Indlu Yabameleli Nezinhloli: Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Kuwe

Ukuqonda Indlu Yabameleli Nendima Yayo Ebucayi Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika

Indlu yabameleli ingenye yezinhlangano ezinamandla kakhulu nezibalulekile kuhulumeni waseMelika, isebenza njengezwi eliqondile labantu enqubweni yomthetho kahulumeni. Njengengxenye eyodwa ye-United States Congress, i House ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa okungasungulwa oFata abaklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukuvimbela ubushiqela futhi bavikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa likahulumeni (isikhulu esiphethe, i-gconstrust, noma i-agement, noma i-acant-agean (amandla angenakuvinjezelwa) angasongela izimiso zentando yeningi isizwe ebezisungulwe kuso.

Kubantu baseMelika bansuku zonke, beqonda ukuthi iNdlu yabameleli isebenza kanjani phakathi kwaloluhlelo lweziphetho nezilinganiso akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Izinqumo ezenziwa emahholo eSishaya - mthetho zithinta ngokuqondile ukunakekelwa kwakho kwempilo, izintela ozikhokhayo, izinga lemfundo izingane zakho eziyitholayo, ukulondeka komphakathi wakho, nezinye izici ezingenakubalwa zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Uma i House isebenzisa amandla ayo angokomthetho ukuze ihlole isikhulu nolwahlulelo, isebenza njengesivikelo samalungelo akho, isikhwama sakho, nekusasa lakho.

Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola indima ehlukahlukene yeNdlu Yabameleli ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela kukahulumeni, sihlola izindlela eziqondile eqondisa ngazo futhi ilawule, futhi sichaza isizathu esenza lemibuso engokomthetho ibe baluleke kakhulu kuwe nasemkhayeni wakho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sendlu Yabameleli

I-United States Constitution, eyagunyazwa ngo-1788, yamisa iNdlu yabameleli njengegumbi eliphansi lendlu yomthetho we-bamateral. Isigaba sesibili soMthetho-sisekelo sichaza isakhiwo, imibuso, nemithwalo yemfanelo yendlu, iyenza ibe igumbi elisabela ngokuqonde kakhulu ethandazweni labantu. Abameli baklama iNdlu yentando yeningi njengenhlangano yentando yeningi kakhulu kuhulumeni kahulumeni, namalungu akhonza izimemezelo zeminyaka emibili ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isibopho sasikhathi ngasinye sentando yeningi kubantu.

Indlu inamalungu angu-435 avota, futhi amelelwe phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ekubaleni kwabantu okunqunywe ukubalwa kwabantu okungapheli. Lokhu kumelelwa kwenani labantu kuqinisekisa ukuthi kunabantu abaningi kunethonya elikhulu eMzini, kubonakalisa isimiso somthetho weningi. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhonza isifunda senhlangano ethile esisesifundazweni sakubo, edala ukuhlangana okuqondile phakathi kwemiphakathi yendawo nezimiso zesizwe.

OFata Abasungulwayo babebheka indlu njenge-"kamelo lomphakathi," behloselwe ukusabela kakhulu emzwelweni womphakathi futhi babonise kakhulu ukuhluka kwesizwe kuneSigele, lapho umbuso ngamunye uthola khona ukuma okufanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaphi umphakathi. Lomklamo ubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu ngo 1787, okuhlanganisa izithakazelo zemibuso emikhulu nemincane ngokudala isishaya-mthetho wemithetho ye-bidamaral nezimiso ezimelelwe ngokwehlukile.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela: Umqondo Wesisekelo WaseMelika

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela simelela esinye semiphumela emisha nehlala njalo yomklamo womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika wefilosofi yezombangazwe. Sithathela isspirit engscriptu enjengeMontesquieu nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu ngokubusa kwamakoloni aseBrithani, amaFramers akha isakhiwo sikahulumeni lapho amandla ehlukaniswa ngamabomu phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye linekhono lokulinganisela izenzo zamanye.

Lesimiso sisebenza ngesimiso sokuthi isifiso sokuvelela kumelwe silwe nokuvelela, njengoba uJames Madison abhala ngokudume ngoNo. 51, kunokuba athembele ebuhleni bezikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela, uhlelo lomthetho - sisekelo lusho ukuthi abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ngokwemvelo bayofuna ukwandisa amandla abo. Ngokunikeza igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi okumelana nokugxambukela kwabanye, uMthetho - sisekelo ulawula lemigomo yokuncintisana ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko futhi kuvinjelwe ubushiqela.

Indlu yabameleli ihlanganyela kulesi simiso ngezinqubo eziningi. Iyahlanganyela amandla omthetho neSigele, ifuna isivumelwano se-bidamal ukuze imithetho ifezeke. Ibhekene nokubukezwa komthetho wayo wokwahlulela ngeNkantolo Ephakeme. Futhi inamandla akhethekile okuhlola igatsha eliphethe, kusukela ekulawuleni ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zokuhlola ukunikeza imvume yokugcina yokungavumelani.

Amandla Angokomthetho: Indlela Indlu Esungulwa Ngayo Nokwakheka Kwayo

Umsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho-sisekelo weNdlu yabameleli uwukuhlanganyela ekusungulweni komthetho kahulumeni. Wonke umthetho kumelwe udlulise kokubili iNdlu neSigele ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba uqhubekele kuMongameli ukuze asayine noma athathe i-veto. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iveza ukuvumelana okukhulu futhi iye yabekwa ezimpikiswaneni ezinzima nokucubungula ngokwemibono eminingi.

Amandla Entengo: Inzuzo Nokusikisela

Phakathi kwemibuso yendlu yomthetho-mthetho, ayikho ebaluleke kakhulu njengegunya layo lomthetho-sisekelo ekusebenziseni imali kahulumeni. Isigaba I, iSigaba 7 soMthetho-sisekelo siyala ukuthi "zonke izigqebhezana zokuphakamisa inzuzo ziyovela eNdlini yabameleli" lelilungiselelo linikeza iNdlu amandla akhethekile okumisa umthetho wentela, ubonise inkolelo yabaFramers yokuthi amandla okukhokha intela kufanele ahlale endaweni ehlala abantu ngokuqondile.

Ngaphandle kwentela, i House Appropriations Committee, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "Izikhundla zikakhadinali" ngenxa yenqubo yokusebenzisa izihlalo zayo ezingaphansi kwebhodi, inquma ukuthi izigidi zezigidi zemali ekhokhwayo ivela kanjani ezimisweni zikahulumeni, kusukela ekuvikelekeni kwesizwe ukuya ekufundiseni impilo.

Le "gunya lesikhwama" lisebenza njengenye yeziphetho ezinamandla kakhulu kubaphathi abaphethe. UMongameli angaveza izinqubo nezinto eziza kuqala, kodwa ngaphandle kwemvume yendlu yokuxhasa ngemali, lezo zinyathelo azinakwenziwa. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iNdlu iye yasebenzisa amandla okulungisa isimo, isilinganiso, noma isithiya izenzo zokuphatha, kusukela ekulweni kwezempi kuya ekubekeni imithetho yokulawula ukuhlelwa kwezingxoxo zezokuxhumana.

Ukwenza Umthetho Ngaphesheya Kwemikhakha

Imithetho yendlu ihlanganisa cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ngamakomiti ayo angamashumi amabili amile nasemakomitini amaningi angaphansi, iNdlu imisa umthetho okhuluma ngenqubo yezempilo, ukuxhasa imfundo, isivikelo sezezimali, umthetho wezezimali, umthetho wokuthutha, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, ukuphuhliswa kwezimiso zezemfundo, izimiso zezezolimo, izindinganiso zezisebenzi, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa.

Ikomiti ngayinye inobuchwepheshe endaweni yayo ehambisana nokuchotshelwa kwezindaba nokuziphatha, izikhawu eziqophayo, nophengululo ukuze yazise inqubo yomthetho. Umthetho omkhulu uthatha ukubukeza okukhulu kwekomiti ngaphambi kokufika esitezini sendlu, uvumele ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezihlongozo zezimiso kanye nemiphumela yazo. Le simiso sekomiti senza ukuba le ndlu ikwazi ukusingatha ukuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulu kokubusa kwanamuhla kuyilapho ilondoloza izinga elithile lokwenza isakhiwo esikhethekile nobuchwepheshe.

Inqubo yomthetho ngokwayo ihlanganisa izinhlolo nezilinganiso. Amabhukwana kumelwe ahlole amakomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, izinqubo zokulungisa, nezinqubo zokuvota ezinikeza amathuba amaningi okuhlola nokubukeza. I House Pamel Committee inquma izinqumo zenkulumo zomthetho omningi, inqume ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezinganikezwa nesikhathi esizobekelwa ingxoxo. Le nqubo ye-procedtura iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wamukela ukuncitshiswa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokumiswa.

Ukubusa Kwamandla Ahlolayo: Ukubusa Nokulandisa

Nakuba ukwenza umthetho kumelela umsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho-sisekelo wendlu, indima yayo ekuhloleni amandla aphethe ngokuqondisa nangokuhlola ibaluleke ngokufanayo ekulondolozeni uhulumeni olinganiselayo. Indlu inegunya elikhulu lokuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, ukufuna ukwaziswa nobufakazi, futhi yenza izikhulu ziboshelwe ngezenzo zazo.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okusemhlanganweni

Ukuphathwa kweKhomishane kuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi esetshenziswa i-ofisi yendlu, ukuhlola, nokubukeza ukumiswa kwegatsha eliphethe imithetho. Lo msebenzi wobubonisi, nakuba ungachazwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, uvezwa amandla okushaya umthetho futhi uye waqashelwa njengebalulekile ekubusweni okuphumelelayo kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zeRepublic.

Amakomiti endlu aqondisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namakhambi lapho izikhulu eziphethe zifakaza khona ngaphansi kwesifungo, ahlola ukwehluleka okuthiwa ukuziphatha okubi noma ukuhluleka kwezimiso, izicelo zezincwadi nokwaziswa, nemibiko yokuhlola ukuphumelela kwesimiso. iGovernment Oversard and Reform Reformation Committee isebenza njengendikimba eyinhloko ephenyiswayo, kodwa wonke amakomiti endlu anegunya lokuqondisa ezindaweni zawo eziyinhloko.

Leligunya lokwengamela lifeza izinjongo eziningi. Liqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe zimisa imithetho njengenjongo yoMkhandlu, ziveza ukulahlwa kwempahla, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza ezimisweni zikahulumeni, zihlola ukuthi izinqubo ziyayifinyelela yini imigomo yazo, futhi ziveza ngokusobala izenzo zezikhulu. Uma ukuqondisa kwembula izinkinga, iNdlu ingasabela ngemithetho, imingcele, noma ukucindezela komphakathi kwenguquko.

Igunya lophengululo lwendlu lihlanganisa amandla okukhipha ubufakazi obuphoqelelayo nomkhiqizo wezincwadi. Nakuba izikhulu eziphethe ngezinye izikhathi zimelana nezimfuno zenhlangano ngokucela ilungelo lokubusa noma ezinye izimfundiso ezingokomthetho, izinkantolo zivame ukusekela amandla amakhulu ophengululo adingekile emisebenzi yalo yokulawula. Ukuphikisa ama-secomponion kungaholela ekuvuselweni kwezimpi ezingokomthetho ezivivinya imingcele yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Ukuqinisekisa Amandla Nokumisa Abaqondisi

Nakuba iSigele sinegunya elikhethekile lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ezikhundleni eziphezulu nasemajajini kahulumeni, i Home ithonya inqubo yokumiswa ngezinye izindlela. Amalungu endlu ngokuvamile ahlola obala ekuhlolweni okuphikiswayo, futhi amandla ophengululi wendlu angaveza ukwaziswa okuvumelana nezimfanelo ezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqulwa kwezindlebe zasekhaya kungathonya umbono womphakathi ngomjaho, kudala ukucindezela kwezombangazwe okuthinta amathemba okuqinisekiswa.

Uma iNdlu iphikisana ngokuqondile nendlela uMongameli asebenza ngayo egatsheni eliphethe, ingakhipha umthetho ovimbela imisebenzi yehhovisi elithile noma odinga ukuqinisekiswa kwezikhundla ngaphambili ezazingadingi ukumiswa kwezinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe.

Isivumelwano Sokuntengantenga Nesimiso Sangaphandle

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okuvumela izivumelwano, hhayi iNdlu, ngevoti engu-2-3. Nokho, i House inendima ebalulekile enkambisweni yangaphandle ngokulawula kwayo ukudlulisa imithetho yezivumelwano zezizwe zonke negunya lokumisa umthetho wezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Izivumelwano eziningi nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zidinga ukumiswa kwezivumelwano noma izinguquko zezivumelwano ukuze zisebenze, zinika iNdlu amandla asebenzayo ekulawuleni i-vetoto enqulwini ezinkulu zemithetho yamazwe angaphandle.

I House Affairs Committee iqondisa uMnyango woMbuso nezinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe, iphethe ukuqulwa kwezindaba zezizwe zonke, futhi imise umthetho osingatha izikhalo zemithetho yakwamanye amazwe. Ngalemisebenzi, i House ihlela ukuthembisana kwaseMelika nezwe, ngisho noma ingenawo amandla esivumelwano esingokomthetho seSigele.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abaMongameli baye bancika kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu kunokuba bathembele ezivumelwaneni ezingokomthetho zokuphatha inkambiso yangaphandle, ngokwengxenye ukuze bagweme imfuneko yeSigele yokuhlobisa amahora amabili nantathu. Indlu iye yasabela ngokumisa indima yayo ekubukezeni izivumelwano ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi uma zihilela izibopho ezingokomnotho noma izinguquko ezingokomthetho wasekhaya.

Amandla Okuzifunela: I - expory

Phakathi kwamandla okuhlola endlu, ayikho ephawuleka kakhulu noma ebaluleke kakhulu kunegunya layo elilodwa lezikhulu zikahulumeni. ISiqeshi I, Ingxenye 2 yoMthetho-sisekelo inikeza iNdlu amandla akhethekile okuletha amacala okuphonsa, kuyilapho iSigaba I, Isigaba 3 sabela iSigele amandla okuphela okuzama ukugunyaza nokususa izikhulu ezikhundleni ezisesikhundleni sokuzimela.

Ukuqamba kumelela indlela yomthetho-sisekelo yokususa uMongameli, uMongameli, umahluleli kahulumeni, noma esinye isikhulu somphakathi se "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nama-Misdeader" isho impikiswano enkulu, kodwa ivame ukuqondwa ukuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, ukwephulwa kokwethenjwa komphakathi, nokuziphatha okungavumelani nemisebenzi yesikhundla, noma ukungaphula umthetho wobugebengu.

Inqubo yokungagunyazi iqala eKomitini ye House Judicary, ehlola izinsolo futhi enquma ukuthi izotusa yini izihloko zokungathoboli endlini egcwele. Uma ikomiti ivota ukuqhubekisela phambili izihloko zokungathobeli, izimpikiswano ezigcwele nevoti esihlokweni ngasinye. Kudingeka amavoti amaningi adingekayo ukuze ajikije, amangalela isikhulu ngezenzo ezingafanele futhi abangele icala eSigeqeni.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, le House iye yalahla oMongameli abathathu − u-Andrew Johnson ngo-1868, uBill Clinton ngo-1998, noDonald Trump ngo-2019 nango-2021(2021) akakho owalahlwa futhi wasuswa iSigele. Indlu futhi iye yahlasela abahluleli bezwe abaningi nezinye izikhulu. Imposiso ngayinye iye yadala impikiswano enkulu ngobukhulu baleli gunya nangezindinganiso okufanele zilawule umsebenzi walo.

Amandla okungagunyazi asebenza njengendlela yokugcina yokulandisa yezikhulu eziphethe nezahluleli ezingenakususwa ngezinqubo ezivamile zezombangazwe. Abahluleli be-Federal basebenza ukumiswa kukho konke ukuphila futhi bangasuswa kuphela ngokungagunyazi. UMongameli ukhonza igama elimisiwe leminyaka emine futhi akanakususwa ngevoti yokungathembi okunjengokwezimiso zephalamende. Ukuvotelwa kunikeza i-palves evikelayo yomthetho ngokususa izikhulu eziziphatha kabi kakhulu, ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho.

Ukuhlolwa Kwamandla Okwahlulela: Indima Yendlu Ekudukeni Isikhungo Sobuzwe

Nakuba indlu ingenawo amandla eSigele okuqinisekisa okwahlulela, inethonya elikhulu ekwahluleleni komthetho kahulumeni ngezinye izinqubo zomthetho-mthetho. Indlu ihlanganyela ekunqumeni isakhiwo, ukubusa, nokuxhasa kwezimali zezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi inamandla okuvimbela amajaji kahulumeni ahlanganyela ekuziphatheni okubi.

Ukwakha Isimiso Senkantolo Yomphakathi

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa iNkantolo Ephakeme kodwa ushiyela kuKhongolo ukuba kusungulwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Ngomthetho, iNdlu iye yahlanganyela ekusunguleni zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo zesigodi, izinkantolo zezikhalo, nezinkantolo ezikhethekile.

Leligunya lokwakha linikeza iNdlu amandla aphawulekayo ekwahluleleni. Uma i House ikholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zithathelwe phezulu noma zithathe imithetho ngokungeyiyo, ingasabela ngokukhipha umthetho ukuze icacise ulimi olungokomthetho, ibeke imingcele yenkantolo, noma ilungise izinqubo zokwahlulela. Nakuba umthetho onjalo kumelwe udlulise iSigele futhi uthole ukuvunyelwa (noma udlulise i-veto), indima yendlu ekusunguleni nasekulungiseni lezi zinyathelo ibalulekile.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Amajaji angokombuso akhonza "ehambisana nokuziphatha okuhle," okusho ukunganaki nokususwa ngokuphumelelayo kukho konke ukuphila. Lokhu ukuzimela kuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kubavumela ukuba benze izinqumo ezingathandeki ezisekelwe emthetho kunombono womphakathi. Nokho, kusho futhi ukuthi amajaji ahlanganyela ekuziphatheni kobugebengu, ukwephulwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha, noma ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína angasuswa kuphela ngenqubo yokungavumelani.

Indlu iqashe amajaji ayishumi nanhlanu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, aboshwa futhi asuswa isishiyagalombili iSigele. Ukujezisa kokwahlulela kuhlanganisa ukumangalelwa kokuziphatha kobugebengu, ukonakala, noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla. Amandla okuzimela aqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzimela kokwahlulela akusona isihlangu sokuziphatha okungafanele kokwahlulela, kugcine icala ngisho nakubaphathi abamiswa kukho kukho konke ukuphila kwabo.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo

Uma iNkantolo ePhakeme ikholelwa ukuthi iNkantolo iwuthathe ngokungeyiyo umthetho-sisekelo, ingasikisela izinguquko zomthetho-mgaqo ukuze kushintshwe izinqumo zokwahlulela. ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa: ngamavoti amabili-sithathu azo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu, noma ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngeziphakamiso ezimbili-ntathu zesifundazwe. Indlu iye yahlanganyela ekuhlobaniseni zonke iziphendulo ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa eziye zagunyaziswe, kuhlanganise nezimbalwa eziye zasabela ngokuqondile ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye seSiphendulo seshumi nanye sasichitha isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eChisolm v. Georgia, iziNguqulo zeshumi nanye nezine zagumbuqela uDrede Scott v. Sandford, iSichibiyelo sesithupha sagumbuqela iPollock v. Abalimi's Loan & Trust Co., kanye neSichibiyelo seMitchell sesithupha sayigumbuqela ngokuphumelelayo i-Oregon v. Mitchell. Nakuba ukuqedwa komthetho ngokomthetho kunzima ukufinyelela, ukufuna ukusekelwa okukhulu eKhondleni nasekwakhelweni okusane, kumele i-ehlolo lokugcina emalini lokubusa.

Indlela Ukukhethwa Kwendlu Okuqinisekisa Ngayo Ukuthi Kunesibopho Sokulandisa

Leligama elisho amalungu endlu iminyaka emibili limelela omunye wemijikelezo emifushane kakhulu yokukhetha ekubusweni kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kulandisa okuvamile kubavoti kuqinisekisa ukuthi iNdlu iyaqhubeka isabela embonweni womphakathi nokuthi abameleli abangawaqondi ama-ocestra bangathathelwa indawo ngokushesha.

Njalo eminyakeni emibili, zonke izihlalo zendlu ezingu- 435 zincintiswano okhethweni oluba ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Lokhetho luqondana nokhetho lukamongameli eminyakeni eminingi lubonakala ngemine futhi lwenzeka njengokhetho phakathi kwemincintiswano yamongameli. Ukhetho lwaphakathi kwama-mincintili luvame ukusebenza njengophawu lokuhlala kukaMongameli, kanye neqembu lomongameli elivame ukulahlekelwa izihlalo zendlu.

Umjikelezo omfushane wokhetho ubangela ukucindezela okungapheli kwezombangazwe emalungwini endlu ukuze ahlale evumelana nezinkathazo zomphakathi. Abameleli kumelwe baqhubeke bekhankasela, baphakamise izimali, futhi bagcine ukubonakala ezifundeni zabo ukuze baqinisekise ukukhethwa kabusha. Lokhu kwenza iNdlu ishukume kakhulu futhi ithathe inguquko engokwezombangazwe kuneSigele, lapho amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha anikeza khona ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kwenguquko yezombangazwe yesikhashana.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amagama athatha iminyaka emibili akhuthaza ukucabanga okufushane futhi enza abameleli bagxile kakhulu ekukhetheni futhi kunokuthuthukisa isimiso eside. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi okhetho oluvamile luqinisekisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi futhi luvimbela abameleli ukuba bangagcwali noma bahlukaniswe nabantu abakhonzayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano, inkathi yeminyaka emibili ihlala iyisici esichaza iNdlu futhi indlela eyinhloko yokugcina ukusabela kwayo emphakathini.

Isimiso Sobuholi Basekhaya Nomphumela Waso Ekuhloleni Nokulinganisela

Inhlangano yangaphakathi yendlu ithinta kakhulu indlela esebenzisa ngayo amandla ayo omthetho-sisekelo. USpeaker wendlu, okhethwe amalungu agcwele endlu, usebenza njengesikhulu segumbi eliphethe igumbi futhi elinamandla kakhulu. USheaker ulawula uhlelo lwemithetho, uthonya izabelo zekomiti, futhi uhlela izinto eziza kuqala egumbini.

Iqembu elikhulu kulendlu lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokulawula kwalo usihlalo wekomiti, ikhalenda lomthetho, nemithetho ehleliwe. Iqembu elincane linamandla alinganiselwe okuphoqa amavoti noma ukushaya umthetho ngaphandle kokubambisana kweningi, nakuba lingasebenzisa amasu angokwesiko ukuze libambezele futhi lidonsele ukunakekela komphakathi ezindabeni.

Lesi sakhiwo sobuholi sisho ukuthi ukhetho lwendlu lunezigqebhezana eziphakeme ngaphezu kwezihlalo ngazinye. Ukulawula kwendlu kunquma ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elihlela izinhlelo, okuxoxwa ngazo, futhi yiziphi izinto eziza kuqala ezithathwayo. Ukushintshwa kokulawula kwendlu kungakushintsha kakhulu ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kweKhongolo noMongameli, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula iNdlu neNdlu enguWhite.

Abaholi basekhaya bahlanganisa futhi nabaholi abaningi nabambalwa, abashaya izibalo zeqembu futhi bakhuthaze ukuqeqeshelwa ukuvota, nezihlalo ze-caucus noma zengqungquthela ezixhumanisa imiyalezo yeqembu. Lesi sakhiwo sobuholi senza iNdlu isebenze njengendikimba yemithetho evumelanayo naphezu kobukhulu bayo namalungu ahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa futhi igxilisa amandla ngezindlela ezingasibekela ithonya ngalinye.

Izibonelo Zezindlu Zangempela Zihlola Amandla Aphethe

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, leNdlu iye yasebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe amandla ayo okuhlola ukuze icindezele abaphethe ngokuphamba, ihlole ukuziphatha okubi, futhi igoduse amagunya angokomthetho. Lezizibonelo zibonisa indlela izinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo eziguqula ngayo imingcele esebenzayo emandleni omongameli.

Ukucwaninga Nge - nixon

Uphenyo lweNdlu yeKomiti yoMbuso kaMongameli uRichard Nixon ngo-1974 lumelela enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zobuphathi emlandweni waseMelika. Ngemva kwezambulo mayelana nempoqo yeWatergate futhi ngokulandela, ikomiti yaqhuba izimemezelo eziningi, amakhasethi endlu emhlophe angaphansi kwe-ocenated, futhi ekugcineni yagunyaza izihloko ezintathu zokungavumelani noNixon ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kobulungisa, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokudelelwa kweSishaya-Hulumeni.

Nixon washiya umsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba iNdlu iphelele ivote ngokungagunyazi, kodwa uphengululo lwabonisa ikhono le House lokuthwala ngisho nomphathi onamandla kakhulu. Indaba yeWatergate yaholela ekushintsheni okukhulu komthetho wezezimali wezezimali, imithetho yezimiso zomthetho, nezinqubo zobuphathi, iqinisa imishini elawula amandla okulawula.

Amandla Empi Nokugunyazwa Kwempi

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMkhandlu amandla okumemezela impi, kodwa abaMongameli baye benza amabutho ezempi kaningi ngaphandle kwezimemezelo ezingokomthetho. Ekuphenduleni eMpini yaseVietnam, uMkhandlu wakhipha iSigqi seMpi sango-1973 kuMongameli Nixon's, ifuna ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 ngokufaka amabutho ahlomile nokususa amabutho phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba iSishaya-Hulumeni sigunyaze ukuqhubekela impi.

Nakuba abaPhathi beye babekela i-War Powertion’s Resolution ye-War Communition ne-accomplition iye yaguquguquka, umthetho umelela ukugomela okubalulekile kwegunya lenhlangano phezu kwezindawo ezithunyelwa empini. Indlu iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo okuvimbela noma ukuvimbela imisebenzi yezempi ezimpini ezihlukahlukene, ibonisa ukuthi amandla esikhwama semali angahlola ngokuphumelelayo izinqumo zezempi ngisho nalapho izimemezelo ezingokomthetho zingafunwa.

Uphenyo Lwe - Iran - Contra

Ngo - 1980, ukuhlola kweZindlu kwembula ukuthi izikhulu zezikhulu zikaReagan zazithengise izikhali e - Iran futhi zaphambukisa izinhlangano ukuze zixhase abavukeli baseNicaragua, naphezu kokunqatshelwa kwenhlangano ngosizo olunjalo. iHouse Chount Committee Fiert Arms Transactions yasingatha ukuqulwa okukhulu kwamacala aveza ukusebenza futhi yaholela ekumangalelweni kwezigebengu zezikhulu eziningana.

Indaba ye-Iran-Contra ibonisa kokubili ukubaluleka kokuqondisa kwengqungquthela nokulinganiselwa kwayo. Nakuba uphenya kwaveza imisebenzi engekho emthethweni futhi kwaphumela ekuzilandiseni okuthile, kwembula futhi indlela izikhulu eziphethe ezingagwema ngayo imingcele yokuhlangana ngokusebenza ngokufihla. Lesi senzakalo saholela ekuguquleni ukuphathwa kwekhono lokuhlakanipha kanye nezimpikiswano ezintsha ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokuzivumelanisa kwezikhulu ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nokulawula kwemibuthano.

Ukugula Ngokwezimali

Ngemva kwenkinga yezimali ka-2008, iKomiti ye House Financial Services yaqondisa kakhulu ukusabela kwe-Treasurement, kuhlanganise neSimiso Sezezimali esinezinkinga esihlangene neSimiso sosizo (TERP) esasiza amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezinhlangano zezezimali. Izindlebe zasendlini zahlola izimbangela zenhlekelele, ukuphumelela kokungenela kukahulumeni, kanye nokulandisa kwezikhulu zezezimali ezabangela ukuwohloka kwezomnotho.

Lokhu kuqondisa kwazisa ukuthuthuka kweDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act, umthetho wezezimali obanzi owamisa kabusha ukuqondisa ngokwezimali futhi wasungula izivikelo ezintsha zabathengi. Umsebenzi wophengululo wendlu wasiza ekulolongeni ukuqonda komphakathi ngenkinga futhi wakha ukusekela izinguquko ezilawulayo, ubonisa ukuthi ukuqapha kungaholela kanjani ezinguqulweni eziphawulekayo zenqubo.

Okwenza Indlu Ibaluleke Futhi Ilinganisele Ekuphileni Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla zingase zibonakale ziyinto engekho noma zikude nezinkathazo zansuku zonke, kodwa indima yeNdlu ekuhloleni amandla ombuso nokwahlulela ithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwakho, umkhaya wakho, nomphakathi wakini.

Ukuvikela Abakhokhi Bentela

Amandla endlu esikhwama semali athinta ngokuqondile indlela amaRandi akho entela asetshenziswa ngayo. Uma indlu iqondisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, iphawula ukulahlwa kwempahla, ukukhwabanisa, kanye nokungagculisi okuqeda imithombo yomphakathi. Uma iphikisana ngezikweletu zemali, inquma amazinga emali emali yonke kusukela ekuvikelekeni kwesizwe kuya ekuhloleni izakhiwo zokwelapha. Lezi zinqumo zithinta izinkonzo ozitholayo, ukuphepha komphakathi wakho, namathuba ezomnotho okutholakala kuwe nomkhaya wakho.

Ngokubheka izinhlangano ezisebenzisa imali efanele, iNdlu iqinisekisa ukuthi ama - dollar akho entela asetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo futhi asetshenziswa kahle esikhundleni sokuchitha noma ukuphambukiswa, kuye kwathola izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezisebenzisa imali yakho entela.

Umthetho Ophazamisayo Wezempilo

Umthetho wokunakekela impilo obekwe yiNdlu unquma ukuthi uyakwazi ukuthola ukwelashwa, izindleko zomshuwalense wempilo, ukukhokhelwa kwezimo zangaphambi kokuvela, amanani emithi kadokotela, nokuxhaswa kwemali yokucwaninga kwezokwelapha. Indima yendlu ekusunguleni nasekuxhaseni izinhlelo zokwelapha ezinjenge-Medicare, Medicaid, ne-Afford Care Act ithinta ngokuqondile izigidi zabantu baseMelika ikhono lokuthola ukwelashwa okungabizi.

Lapho i House yengamela izinhlangano zezempilo njenge-Food and Drug Administration, i Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, kanye ne Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, kuthinta ukuphepha kwemithi oyisebenzisayo, ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zempilo zomphakathi, kanye nezinga lokunakekela okunikezwa ngezinhlelo zempilo zikahulumeni. Ukuhlolwa kwezindlu kuye kwaholela ekukhumbuleni ngezidakamizwa eziyingozi, izinguquko ezinhlangothini zobuchwepheshe zokwelapha, kanye nentuthuko ekukhiqini kwempilo.

Ukuphoqelela Amathuba Emfundo

Izimali zemfundo ezixhaswa abantu abahlala ndawonye, izinhlelo zabafundi zokuboleka imali, izimfuneko ezikhethekile zemfundo, nezindinganiso zemfundo konke kuthonywe umthetho wendlu nokwengamela. iKomiti yeDraigry and Labor ithuthukisa izimiso ezithinta yonke into kusukela emfundoni yabantwana kuya ekolishi ekutholeni inzuzo yokuqeqesha umsebenzi.

Iziphakamiso zezindlu zinquma amazinga okuxhasa imali yezinhlelo zesihloko I ezisekela izikole ezithola imali ephansi, izikhokhelo zemfundo ekhethekile, amaPel Grant kubafundi basekolishi, kanye nokusekela imali yokucwaninga emayunivesithi. Lezi zinqumo zithinta izinga lemfundo etholakala emphakathini wenu, ukukhokha kwemfundo ephakeme yezingane zenu, kanye namathuba okuqeqesha amakhono akhona izisebenzi ezifuna ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi yazo.

Ukuvikela Indawo Ezungezile Okuqinisayo

Indlu inendima ebalulekile esimisweni sendawo ezungezile ngomthetho ophathelene nokushintsha komoya namanzi, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukulawulwa kwamazwe omphakathi nokugcinwa kwendawo ezungezile.

Lapho le House ihlola izinhlekelele zendawo ezungezile njengokuchitheka kukawoyela, ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali, noma ukungcola kwamanzi, ibangela ukuba amaqembu anomthwalo wemfanelo athwale futhi athuthukise izinguquko ukuze avimbele izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omphakathi Nenkululeko

Imithetho yokuhlola yendlu isiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo kuhulumeni ukuba aphathwe. Uma izinhlangano eziphethe zingenela ukuqapha, imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, noma ukubekelwa umthetho, ukuqondisa kwendlu kuqinisekisa ukuthi lezizenzo zivumelana nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo futhi zihlonipha inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Umthetho wezindlu uye waqinisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, ukwenqatshelwa kobandlululo, amalungelo okuvota avikelwe, nokumiswa kwenqubo efanele.

Ukulondoloza Ukuqina Kwezomnotho

Indima yendlu ekuqondiseni imali, isimiso sezomnotho, nokuphathwa kwemali ithinta ukulondeka komsebenzi, imali ozoyigcina umhlalaphansi, namathuba ezomnotho. Umthetho wendlu ulawula izimakethe zezimali, izivikelo zabathengi, ihlela izimiso zemali, futhi inqume amazinga entela athinta umholo wakho wokuthatha ikhaya.

Uma indlu iqondisa abaqondisi bezimali, isiza ekuvimbeleni uhlobo lwemikhuba yokuzifaka engozini kakhulu nokukhohlisa eyaholela ezinkingeni zezimali ngo 2008. Uphengululo lwezindlu lwenkampani ethengisa ukuziphatha okubi luvikela abatshali bezimali nabathengi ekukhwabaniseni nasekuxhashazweni. Ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zentuthuko yezomnotho, ukutshala imali, nokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi kuthinta amathuba emisebenzi emphakathini wakini.

Izinselele Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okuphumelelayo

Nakuba ukwakheka komthetho - sisekelo kwezindlela zokuhlola nokulinganisela kuhlala kungashintshi, intuthuko ehlukahlukene ekubusweni kwanamuhla iye yaphazamisa ikhono leNdlu lokuhlola ngokuphumelelayo isikhulu namandla okwahlulela.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo kuye kwathinta indlela iNdlu esebenzisa ngayo amandla ayo okuhlola. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili indlu nobumongameli, ukuqondisa kwendlu yegatsha eliphethe ngokuvamile akuba nolaka oluncane, njengoba amalungu amaningi eqembu engafuni ukuhlola noma ukugxeka uMongameli weqembu lawo siqu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula iNdlu nomphathi, ukuqondisa kungaba okungalawuleki ngokweqile, ngokuphenya okuqhutshwa kakhulu yinzuzo yezombangazwe kunezindaba eziqotho.

Lo mxhaka onamandla angalulaza ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela, njengoba ukwethembeka kwenhlangano kuKhongolose kunikeza indawo yokwethembeka kweqembu. Abaxhasi balindele ukuthi amalungu egatsha ngalinye avikela ngomona amalungelo enhlangano yawo ekungeneni kwamanye amagatsha, kodwa ukuhlukana okuncintisana kwezinhlanga kuye kwadala izisusa ngezinye izikhathi eziphazamisa izithakazelo zomphakathi.

Ukwanda Okuphethe NoMbuso Ophethe

Ukwanda kwesimiso sombuso kahulumeni nokwanda kwamandla aphakeme kuye kwadala izinselele zokwengamela ingqungquthela. Omongameli banamuhla bengamele izigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezinqamule iminyango eminingi namakhulu ezinhlangano, okwenza ukuba ukuqondisa okubanzi kube nzima. Ubunkimbinkimbi kanye nobuchwepheshe bezindaba eziningi ezilawulayo bungadlula ikhono lokuqondisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Abaholi baye bathembela futhi ngokuqhubekayo eziyalweni zokuqondisa, izimemezelo zokusayina, nezenzo zokuphatha ukuze kusetshenziswe isimiso ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Nakuba indlu ingasabela ngemithetho noma ngemithetho enqatshelwayo, lamathuluzi ngokuvamile ayasheshisa futhi adinga ukubambisana kweSigele noMongameli (noma isikhulu esivimbela). Umphumela uyigatsha eliphethe elinamandla okulawula angekho amasiko anganzima ukuba amaKhomishane ahlole ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ukwaziswa Okunemininingwane Nelungelo Eliphethe

Izisebenzi eziphethe zingabambezela noma zimelane nezicelo zokwaziswa ezigunyazwayo ngokucela ilungelo lezikhulu, ngokusho izinto ezikhathaza ukulondeka kwezwe, noma ngokuhileleka ezimpini eziqhubekayo ezingokomthetho phezu kwezimpoqo.

Nakuba izinkantolo zivame ukusekela igunya lobuphengululi lobufundisi, ukubekwa kwemininingwane yokuthola ukwaziswa kungathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, isikhathi okungenzeka ukuthi inkathi yezombangazwe yadlula ngaso. Lokhu kunikeza igatsha eliphethe amandla abalulekile okuphazamisa ukuqondisa kwenhlangano, ikakhulukazi lapho iqembu likaMongameli lilawula okungenani indawo eyodwa yeSishayamthetho futhi lingavimbela ukusabela kwemithetho.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izisebenzi ze-Congress nemithombo yezimali azizange zihambisane nokukhula nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwegatsha eliphethe. Amakomiti endlu kumelwe engamele iminyango emikhulu ephethe enezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe nemali elinganiselwe. Lokhu kungalingani kwenza kube nzima ngoKhongolo-khampani ukuba ivumelane nobuchwepheshe nokwaziswa okukhona ezinhlanganweni eziphethe, okunganciphisa ukuphumelela kokuqondisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokuqoqa nokukhankasela zidla isikhathi esiphawulekayo nokunaka kwamalungu endlu, okungase kunciphise ukugxila emsebenzini womthetho nakwemithwalo yemfanelo yokwengamela. Umjikelezo wokhetho oqhubekayo owenziwa ngemithetho yeminyaka emibili, nakuba uqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu uzolandisa, ubangela izingcindezi ezingaphazamisa ukubusa.

Indlela Ongahlanganyela Ngayo Nommeleli Wakho Wendlu

Ukuqonda indima yendlu ekuhlolweni nasekulinganiseni kubalulekile, kodwa isibopho sezakhamuzi sibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abameleli basebenzisa amandla abo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuphumelelayo futhi banesithakazelo emphakathini. Nazi izindlela ezisebenzayo ongahlanganyela ngazo enqubweni yentando yeningi futhi uthonye indlela abameleli bakho abasebenza ngayo.

Yazi Ummeleli Wakho

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuthembiseni ngokuphumelela ukwazi ukuthi ubani okumele eNdlu. Ungathola ummeleli wakho ngokungena ekhodini lakho le-zip kwi-pages House of Deaders website ku- www.house.gov. Funda ngezabelo zekomiti yakho, izinto eziza kuqala zomthetho, ukuvota, nezikhundla ezindabeni ozifunayo.

Abameleli abaningi balondoloza kokubili ihhovisi lase Washington kanye nehhovisi lesigodi elilodwa noma ngaphezulu ezweni lakubo. Amahhovisi esigodi avame ukutholakala kakhulu kubantu abasebenza ezindaweni ezizimele nakwezokusingatha amatyala ahlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sehhovisi le-ofisi le-imende yakho nezisebenzi zakho kungakusiza ukuba uxhumane ngokuphumelelayo.

Xhumana Nommeleli Wakho

Abameleli banaka ukuxhumana okuhlangeneyo, ikakhulukazi uma bethola abantu abaningi abaxhumanayo kumagazini ofanayo. Ungathintana nommeleli wakho ngezingcingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, noma imithombo yezokuxhumana. Lapho uthintana nommeleli wakho, chaza ngokucacile ukuthi ukunjani, chaza ukuthi lendaba ikuthinta kanjani wena ngokwakho, futhi ucele isenzo esithile.

Izingcingo nezinhlamvu ezizihambelayo ngokuvamile zithola ukunakekela okukhulu kunokuveza ama-imeyili noma izicelo, nakuba zonke izingcingo zilandelwa. Yiba nenhlonipho namaqiniso ekuxhumaneni kwakho, ngisho noma ungavumelani nezikhundla zommeleli wakho. Amalungu asebenza ngokuxhumana okuhlangene athambekele kakhulu ekuthatheni ngokungathi sína imiyalezo ecatshangelwayo nengaqondile kodwa echaphazekile noma ejwayelekile.

Yiya EmaHholo Omuzi Nezenzakalo Zomphakathi

Abameleli abaningi baba nemihlangano yehholo lasedolobheni, amahholo omphakathi, noma amahora ehhovisi lapho abameleli bengabuza khona imibuzo futhi baveze ukukhathazeka kwabo ngokuqondile. Lezi zenzakalo zinikeza amathuba okuthembisana ubuso nobuso futhi zikuvumele ukuba uzwe izikhundla zommeleli wakho nokucabanga ngezindaba ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuba khona kwalezi zenzakalo kubonisa futhi kummeleli wakho ukuthi abameleli banakekela futhi banakekela indlela abavota ngayo nokuthi bathatha ziphi izikhundla. Imibuzo yomphakathi emahholo edolobha ingadonsela ukunakekela kwemithombo yezindaba futhi ibangele ukulandisa ngezikhundla zezikhulu zabameleli nezithembiso.

Hlakulela Zonke Izici Ozikhethayo

Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokubheka ummeleli wakho ukuba alandise kuyo yonke imikhonzo, kuhlanganise nokhetho oluyinhloko olunquma ukuthi obani abazovela kukhetho oluvamile. Izikhundla zokucwaninga, ulwazi, nezimfanelo ngaphambi kokuvota. Cabangela hhayi nje ukuhlangana neqembu kodwa futhi izikhundla eziqondile zesimiso, ubuqotho, nokuzimisela ekubuseni komthetho-sisekelo.

Ukhetho lwe-Midter, uma lungekho umjaho wobumongameli ku-collet, ngokuvamile lunethuba eliphansi kunokhetho lukamongameli, kodwa lubaluleke ngokufanayo ekunqumeni ukulawula kwendlu nasekubekeni abameleli ukuba balandise.

Hlala Unolwazi

Isivumelwano esiphumelelayo sezakhamuzi sidinga ukuhlala sazisiwe ngalokho okwenziwa yi-Congress. Landela imithombo yezindaba ethembekile ehlanganisa imisebenzi ye-cornion, funda amapheshana ommeleli wakho nezindawo zezokuxhumana, futhi uthintane nemithombo engeyoyakrati njenge-Congregal Research Service imibiko etholakala nge-website ye-Congress e www.gov.

Ukuqonda inqubo yokushaya umthetho, imisebenzi yamakomiti, nezimpikiswano zezimiso zamanje kwenza ukwazi ukuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo nommeleli wakho nokubanze balandise ngezenzo zabo namavoti. Izinhlangano ezihlukene zezombangazwe zinikeza ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi yenhlangano namarekhodi okuvota, okukuvumela ukuba ulandele indlela abameleli bakho abavota ngayo ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo.

Zihlele Nabanye

Ukuhlanganisa imicimbi kuhlanganisa amazwi abantu ngabanye. Cabangela ukuhlangana noma ukwakha amaqembu abantu abahlanganyela nawe ukukhathazeka kwakho ngezindaba ezithile. Amaqembu ahlelelwe ukuhlangana nabameleli, ukuhlanganisa imikhankaso yokuxhumana, nokubonisa ukusekela komphakathi okukhulu ezikhundleni ezithile.

Abameleli banakekela ngokukhethekile amaqembu ahleliwe amaqembu ngoba amelela abavoti abaningi futhi angathonya umbono womphakathi obanzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngezinhlangano ezingokomthetho zobufundisi, amaqembu omphakathi, noma ngemifelandawonye yezakhamuzi ezikhathalelayo, ukuthembisana ndawonye ngokuvamile kuphumelela kakhulu kunesenzo somuntu siqu kuphela.

Ikusasa Lamasheya Nokulinganisela

Njengoba idemokrasi yaseMelika iguquka, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezinselele namathuba. Ukushintsha kwezesayensi, amandla ezombangazwe ashintshayo, nezimiso ezivelayo kuyohlola ukuthi isimiso somthetho sisekelo esiklanywe ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili singabusa ngokuphumelelayo yini isizwe samashumi amabili nakuqala.

Ezinye izingqapheli zikhathazekile ngokuthi ukuhlukanisa kweqembu, ukwanda kwezikhulu, nobuthakathaka obusemkhandlwini weSishaya-mthetho kusongela ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Bakhomba ekunciphiseni amandla enhlangano, ukucusha ukuphatha lapho iqembu loMongameli lilawula iSishaya-Mkhandlu, nokukhula kwamandla okulawula angahlangani njengobufakazi bokuthi isimiso siyawohloka.

Abanye bagomela ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo uhlala uqinile futhi izingxabano zezikhathi ezithile phakathi kwamagatsha ziyizici ezivamile futhi ngisho ezinempilo zemibuso ehlukene. Baphawula ukuthi uMkhandlu uye walisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe igunya lawo lapho impatho yesikhulu iqala ukuphambana kakhulu, nokuthi ukuvumelana kwesimiso kuvumela ukuba kuvumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho ulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi lezimpikiswano, ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela ekugcineni kuxhomeke ekuthembiseni nasekuqapheni kwezakhamuzi.

Ngokuphambene, lapho izakhamuzi zingakuqondi ukuhlongozwa noma zingakuqondi, abameleli babhekana nemiphumela embalwa ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuphatha, ukuvumela izikhulu ukuba ziphathwe kabi, noma ukubeka phambili inzuzo yenhlangano yezombuso waseMelika nomthwalo wemfanelo wenhlangano. Impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika nokuphumelela kwemishini nezilinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo akuxhomekile nje kuphela ezimisweni ezingokomthetho ezimiswe eMthethweni, kodwa nasekubopheni ngenkuthalo kwalezozakhiwo okuklanyelwe ukuba zisetshenziswe.

Isihluthulelo: Isizathu Sokuba Indlu Ihlole Amandla

Indlu yabameleli isebenza njengesici esibalulekile sesimiso saseMelika sokuhlola nokulinganisela, isebenzisa amandla abalulekile ukuze icindezele isikhulu nokwahlulela ukuba baphambe kuyilapho imelela izithakazelo zabantu enqubweni yomthetho. Ukuqonda lamandla kanye nezincazelo zawo eziwusizo kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

• [[[NTL:0] Igunya lomthetho:[ Indlu ihlanganyela amandla omthetho neSigele, iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu futhi icubungula kakhulu ngaphambi kokumiswa.
• [ Amandla entengo: igunya elikhethekile lendlu lokusungula izikweleti zemali kanye nendima yayo eyinhloko ekuhlolweni inika amandla amakhulu kakhulu kunemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.
• Ukuqapha nophenyo: Indlu iqondisa ukumiswa kwegatsha eliphethe imithetho, ihlola ukuziphatha okubi, futhi ibeka izikhulu ukuba zilandise ngokuzwa, izimpondo ezingaphansi, nokuhlola umphakathi.
• [ Amandla okuhlela: Igunya okuwukuphela kwendlu lokubeka izikhulu zikahulumeni linikeza umsebenzi wokulandisa ophelele kuMongameli, abahluleli, nezinye izikhulu ezenza ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína.
• Ithonya lobuJudicial: Ngendima yayo ekuhloleni izinkantolo, ekuququzeleni abahluleli, nasekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo, indlu isiza ekuhloleni amandla okwahlulela futhi iqinisekise ukulandisa.
• Ukulandisa:[ amagama aneminyaka emibili aqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu endlu ayaqhubeka esabela ezinkathazweni zombutho futhi angathathelwa indawo ngokushesha uma elahlekelwa ukusekela komphakathi.
• [ Imiphumela ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke:[ izenzo zasendlini zithinta ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, izintela, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, amalungelo omphakathi, isimiso sezomnotho, nezinye izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke.
• ISivumelwano se-Citizen: Ukuphumelela kwamandla okuhlola izindlu kuxhomeke ekutholeni ulwazi, ekuthembiseni izakhamuzi ezibheka abameleli bazo ukuba balandise ngokuvota, ngokuxhumana, nangokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zedemokhrasi.
• Izinselele eziqhubekayo: Ingxenyesanti, ukwanda kwezikhulu, ukwaziswa okungatholakali, kanye nezithiyo zemithombo kudala izithiyo zokuhlola nokulinganisela okudinga ukuqapha.
• I-Constialialince: Naphezu kwezinselele, uhlelo lwe-checks nokulinganisa olumiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo luyaqhubeka lunikeza izindlela zokuvimbela ubushiqela nokuvikela inkululeko, nakuba ukuphumelela kwalo kuxhomeke ekuzinikeleni kwezikhulu nezakhamuzi ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Ekulondolozeni Uhulumeni Olinganiselayo

Indlu yabameleli inendawo eyinhloko esimisweni somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, esebenza kanye kanye njengezwi labantu ekuqambeni umthetho nanjengokuhlolwa okubalulekile emandleni ombuso nakwahluleli. Ngegunya layo lomthetho, amandla okwengamela, ukulawula ukuqulwa, kanye nekhono lokungagunyazi, i House iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu futhi izikhulu zihlala zinesibopho kubantu ezibakhonzayo.

Le mibuso yomthetho - sisekelo ayizona nje izimiso ezingekho ngqiqweni noma izinto ezingokomlando, inethonya eliqondile, elibonakalayo ekuphileni kwakho, elithinta izintela ozikhokhayo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo oyitholayo, ukuphepha komphakathi wakho, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo akho, namathuba ezomnotho ongawaphishekela. Uma i House isebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlola ngokuphumelelayo, ivikela izithakazelo zakho futhi ilondoloza izimiso zentando yeningi ezisekela uhulumeni waseMelika.

Nokho, ukuphumelela kwalezizimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kuxhomeke kuwe ekugcineni. IFramers yaklama isimiso esidinga ukuba nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele ukuze sisebenze kahle. Ukuthembisana kwakho (h___ngovota, ukuxhumana nabameleli, ukuhlala unolwazi, nokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi) kunikeza isisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuphumelelayo. Uma izakhamuzi zithembisiwe futhi zifundiswa, abameleli banezisusa ezinamandla kakhulu zokusebenzisa amandla abo omthetho-mthetho-mthetho ngokufanele futhi bamela kokubili izingcindezi ezilawulayo nezinga ezingenza umthwalo wemfanelo wezikhulu.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asikona ukuziqeda. Kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuhlanganyela ngolwazi, nokuzinikela ezimisweni zomthetho-mthetho ezivela kuzo zombili izikhulu nezakhamuzi. Ngokuqonda ukuthi iNdlu yabameleli isebenza kanjani phakathi kwalesi simiso nangokuhlanganyela ngentshiseko nommeleli wakho, unezela ekulondolozeni uhulumeni olinganiselayo ovikela inkululeko, ovimbela ubushiqela, futhi usiza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ayixhomekile nje kuphela ezimisweni ezingokomthetho ezimiswe eMthethweni, kodwa nasekuthembiseni okunentshiseko kwezakhamuzi eziqonda lezozakhiwo futhi ezifuna ukuba abameleli bazo basebenzise amandla omthetho - sisekelo ukuze bafeze okuhle komphakathi. Izindaba zakho zokuhlanganyela, iphimbo lakho, nesithembiso sesithembiso senu sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuyaqhubeka kuvikela amalungelo akho, izithakazelo zakho, nekusasa lakho.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela uKhongolo-mthetho osebenza ngayo nendlela ongahlanganyela ngayo enqubweni yentando yeningi, vakashela i House of Messages engosini esemthethweni e www.house.gov, uhlole ukwaziswa kwemithetho ekhongothini .conforv., futhi ucabangele ukuhlanganyela kwimithombo yemfundo yezezesizwe engajuliswanga engajulisa ukuqonda kwakho uhulumeni waseMelika nendima yakho ngaphakathi kuwo.