Isisekelo Sokwenza Imithetho Yama - Federal

Indlu yabameleli yase-U.S. iyinjini yomthetho eseduze kakhulu nabantu baseMelika, iphethe amandla abumba isimiso somthetho kusukela phezulu. Imiswe yi-Athipage I yoMthetho-sisekelo, indlu isebenza njengendawo lapho kusungulwa khona imithetho yenzuzo, izikhulu zikahulumeni zibhekene nokungagunyazwa, futhi izinkathazo zomphakathi zithola ukumelelwa kwazo okuqondile. Ukuqonda ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sisebenza kanjani kubaluleke nganoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda indalo, ukugcinwa, nokuziphendukela komthetho kahulumeni.

Abakhi baklama indlu ukuba ibe igatsha likahulumeni elisabela kakhulu. Ngeminyaka emibili futhi abantu bakhethe ngokuqondile, amalungu ayo anecala elikhethekile kubavoti ezifundeni zabo ezikhethekile. Lesi sici sokwakha siqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sihlala sisendaweni eqalayo nezindinganiso zesizwe. Uma isakhamuzi sihlanganyela neNdlu, sixhumana nengxenye kahulumeni kahulumeni owakhiwe ngokukhethekile ukuze silalele izwi laso.

Igunya Lomthetho - sisekelo Namandla Aphelele

UMthetho-sisekelo unika iNdlu yabameleli iqoqo elihlukile lemibuso iSigele esingahlanganyeli. Lemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile imisa indima yendlu esimisweni somthetho futhi ichaza ubuhlobo bayo namanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

Umsuka KaClaus

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye ye-7, u-Claus 1 woMthetho-sisekelo uthi "Zonke Izigqebhezana zokuphakamisa inzuzo zizovela eNdlu yabameleli" leli lungiselelo, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Origionation Clause, linikeza iNdlu igunya eliyinhloko ekusebenziseni intela nohulumeni. ISigele singahloba noma sivumelane nokulungiswa, kodwa amandla okuqala esikhwama akhona abekwe ngqo neNdlu. Lokhu kubonisa inhloso yabahleli ukubeka amandla entela ezandleni zegumbi elibhekene nesibopho sokukhokha intela ngokuqondile.

Amandla Aphansi Okuzilawula

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 2 inikeza iNdlu amandla okungagunyazi. Leligunya livumela iNdlu ukuba ilethe amacala angokomthetho kuMongameli, uMongameli, nazo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye i-Crimes ephakeme". Inqubo yokungagunyazi iqala eKomitini ye House Judicary, ephenya izihloko zokumangalela nokufaka izicelo zemithetho. Ivoti enkulu ephansi leNdlundlo-yo ithumela izihloko enkantolo yokuqulwa. Lamandla asebenza njengesehlolo eligxekayo esikhululweni sezikhulu namagatsha enkantolo, ekha insika ephakathi yemithetho ehlukanisa imibuso engokomthetho.

Ukuklanywa Nokumelelwa

Inani labameleli abatholayo umbuso ngamunye linqunywa yi-deculiation Trinity Act ka-1929 i-Reoveportationment iwuvimbe iNdlu emalungwini ovoti angu-45. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhonza isifunda sabantu abacishe balingane, isimiso esiqiniswa iNkantolo Ephakeme Wesberry v. Sanders[ [1964]], eyamisa i-"umuntu oyedwa, indinganiso" yezifunda zesifunda. Lemfuneko engokomthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi i-memo yesakhamuzi ngasinye ithwala isisindo esilingana ngokulinganayo.

Indlela Yomthetho Edlula Endlwini

Ukuqonda lenqubo kwembula amaphuzu amaningi izakhamuzi, abameleli nabameleli abangalolonga kuwo isimo esingokomthetho.

Ukuqala Nokubuya Kwemizimba

Noma iliphi ilungu lendlu lingase lazise isikweleti ngokusifaka e-"Engirc," ibhokisi lokhuni elingaphambili kwegumbi lendlu. Umthetho wabelwa inani (umz. H.R. 1) futhi libhekisele ekomitini emile efanele yePhalamende. Le-arhestral iyisinyathelo esibucayi ngoba isimiso sekomiti silapho umsebenzi omkhulu wemithetho wenziwa khona.

Isimiso Sekomiti

AmaKomiti avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amahhotela entando yeningi" Indlu inamakomiti amile acishe abe ngu-20, ngalinye elinegunya ezindaweni ezithile zenqubo njenge-Judiary, Izindlela ne-Fractal, iMiphetho ne-Ecomputer, kanye ne-Appropriation. Ukusinda kwemali kuxhomeke ekuphatheni kwayo ekomitini.

  • Amakomiti alalelayo: aqoqa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe obuvela kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni, izifundiswa, abameleli bezemboni, nabasekeli. Lokhu kulalela kuveza umlando oyiqiniso osekela isenzo somthetho.
  • [ Aphawups:[ amalungu amakomiti aphikisana, i-mend, futhi abhale futhi umugqa wemali ngentambo. Iningi lamavoti lihambisa izindleko eziphansi eligcwele endlini.
  • Isicelo sokudlulisa izicelo: Uma ikomiti yenqaba ukwenza ngecala, iningi lamalungu endlu (218) lingasayina isicelo sokukhipha isicelo sokuphoqa isikhwama phansi ngaphandle kwemvume yekomiti. Lelithuluzi lisebenza njenge-cheke ngokumelene nezenzo.

IKomiti Yemithetho

Ngaphambi kokuba isikweleti sifinyelele iNkantolo egcwele yenkulumo - mpikiswano, kumelwe sidlule ngeKomiti yeGama Yemithetho, elinye lamakomiti anamandla kakhulu eSishaya - mthetho. IKomiti Yemithetho inquma izimpikiswano: ukuthi singakanani isikhathi esizovunyelwa, ukuthi zingaki izinguquko ezingase zikhishwe, nokuthi ukubuyiselwa kumelwe yini kukhishwe esikweletini.

  • Umthetho ovalekile:[ Akukho zinguquko ezivunyelwe. Amalungu kumelwe avote kumthetho obhaliwe.
  • [ Ivula umthetho:[ Noma yiliphi ilungu linganikeza ukulungiswa, uma lihambisana nemithetho yendlu.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Umthetho osusukiwe:[[FT:1] Inguquko eshiwo kuphela evunyelwe.

Umthetho olawula ibhuthi uthonya kakhulu okuqukethwe kuyo kokugcina kanye nesakhi sezombangazwe. Amandla okugcina isango leKomiti iwenza abe yindawo eyinhloko yokuhola kweqembu.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma isikhwama semali sifika phansi, kuxoxwa ngayo ngokungena amalungu aphelele. Indlu ngokuvamile izinqumela iKomiti ye-Whole, indlela yokulungisa evumela ukuxoxiwa ngemfuneko ephansi ye-travolum. Izigwebo zinganikelwa futhi zivotelwe. Ekugcineni, i House ivoti yalencwadi. Uma idlula, ithunyelwa eSigeqeni ukuba ihlolwe. Uma iSigeqe sidlulisa inguquko ehlukile, ikomiti yengqungquthela eyakhiwe amalungu asemagumbini womabili ivumelanisa ukungezwani. Inguquko yokugcina kumelwe idlule kuwo womabili amakhaya njengoba kubhalwe phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Isenzo Sobumongameli NeseVeto Engakunaki

Uma isikhwama semali sidlula kokubili iNdlu neSigele, siya kuMongameli, onezinsuku eziyishumi ukuba athathe isinyathelo. UMongameli angasayina incwadi engokomthetho, ewukhipha, noma ayivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kophawu. Uma uMongameli ekhipha incwadi, ibuyela egumbini lapho yasungulwa khona. Indlu neSigele kungathatha indawo ngevoti eyisithathu egumbini ngalinye. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokungena ngokomthetho kodwa kuhlale kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuvota.

Ukuphatha Igatsha Eliphethe

Imithwalo yemfanelo yendlu idlulela kakhulu ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho. Ngemisebenzi yayo yokwengamela, i House ihlola ukumiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni futhi ihlola ukuziphatha okubi okungase kuvele egatsheni eliphethe.

Amakomiti akhona abaphathi abaphethe izikhalazo ezivamile lapho izikhulu zegatsha zifakaza khona. Indlu ingaphonsa amabhodi ukuba agunyaze ubufakazi nokukhiqizwa kwamaphepha. Leligunya eliphenyayo lisekelwa iHhovisi lokuQonda i-Hulumeni (GAO), elinikeza ukuphenywa, ukuhlolwa, nokuphenya, kanye nokuhlola ezinkonzweni zesicelo soMkhandlu. Inqubo yokwengamela iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nenhloso yomthetho nokuthi imali yokukhokha isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo. Imizamo yamuva yokwengamela i-ambuyiseli igxile ekuvikeleni umngcele, ukusabela kobhadayo, nokuncintisana kwemithetho. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekulungiseni izinkinga ezilungiselelwe ukuvimbela izivumelwano esikhathini esizayo.

Inqubo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto Ngemininingwane

Amandla okungathobeli endlu angenye yeziphetho ezilandelayo ezinkulu kubaphathi abaphethe nokwahlulela. Le nqubo iqala ezingeni elihlukene.

Ukucwaninga Nokuphenya

Uphenyo olugunyaziwe luqala ngokuvamile kwiKomiti ye House Judicary. Ikomiti ihlola izinsolo zokuziphatha okubi, izwa ofakazi futhi ibukeze ubufakazi. Indlu egcwele kumelwe igunyaze ukuphenywa ngevoti engokomthetho, nakuba ezinye imibuzo ziqale ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile.

Izihloko Ezishayelelayo

Uma iKomiti yoMjuphi ithola ubufakazi obanele, idweba izihloko zokungagunyazi. Isihloko ngasinye sisho ukumangalelwa okuhlukile, njengokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla noma ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa.

Umshini Wokuhamba Endlu

Izimpikiswano eziphelele zendlu namavoti ezihlokweni zokungagunyazi. Ivoti elivamile kunoma isiphi isihloko iphumela ekungagunyazini kwesikhulu. Kuleliqophelo, isikhulu singu "esikhuthaziwe," efana necala elibekwe umthetho wobugebengu.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Kwesigele

Izihloko zidluliselwe eNkantolo, lapho icala liqulwa khona. Amalungu endlu akhethwe ngokuthi "abaphathi" aveza icala ngokuqiniseka. Isikhulu esigunyaziwe siphakamisa isivikelo. UMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme uqondisa ukugunyaza kobumongameli. Ukuvota okuyisithathu kweSigele kuyadingeka ukuze kuqashelwe. Uma eboshwe, isikhulu siyasuswa ehhovisi futhi singase sikhululwe ekuthatheni isikhundla sesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Nendlu Nezakhamuzi

Izakhamuzi ngazinye zinezindlela eziningi zokuthonya inqubo yomthetho futhi zigcine abameleli bazo benecala.

Ukuthola Ummeleli Wakho

Isinyathelo sokuqala sanoma isiphi isakhamuzi ukuhlukanisa ummeleli waso. Indlu ye-website esemthethweni .gov inikeza ithuluzi lokufuna elilula nge-ziP code. Uma seliphawuliwe, izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele izabelo zekomiti yommeleli nendima zobuholi, njengoba lezi zinquma izinga lethonya lazo.

Ukukhulumisana Okuqondile

Ukuxhumana nehhovisi lommeleli kucacile. Izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Email: Sebenzisa ifomu yokuxhumana kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yelungu. Yiba mfinyezo, sho inombolo yemali, futhi uchaze ithonya lomthetho.
  • Phone: Biza iCapitol Cleckboard ku 20224-3121 futhi ucele ukuxhumeka. Ucingo lwezintambo zomkhondo ubike uvolumu nokuqukethwe kummeleli.
  • Iposi: Izincwadi eziya ehhovisi lesigodi lendawo zivame ukuthola ukunakwa kakhulu kunalezo ezithunyelwe eWashington, D.C.

Izindawo Zomphakathi NeziHholo Zamadolobha

Abameleli abaningi baqhuba imihlangano yehholo ledolobha ezifundeni zabo, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zekhefu. Lezi zenzakalo zinikeza ithuba lokubuza imibuzo ngokuqondile futhi ziveze imibono emayelana nomthetho osele ukhona. Amahholo edolobha ngokuvamile amenyezelwa ngezikhangiso zezindaba zendawo nangeziteshi zezembutho zomphakathi zabameleli.

Ukulandelela Imithetho

Izakhamuzi zingabhala zonke izikweleti ezingeniswe eNdlu nge- ikhonv.gov. Le ndawo inikeza umbhalo ogcwele wezindleko, imibiko yamakomiti, amarekhodi okuvota, kanye nesimo somthetho ngenqubo. Ukutshelwa kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokunembe nangokusebenza lapho zisekela izikhundla zazo.

Ukusakaza Izinkulumo Ezikhethwayo

Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu elikhona ezakhamuzini yibhokisi le-collet. Njalo eminyakeni emibili, isihlalo ngasinye eNdlu sivulelwe ukuvota. Ukhetho lwe-Midter, oluyenzeka eminyakeni engeyiyo, ngokuvamile lubona amanguquko aphawulekayo ekulawuleni kwendlu. Ngoba izifunda zezindlu zincane kunezindawo ezilawulwa uhulumeni, umkhankaso wendawo ongaveza imiphumela yobuzwe. UVoter accomput e House convery unquma ngokuqondile ukuhlelwa kwegumbi futhi, ngokwengxenye, ukuqondisa kwesimiso sikahulumeni.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Ezibhekene Nendlu

Indlu Yabameleli ibhekene nezinselele eziningana zokwakha nezezombangazwe ezithinta ikhono layo lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo esimisweni somthetho.

Gerrymandering

Ukuzihlela kwenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa. Ezizweni eziningi, iqembu elilawula isishaya-mthetho sesifunda liveza imingcele yesifunda esithanda kakhulu iqembu lalo. Lomkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi i-gerrymandering, unciphisa ukhetho lokuncintisana futhi wenza i House ibe ummeleli omncane wevoti ethandwayo. Inani elandayo lezifunda ziye zaphendukela ekufuneni izimemezelo zokuzimela ukuze zixazulule lendaba, nakuba lomkhuba usalokhu usabalele kakhulu.

Ukwehla Kwelanga Ne - Gridlock

Indlu iye yahlukana kakhulu ngenxa yezici zeqembu. Lokhu kuhlukana ngokuvamile kuholela ekuvuselweni kwemithetho, lapho izimpikiswano ezibalulekile zihlala zingenazimpendulo noma zixazululwa kuphela ngezinyathelo zesikhashana zokuxhasa imali nokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa. Ukuncishiswa kwemibono phakathi kwenza ukubambisana kwe-bipartisan kwaba nzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo njengokufuduka, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nenqubo engokwesiko.

Impikiswano Ngemingcele

Impikiswano ephindaphindwayo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika ukuthi kufanele yini ibeke imingcele enqunyiwe kumalungu e House. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele ebizwa ngokuthi ithonye ithonya lezazi zezombangazwe zemisebenzi futhi ilethe imibono emisha eWashington. Abaphikisi bathi imingcele ebizwa ngokuthi imingcele ingenza ukuba ulwazi lwenhlangano kanye nokukhula kuvumele abameleli ukuba bakhonze izigodi zabo ngokuphumelelayo futhi balawule izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Okwamanje, akunamingcele yasikhathi kumalungu eNdluyalo, neNkantolo Ephakeme ibusa [[FL:0] U.S.S.Mithelict Limitats, Inc.[FLT.[FLTY][1] [195]] [195])) esho ukuthi angeke abeke imingcele kubameleli babo abameleli bezwe.

Isiphetho

Indlu yabameleli ingumnyango kahulumeni kahulumeni ohlangene ngokuqondile nabantu baseMelika. Amandla ayo okusungula umthetho wenzuzo, izikhulu zikahulumeni, futhi engamele igatsha eliphetheyo ayenza ibe namandla abalulekile phakathi kwesimiso somthetho wase-U.S. inqubo yomthetho, nakuba iyinkimbinkimbi, inikeza amaphuzu amaningi okungena kwezakhamuzi ezikhetha ukungenela. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo seNdlu, indlela yesivumelwano ngengxoxo yekomiti nesitezi, kanye nezindlela zokwengamela, izakhamuzi zihlonyiswe kangcono ukusebenzisa amalungelo azo omthetho-mthetho nemithetho elawula ukuphila kwazo. Ukuhlanganyela esimisweni akuyona nje into elungile kodwa isibopho, futhi umphakathi unelungelo elinamandla lokusekela i-demodemodeli esebenzayo.