala umthetho wentela nenzuzo ehlobene nemali, iSigele kuphela esingamisa umthetho ohlangene nomthetho ohlangene nomongameli nezivumelwano, kuyilapho i-passme ngokomthetho wendlu ngevoti eningi, iSigele senza kanjalo ngokuhlola nangokuphikisana ngaphambi kokuvota. Lokhu kungafani komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nenhlalo kubonisa izindima ezihlukene nezimpawu zalamakamelo amabili.

Indlu, enamalungu amakhulu, ngokuvamile isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehleliwe elinganisela isikhathi senkulumo - mpikiswano, kuyilapho iSigele sivumela ukudingidwa nezingxoxo ezengeziwe.

Phakathi nokucatshangelwa kwephansi, amalungu anethuba lokuhlongoza ukulungisa, ahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni, futhi aphakamise ukukhathazeka ngomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola komphakathi kufeza izinjongo eziningi: kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe komthetho, kunikeza inkundla yemibono embalwa ukuba ihlolwe, futhi kwenza umbhalo wasobala walempikiswano emayelana nomthetho futhi emelene nawo.

Ukumemeza Esigungwini

Uma isambathiso sidlula ngeningi (218 kuya ku-435), imvume yokukhokha isigebengu. Le mfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usekelwa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwegumbi ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke, nakuba imigoqo yokuvota ingahluka kuye ngohlobo lomthetho nezimo ezihambisanayo.

Uma ikomiti ithumela futhi ngaphandle koshintsho, khona - ke ikhalenda liqhubeka ukuvota iSigele noma iNdlu. Uma lolo suku lufika, ityala liyavotwa futhi uma ivoti engaphezu kwengxenye yevoti liyidlulisa khona - ke iqhubekela esinyathelweni esilandelayo. Inqubo yokuvota imelela iqophelo elibucayi lapho isahlulelo segumbi lonke sibhalwa khona ngokomthetho.

Ukudlula Kuzo Zombili Izikhungo

Ukucabangela I - Bidameral

Uma igatsha elilodwa leSishaya-Mkhandlu lidlulisa leli cala, libhekisa kwelinye igatsha lesiKhongolose. UBill uthatha lesi nqubo futhi egatsheni lesibili leSishaya-Mkhandlu. Lesi simiso se-bimeral sinikeza okunye ukubukeza nokuhlela, siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokucophelela ezimibilini ezihlukene ezinezimo ezingafani nezihlukene.

Uma imvume idlula indikimba eyodwa yeSishaya-mthetho, iya komunye umkhakha ukuba uqhubeke ngenqubo efanayo yokucwaninga, ingxoxo, izinguquko, nokuvota. Uma izindikimba zombili sezivotelwe ukuba zivume umthetho, kumelwe zilungise noma yikuphi ukungafani phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili. Imfuneko yokuba zombili izingongolo zidlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo zomthetho idala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwegatsha lomthetho ngokwalo.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Uma enye indlu yenza izinguquko kumali yesivumelwano, indlu yokuqala kumelwe ivumelane. Uma indlu neSigele zingavumelani ngezinguquko zemali, omunye wabo angacela ikomiti yengqungquthela. Ekomitini yengqungquthela, amalungu endlu ngayinye ayahlangana futhi azame ukuvumelana. Le nqubo yengqungquthela inikeza indlela yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ze-ambream kanye nokwenza umthetho oyekethisiwe.

Uma izinguqulo zendlu neSigele zemali zinezingxabano eziningi ezibalulekile, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa ngokomthetho ukuze ivumelanise umehluko phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili ngomthetho owodwa. Uma abanikeli bengakwazi ukufinyelela isivumelwano, umthetho uyafa. Isigaba sekomiti yengqungquthela singaba sibalulekile kumthetho omkhulu, njengoba kulapho ukuhlehliswa kokugcina kunqunywa khona futhi kunqunywa khona uhlobo oluyinhloko lomthetho.

Uma isivumelwano sifinyelelwa, umbiko wengqungquthela ulungiselelwa ukuchaza ukutusa kwamalungu ekomiti ngezinguquko. Indlu neSigele kumelwe bavumele umbiko wengqungquthela. Lokhu kuvunyelwa kokugcina kombiko wengqungquthela kumelela isithiyo sokugcina somthetho ngaphambi kokuba isikhwama sithunyelwe egatsheni lesikhulu.

Zombili lezi zindlu kumelwe zivote ukuze zivume umbiko wekomiti yengqungquthela ukuze kudluliswe iLegislature.

Isenzo Esiphethe: Umongameli noma umbukwane Owenziwe Ngegunya

Ukudluliselwa Kwesikhulu

Ngemva kokuba iNdlu neSigele sebegunyazile ukuba kuvunyelwe imvume efanayo, izindleko zithunyelwa kuMongameli. Ngezinga likahulumeni, lokhu kudluliselwa kumongameli kuphawula ushintsho olusuka kumthetho kuya enqubweni ephetheyo yenqubo yokwenza umthetho. Ezweni, izikweletu zidluliselwa ngokufanayo kubabusi ukuze bacabangele.

Ngemva kokudlulisa iNdlu neSigele, iLegislature ithumela kuMbusi. lokhu kuhlola kwesikhulu kunikeza ukuhlola okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, kuvumela umphathi omkhulu ukuba ahlole ukuthi lo mthetho ufeza isithakazelo somphakathi yini futhi uhambisana nezinto eziyinhloko.

Ukhetho

Uma uMongameli evuma umthetho, uyasayinwa abe ngumthetho. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini, umthetho uvele ube umthetho. Uma uMongameli emelana nemali, angabheka imali. Lezi zinketho ezintathu , ukuvumela ukuba zibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa, noma ukunikeza ithonya elibalulekile phezu kwesimo sokugcina somthetho.

Lapho iLegislature iseqenjini, uMbusi unezinsuku eziyishumi (ngezibalo zamaSonto) zokusayina noma ukudlulisa izikweletu zemali kuzo zombili izindlu. Izindleko ezisayinwe ziba umthetho; izikweleti ezibhaliwe aziwusebenzisi. Nokho, ukwehluleka koMbusi ukusayina noma ukukhipha isimemezelo phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi kusho ukuthi kuba umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Lesi sikhathi silinganisela ukuthi umphathi akakwazi ukunqikaza ngokuhlala njalo ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho esidluliswa yisishaya-mthetho.

Amandla E - Veto

Uma uMongameli ekhuluma futhi enqaba ukusayina incwadi yemali yaziwa ngokuthi i-veto. Isivumelwano esithenjiwe singabuyela ku-Congress ukuze siphinde sihlolwe. U-veto usho i-cheme elibalulekile ngegunya lomthetho, uvumela umphathi ukuba enqabe umthetho obhekwa njengongahlakaniphile noma ongekho emthethweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kungekho sinyathelo esithathwa izinsuku eziyishumi noKhongolose eselunqunyiwe kakade, kukhona "i-pocket vento". Uma umongameli engasayisayini esibalweni futhi asale engasasayinwanga uma uMkhandlu ungasasebenzi, isibambiso sizothathwa ngokwephutha. Lesi senzo sibizwa ngokuthi iveto ephaketheni, futhi asinakungagcwangwa uMkhandlu. Iphakethe linikeza umphathi i-patrown ngensiko eyengeziwe ezinsukwini zokugcina zesimiso se-Gcioc.

Ukuhlasela I - veto

Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa umthetho. Uma kokubili iSigele neNdlu kudlulisa lesi sigebengu ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, i-veto ithathelwe i-drust, futhi umthetho ube umthetho. Leli lungiselelo eliwenzile liqinisekisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sinegunya lokushaya umthetho, ngisho nakulokhu kuphikisa kwezikhulu, lapho kunokusekelwa okunamandla ngokwanele.

Imali eboshiwe ingaba umthetho uma amalungu amabili-ntathu endlu ngayinye evota ukuba athathe isikhundla sikaMbusi. Imfuneko enkulu yokulawula ingaqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho osekelwa kakhulu kuphela ungaba umthetho ngaphezu kokuphikiswa kwezikhulu.

Uma umongameli enqaba (imali) ingenzeka, ingaba umthetho uma izigebengu ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele nezimbili-ntathu zendlu khona - ke zivota ngokuvuna lomthetho. Nokho, akuvamile ukuba i-Congress ibe namavoti okudlula umthetho kaMongameli. Ukuphumelela kweveto kuveza kokubili ubunzima bokufinyelela inani eliphindwe kathathu kanye nethonya lezombangazwe elizungeze umthetho owenziwe ngemithetho.

Ukusebenzisa Nokuphoqelelwa

Ukwaziswa Nokuhlanganiswa

Uma isikhwama sencwadi sesayiniwe emthethweni noma sesiwumthetho ngezinye izindlela, sabelwa inani lomthetho womphakathi futhi sasakazwa. I-Office of Federal Register inikeza inombolo yoMthetho ka-Hulumeni (u-P.L. 109-1) ne-Hulumeni Office yokunyathelisa inyathelisa ikhophi yayo. Lencwadi esemthethweni yenza ukuba umthetho omusha utholakale emphakathini futhi inikeze umbhalo onegunya wokusebenza nokugcinwa.

Imithetho ikhishwa kuqala ngesethi noma incwadi eyodwa equkethe umthetho owodwa. Kamuva ihlelwa ngendlela eyadluliselwa ngayo. Ekugcineni, imithetho emisha ifakwa esimisweni esihlobene nemithetho, lapho ihlelwa ngezihloko kunokuba ihlelwe ngokwezikhathi, ikwenze kube lula ukuthola nokubhekisela kuyo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwenhlangano

Ngemva kokuba isikweleti sesibe umthetho, umsebenzi wokusisebenzisa uqala. Izinhlangano eziphethe neminyango inomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa umthetho, ngokuvamile ohilela ukwakhiwa kwezimiso, ukwakha izinhlelo, ukumisa imithombo yezemisebenzi, nokumisa izimiso zokuqondisa. Lengxenye yokulawula ibalulekile ekuguquleni inhloso yokushaya umthetho ibe yiqiniso.

Izimo eziphuthumayo kungase kudingeke zinikeze imithetho enikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe ngendlela umthetho ozosetshenziswa futhi uphoqelelwe ngayo. Lezimiso zilandela inqubo yazo siqu yokuthuthukisa, ukukhulumela komphakathi, nokuphetha, zinwebe inqubo yokubeka imithetho ngalé kokudlula komthetho ngokwawo.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Enqubweni Yokushaya Imithetho

Ukusikisela Nokusekela Imali

Izimali zokukhokha ziboshelwa amaKomiti okuHlanza iNdlu neSigele. Lezi zikweleti zisekelwe emazingeni emali angaphambili, amazinga okuxhasa imali ahlongozwa umongameli, kanye nezicelo ezivela ezinhlanganoni ngazinye. Izindleko zokubhula zilandela inqubo ekhethekile futhi zibalulekile ekuxhaseni imisebenzi kahulumeni nezinhlelo.

Kuleliqophelo, izindleko zokushaya indiva zivame ukuhlanganiswa zibe yizikhwama ezinkulu, ezibizwa ngokuthi i- "omnibus" yezindleko. Uma uMkhandlu ungakwazi ukudlulisa iziphakamiso noma izindleko ze-omnibus, bangadlula isilinganiso sesikhashana sezimali, "Isinqumo esinika izimali, ukunwetshwa kwamazinga amanje okuxhasa imali ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni. Lezi zinqubo zinikeza ukuvumelana nenqubo yohlelo lwemali kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kwemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Izimfuneko Zomthetho - sisekelo Nokulinganiselwa

Inqubo yomthetho - sisekelo isebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele elawula lokho okungamiswa futhi okungenziwa kanjani. Izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho kumelwe zivele emakamu athile, imikhawulo yokuvota iyahluka kuye ngohlobo lwesilinganiso, futhi amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo alinganisela izinga legunya lomthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, iNdlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wentela nemali ehambisana nenhloso yabasunguli ukuba igumbi likhululwe ngokuqondile kubantu ukulawula intela. Ngokufanayo, iSigele kuphela esingamisa umthetho ohlangene nomongameli nezivumelwano, obonisa indima eyingqayizivele yeSigele ekunikezeni iseluleko nemvume kulezindaba.

Izinhlelo Zemithetho KaHulumeni

Nakuba inqubo ye-guvernement inikeza isibonelo, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinezindlela zazo zokuzishintshanisa nezinqubo. Amalungu angafaka amafacekisi enyangani ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimiso. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukwenza i-prefiling" Izindleko ze-prefiled zimiswa ngokomthetho ngosuku lokuqala lwesimiso. Ukushintsha okunjalo kwemiqondo kubonisa izidingo namasiko ahlukahlukene ezindawo ezihlukahlukene.

Izincwadi ezithinta uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni kumelwe futhi ziye ekomitini yemali ukuze ibukeze.

Indima Yokubonisa Ukubona Izindawo Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ukutholakala Komphakathi Elwazini Olungokomthetho

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye bandisa kakhulu ukufinyelela komphakathi enqubeni yomthetho. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni angokomthetho anikeza ukulandelelwa kwangempela komthetho, ukufinyelela imibiko yemitapo, imibiko yamakomiti, nemibhalo yokuvota. Lokhu kuvumela izakhamuzi, amaqembu okuphatha umthetho, nabacwaningi ukuba baqaphele intuthuko yomthetho futhi baqonde indlela abameleli babo abavota ngayo.

Izindawo eziningi zokuqulwa kwecala nezinhlelo zokufukula zivamile ukuba zivulekele umphakathi.

Amathuba Okuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini

Izakhamuzi zinamathuba amaningi okuhlanganyela futhi zithonye inqubo yomthetho. Zingathintana nabameleli bazo ukuze zibonise ukusekela noma ukuphikisa imithetho, zinikeze ubufakazi bamacala amakomiti, zihlanganyele ezikhathini zokuphendula umphakathi, futhi zihlanganyele emizamweni yokulawula ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Icala lamakomiti, ikakhulukazi, linikeza amathuba angokomthetho okuthola ukwaziswa komphakathi. Lokhu kulapho umphakathi ungakhuluma khona noma umelane nemali. Ukuhlanganyela okunjalo kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene nemibono kuzwakala phakathi nenqubo yomthetho, kuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwemithetho yentando yeningi okuphumela ekuyisebenziseni.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Ukuba Yinkimbinkimbi Nobude

Inqubo yomthetho ivame ukugxekwa ngokuba iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukuthatha isikhathi, futhi kunzima ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuyiqonda. Kunezinyathelo ezingu-9 zokubhalisa zingadlula ngaphambi kokuba zibe umthetho, nakuba eminye imithombo iveza izinyathelo ezengeziwe lapho ithatha yonke imininingwane ehleliwe. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuba zilandele imithetho futhi ziqonde ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani.

Isimo eside senqubo sisho ukuthi izindaba eziphuthumayo zingase zingaxazululwa ngokushesha, futhi amandla okulungisa angaphela lapho izindleko zincishwa ikomiti noma zilindele ukucatshangelwa phansi. Nokho, abasekeli benqubo baphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo elulazayo iqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa okuphelele futhi ivimbela ukuthatha umthetho ocatshangelwe ngokungafanele.

Ukulawula Nezezombangazwe

Leliqembu elikhulu lilawula inqubo yokubukeza yekomiti, lithonya izindleko ezithola ukunakekela nendlela ezishintshwa ngayo. Lokhu kulawula kungaholela ezimweni lapho imibono yedlanzana ibekwa phansi futhi umthetho ubonisa izinto eziza kuqala kubantu abaningi kunokuba uvumelane kakhulu.

Ukwanda kokuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe kuye kwenza ukubambisana kwe-bipartis kwaba nzima kakhulu, kuholela ekunqandeni izimpikiswano ezinkulu nokuncika ezinqubweni ezihlukanisa abashokobezi ekuqhubekisele phambili umthetho. Lokhu kungenza umphakathi ungabe usazethemba inqubo yomthetho futhi kunciphise izinga lemiphumela yemithetho.

Ithonya Lezinto Ezikhethekile

Inqubo yomthetho inikeza amaphuzu amaningi okuthola isithakazelo esikhethekile ukuze ithonye umthetho ngokunxusa, ngeminikelo yomkhankaso, nezinye izinhlobo zokulawula. Nakuba ukuhlanganyela okunjalo kuyingxenye engokomthetho yokubusa kwentando yeningi, kuphakama izinkathazo lapho izithakazelo eziphambili zinethonya elingenakulinganiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhamuzi ezivamile noma lapho inqubo yemithetho ithathwa yizithakazelo ezilinganiselwe kunokuba ifezele umphakathi omkhulu.

Ukuthuthukisa Inqubo Yokushaya Imithetho

Ukuvula Ithuba Lokubona Kahle

Imizamo eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle ingasiza ekusingatheni ukugxekwa kwenqubo yomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwenza ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kutholakale kuyi-intanethi, ukunikeza amathuluzi angcono okulandela umthetho, ukuqinisekisa isaziso sasobala esifanelekile sezindlebe namavoti, zokwenza nezincwadi zomthetho zitholakale futhi ziqondakale kakhulu kongezona izazi.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa izinhlelo, izinhlelo ze - Internet zokwaziswa kwemithetho namathuluzi emishini asiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuxhumana kalula nabameleli bazo nezindaba ezithakazelisayo.

Ukuthuthukisa Imfundo Esemthethweni

Lapho abantu beqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, bahlonyiselwa kangcono ukuba bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo enqubweni yentando yeningi, bagcine abameleli babo benecala, futhi besekela izithakazelo zabo nezindinganiso zabo.

Izifundo zingasusa inqubo yomthetho, zichaze indlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo, futhi ziqokomise ukubaluleka kokubopha umphakathi ekuthuthukiseni isimiso somphakathi. Imithombo enjengaleyo ekhona ku .Gov kanye nezingosi zemithetho zezwe ezifanayo zinikeza amathuluzi okufundisa abalulekile okuqonda inqubo yomthetho.

Ukubambisana Okukhuthazayo Kwe - bapartisan

Izinguquko ezikhuthaza ukubambisana kwe-bipartis nokuyekethisa zingathuthukisa imiphumela yemithetho futhi zibuyisele ukuthemba umphakathi kulenqubo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izinguquko ezisezimisweni zamakomiti, izisusa zokubambisana phakathi kweqembu, nezinguquko ezisemkhakheni ezinciphisa ukuhlukana kwezindawo.

Nakuba ukuhlukana okuhlukanisayo kungokwemvelo futhi kunempilo ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi, ukuhlukanisa ngokweqile kungakhubaza inqubo yemithetho futhi kuvimbele isinyathelo ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Ukuthola izindlela zokuthuthukisa izingxoxo ezikhuthaza ukuhlangana kwezinhlangano kuseyinselele eqhubekayo ezinhlanganweni zomthetho.

Ukubukeza Okuthakazelisayo: Izitebhisi Eziyinhloko Endleleni Yohambo Olusemthethweni

Ukuze kucaciswe ngokucacile ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokushaya umthetho, nazi izigaba eziyinhloko umlomo ophuma kuzo ngokuvamile ohambweni lwawo lokuba umthetho:

  • Ukuhlanganisa iBhili: Isiphakamiso somthetho sibhalwe ngendlela engokomthetho efanele, ngokuvamile ngosizo lweseluleko somthetho esikhokhelwe noma izinkonzo zokuhlela izikhokhelo.
  • I-Introduction kanye ne-Sponserp: Ilungu lesishaya-mthetho lethula imvume, libe yisixhasi, futhi imali ithola inombolo futhi ingeniswe ngokusemthethweni embhalweni wemithetho.
  • Committee Referral: Imali yabelwe amakomiti anye noma amaningi aphethe phezu kwendaba, lapho iyothola khona ukuhlola okuningiliziwe.
  • [ Committee Review: Ikomiti ihlola isikweletu ngokulalela, ngokunyusa izikhawu, nangokuhlela, ngokunokwenzeka yenza izinguquko noma itusa izinguquko.
  • Umbiko we-Committee:[ Ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingabika kahle yini isaziso egumbini eligcwele, ngokuvamile ngombiko obhaliwe echaza ukutusa kwayo.
  • [ Ukucabangela: Icala lihlelelwe ukuphikisana nokuvota ngegumbi eligcwele, lapho amalungu angahlongoza khona ukulungisa nokuxoxa ngezimfanelo zalo.
  • Igumbi lokuqala: Igumbi livota ukuthi udlulise yini umthetho, ngokuvamile udinga iningi elivamile ukuze livume.
  • [ Umkhandlu ohlangeneyo wokucabangela: Icala lingena ngenqubo efanayo kwelinye igumbi, kuhlanganise nokubukeza ikomiti, impikiswano yasesitezi, nokuvota.
  • Ukuvumelana kokungavumelani:[ Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yomhlangano ingamiswa ukuze ixazulule ukungezwani futhi ikhe isikweleti esihlangene.
  • I-Passnal:[ Zombili izitembu kumelwe zivumele ukuhlelwa kokugcina komthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumphathi.
  • Impinda esebenzayo:[ Umongameli noma umbusi uhlola izindleko futhi anqume ukuthi izosayinwa, ivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa, noma i-veto.
  • Veto shoboza (uma kudingeka): Uma i-vetod, isishaya-mthetho singazama ukudlulisa iveto ngevoti yenani elikhulu lama-3 amabili emagumbini womabili.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlela: lapho isikweleti sesiba umthetho, siyanyatheliswa, sihlanganiswe, futhi sisetshenziswa yizinhlangano eziphethe ezisemqoka.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Inqubo Yokushaya Imithetho

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo kubalulekile ukuze kube nempumelelo embusweni wentando yeningi.

Ngokuyiqonda le nqubo, izakhamuzi zingaziqonda kangcono izinselele zokwenza umthetho, zibone amathuba okuhlanganyela nethonya, futhi zibeke abameleli bazo icala ngezenzo zabo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisekela umthetho oqondile, iziphakamiso eziphikisayo ezibhekwa njengeziyingozi, noma zimane nje zihlale zinolwazi ngezimpikiswano zezimiso zomphakathi, ulwazi ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho lunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelela ngokwengeziwe nohulumeni wazo.

Indlela yomthetho kusukela embonweni wokuqala ukuthatha umthetho uhlanganisa izinyathelo eziningi, amaphuzu amaningi esinqumo, nokuhlanganyela kwabadlali abaningi. Lenqubo yokuzinqumela, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ikhungathekisa ngobunkimbinkimbi bayo nobude bayo, ifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile: ivumela ukucabangela ngokucophelela izihlongozo, inikeza amathuba okulungisa nokuthuthukisa, ihlanganisa imibono ehlukene, futhi yenza izivivinyo nezingalingani ezivimbela umthetho ocatshangelwe noma ocatshangelwa kabi.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho nokulandelana komthetho wamanje, imithombo eyigugu ihlanganisa Coreg.gov yomthetho kahulumeni, amawebhusayithi omthetho wezwe wokwenza isigaba sikahulumeni, kanye nemithombo yemfundo evela ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne U.S. House of Messagements[ kanye [FLT].S.S. iSigeqe.[FL:5].].

Isiphetho

Uhambo lomthetho ukusuka kumthetho ukuya kumthetho lumelela enye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Ngazigaba eziningi zokubukeza, ukuphikisana, ukulungisa, nokuvota, umthetho ohlolwayo uyacwengwa futhi uhlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi usiza umphakathi uthakazelelwa futhi ungasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo. Nakuba lenqubo inezinselele zayo nabagxeki, ihlanganisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi zokuhlela, ukumelela, nokulandisa.

Isigaba ngasinye senqubo yomthetho sifeza injongo: ukubukezwa kwekomiti kuvumela ukuba ulwazi olukhethekile lusetshenziswe ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimpikiswano zaphansi zinikeza umphakathi ingxoxo nokulungisa, ukuhlola i-bimeral kuqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwa imibono eminingi, futhi ukubukeza kwezikhulu kunikeza ukuhlola kokugcina ngenqubo yomthetho. Zombili lezi zigaba zikha isimiso esiye sabonakala siqinile futhi sivumelana nezimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lenqubo kusenza sikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwethu ngentando yeningi, kungaba ngokuthintana nabameleli, ngokufaka ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwezindaba, ukujoyina izinhlangano zezezimali, noma ukuhlala nje sazi ngezindaba nomthetho othinta ukuphila kwethu. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ayiyona nje inqubo kahulumeni engaqondakali, kodwa iyinqubo esinquma ngayo yonke imithetho ebusa umphakathi wethu futhi ilolonge ikusasa lethu elikanye nathi.

Ngokuhlanganyela kulenqubo, ukuqonda ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwayo, nokuhlanganyela lapho singakwazi khona, sifeza imithwalo yethu yemfanelo njengezakhamuzi futhi sibe nengxenye emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzibusa ngentando yeningi. Indlela yomthetho ingase ibe mide futhi inciphe, kodwa luwuhambo ekugcineni olunquma ukwakheka kwemithetho yethu kanye nezinga lentando yeningi.