Table of Contents

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yamalungelo ayisisekelo emiphakathini yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Lesisimiso sisekela inkululeko yomuntu noma yomphakathi ukuba ikhiphe imibono yabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela, ukucubungula, noma ukugunyaza okungokomthetho. Ikhono lokuveza imingcele yezinhlangano ezivulekile, lisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele enkulumweni yasobala, inselele, futhi lifaka isandla ekudayiseni kwemibono eqhubezela intuthuko yezenhlalo nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Ilungelo lenkululeko yokuveza imizwa liye laqashelwa njengelungelo lomuntu eMthethweni Womhlaba Wonke Wamalungelo Abantu (UDHR) nasemthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu. Lokhu kuqaphela kubonisa ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke ukuthi ukukhulumela ngenkululeko kubalulekile ekuhlonipheni abantu nasekuhlanganyeleni nentando yeningi. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa nokuvikelwa kwalelilungelo kuyehluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezingokomthetho, amasiko, kanye nezimo zezombangazwe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuvikelwa Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Amazwe amaningi anemithetho engokomthetho evikela inkululeko yokukhuluma. La malungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo asebenza njengesimiso esiyinhloko somthetho sokuvikela amalungelo ayimfihlo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Ulimi oluqondile nezinga lalezi sivikelo kuyahluka ngokwesizwe, kuveza amasiko angokomthetho namasiko ahlukahlukene.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala E - United States

E-United States, inkululeko yokukhuluma ithola isivikelo esiqinile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi: “ISiphendu somthetho asisoze senza mthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqatshelwa kwayo; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.”

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokunqabela uMkhandlu ukuba ubeke imingcele emithonjeni yezindaba noma amalungelo abantu okukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Ngenxa yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, ilungelo lomthetho ngokomthetho weSichibiyelo sokuqala lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nenkululeko yokucabanga liyasebenza nakohulumeni bendawo. Lemfundiso ehlanganisayo iqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo sokukhuluma sisebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni eUnited States, ivimbela iziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso ukuba zingawaphuli amalungelo aqanjiwe.

Izivikelo Zokukhuluma Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngalé kwe-United States, amazwe amaningi aye athola izikhuselo zokukhuluma ezikhululekile ezimisweni zawo zomthetho-sisekelo. Inkululeko yokukhuluma inikezwa isivikelo esicacile emthethweni wezizwe zonke iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawamazwe acishe abe ngu-150.

ISiphakamiso 19 se-International Parven of Civil and Political Rights simemezela ukuthi "[e] wedwa uyakuba nelungelo lenkululeko yokuveza; lelilungelo liyohlanganisa inkululeko yokufuna, ukwamukela nokudlulisela ukwaziswa nemibono yazo zonke izinhlobo" kodwa khona manjalo siphawula ukuthi lelilungelo "enza imisebenzi ekhethekile nemithwalo yemfanelo" lolulimi luyavuma kokubili ukubaluleka kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nesidingo esingokomthetho semithetho ethile yokuvikela ezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile.

Izizwe ezihlukahlukene zichaza futhi zisebenzise lezi sivikelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso unikeza isivikelo sokukhuluma esikhululekile esifana nesoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.Ezifundazweni ezimbalwa, njengeCalifornia, umthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni uye wachazwa njengonikeza isivikelo esibanzi kuneSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile singashintsha futhi sandise ngaphezu kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Izinga Lokukhuluma Okuvikelwe

Ukuqonda ukuthi yini ewulimi oluvikelwe kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho yenkululeko yokukhuluma esebenza ngayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. ngokuvamile iye yazama ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi ngempela inkulumo evikelwe. Lencazelo yokwahlulela eqhubekayo iye yakha iqoqo lomthetho eliyinkimbinkimbi elichaza imingcele yenkululeko echazayo.

Inkulumo Nezinduna Zezombangazwe

Inkulumo yezombangazwe iwumsuka weSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Isivikelo sezombangazwe sithola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esiphakeme ngoba sibalulekile ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi. Ukugxekwa kukahulumeni, ukunganeliseki kwezombangazwe, nokulahlwa kwemibono engathandeki abantu abangase bayithole ingathandeki noma ivikelwe njalo iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokukhuluma ngenkulumo engokomfanekiso (ngokwesibonelo, ukushisa ifulege ngokubhikisha). iTexas noJohnson, 491 U.S. 397 (19989); iUnited States neEichman, 496 U.S.U.S.390 (1990). Lezizigebengu ezivelele zasungula ukuthi ukuziphatha okungokomfanekiso, okungakhulunywa noma okulotshiwe, kungathola isivikelo somthetho uma kudluliselwa isigijimi sezombangazwe.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zokubonakaliswa

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo elotshiwe nengokomfanekiso, futhi sisho umsebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iquketheni. Lesisivikelo esikhulu sihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zokukhulumisana nezinkulumo ezingase zingabhekwa njengezivamile ngokuthi "inkulumo" ngomqondo olinganiselwe.

Izindlela ezivikelwe zokukhuluma zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhuluma obala nangasese
  • Izincwadi ezibhaliwe, kuhlanganise nezincwadi, amaphephandaba nokuqukethwe kuyi - Internet
  • Ukuziphatha okungokomfanekiso okudlulisela umyalezo
  • Ikhono lobuciko, elihlanganisa ubuciko bokubona, umculo, nomculo
  • Umhlangano onokuthula nokubhikisha
  • Ukunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivumela abantu ukuba bakhulume, banyathelise, bafunde futhi babheke lokho abakufisayo, bakhulekele (noma bangakukhulekeli) ngendlela abafisa ngayo, bahlangane nalowo abakhetha kuye, futhi bahlangane ndawonye ukuze bacele uhulumeni ukuba enze izinguquko kumthetho noma alungise amaphutha emphakathini. Lesivikelo esibanzi sibonisa indima egcwele ekulondolozeni ukuthatha uhlangothi lomuntu ngamunye nokuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi.

Inkulumo Yezentengiselwano

Nakuba inkulumo yezentengiselwano ithola isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ingaphansi kwezindinganiso ezihlukene kunenkulumo yezombangazwe noma yobuciko.

Isivikelo sokukhuluma esikhululekile sisebenza kancane ezikhangisweni, ikakhulukazi lapho zidukisa umphakathi.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asiwuvimbeli uhulumeni ekuvimbeleni ukukhangisa okudukisayo, ngisho noma uhulumeni cishe engenakuziphazamisa ngenkulumo yezombangazwe engase idukise.

Indlela Izinkantolo Eziwavikela Ngayo Amalungelo Okukhuluma

Isimiso sokwahlulela sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni nasekuchazeni izivikela zenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ukunquma ukuthi yini eyimfihlo nengavikelwe kugcinelwa izinkantolo zomthetho. Ngezinqumo zazo, izinkantolo zimisa izenzakalo eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo futhi zichaze imingcele esebenzayo yenkululeko eyimfihlo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nokuhlaziya Umthetho - sisekelo

Ngisho noma umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni sifinyelela inkulumo evikelekile, akukho uvivinyo olulodwa olunobukhulu obusetshenziswa izinkantolo kuzo zonke izimo ukuhlaziya ukuthi umthetho noma isenzo singokomthetho-mthetho yini. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamukela ukuhlola okuningana (okubizwa ngokuthi amazinga okuhlola), kanye nezindinganiso ezengeziwe ezingokomthetho zokulawula izinqumo ezithile.

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izici ezihlukahlukene ezingokwesayensi lapho zihlaziya izinkulumo ezikhululekile:

  • Ukuhlola: Kusetshenziswa imingcele esekelwe ekukhulumeni esekelwe ekupheleleni, ifuna uhulumeni ukubonisa isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo nezindlela ezilungiswe kancane
  • Ukuhlolwa okuphakathi: okusetshenziswa ekuhleleni okuqukethwe-intshinga, okudinga isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile futhi kusho okuhlobene kakhulu nalesosithakazelo
  • Isisekelo se-Ratiation ukubukeza:[ Indinganiso ehlonipheke kakhulu, esetshenziswa ezimweni ezilinganiselwe lapho inkulumo ithola khona isivikelo esincane

Ngemva kokunquma ukuthi icala lihilela ukukhuluma okuvikelwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuhlaziyweni kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokuvamile siwukuthola ukuthi yiliphi izinga lokuhlola noma indinganiso engokomthetho esebenzayo. Impendulo yalowo mbuzo ingaxhomeka ohlotsheni lwenkulumo evikelwe nezakhi ezengeziwe, njengalapho inkulumo ivela khona nendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo.

Izinqumo ZeNkantolo Eziphakeme Eziphawuleka Kakhulu

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha izinqumo eziningi eziphawulekayo eziye zathonya inkululeko yokukhuluma yanamuhla. Amalungelo okukhuluma anda kakhulu ochungechungeni lwezinqumo zenkantolo eziwuchungechunge lweminyaka engu - 20 nengu - 21 ezavikela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenkulumo yezombangazwe, inkulumo engaziwa, umkhankaso wezimali, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili, nenkulumo yesikole; lezi zinqumo zachaza nochungechunge oluhlukile olusuka ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Izenzakalo eziningana ezibalulekile ziye zamisa izimiso ezibalulekile:

KuWhitney v. California (127), uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis wabhala ukungavumelani lapho aphikisa khona ukuze athole izivikelo ezibanzi zenkulumo yezombangazwe: "Labo abawina inkululeko yethu... bakholelwa ukuthi inkululeko yokucabanga ngendlela othanda ngayo nokukhuluma ngendlela ocabanga ngayo isho into ebaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni nasekusakazeni iqiniso lezombangazwe; ... ukuthi ingxoxo yasobala iwumsebenzi wezombangazwe; futhi lokhu kufanele kube yisimiso esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika." Lokhu kuvikela okucacile kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kuye kwathonya ukucabanga kokwahlulela okulandelayo ngokubaluleka kwenkululeko engokwenkululeko engokwesikhamiso.

Ku-Near Minnesota (1931) kanye ne-New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sasivikelekile ekuvinjelweni kwangaphambi kokubekwa kwemingcele cishe emacaleni ezindaba ezingokomthetho. Lezi zinqumo zaveza ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke avimbele ukunyatheliswa kokwaziswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, ngisho nalapho lokho kwaziswa kungase kubangele amahloni noma kube nempikiswano.

Isivikelo Ekubizweni Uhulumeni

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zenqatshelwe ukuqondisa noma ukuvimbela inkulumo noma okunye ukuveza okusekelwe ekuqukethe noma ekuboneni. Lesi simiso sokungathathi hlangothi sibalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yokukhuluma, siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuvimbela imibono ethile noma imibono ngenxa nje yokuthi akavumelani nayo.

Ku-Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002), iNkantolo yathi: Inkululeko yokuQalela Ukuchithwa kokuqala isengozini enkulu lapho uhulumeni efuna ukulawula imicabango noma ukuthethelela imithetho yakhe ngenxa yaleyo njongo engaqondakali. Ilungelo lokucabanga ukuthi yisiqalo senkululeko, futhi ukukhuluma kumelwe kuvikelwe kuhulumeni ngoba inkulumo iwumcabango. Lamazwi anamandla agcizelela ukuhlobana phakathi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yokuhlakanipha.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinto Ezingadingekile Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho ezivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma ziyaqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokukhuluma lilinganiselwe.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asiyivikeli inkulumo eshukumisela abantu ukuba bephule umthetho, kuhlanganise nokwenza izenzo zobudlova.

Inkulumo ekhuthaza isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo ayivikelwe. EBrandenburg v.O.1969, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi inkulumo ingavinjelwa uma ihloselwe ukukhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni futhi kungenzeka ikwenze kanjalo. Lokhu kuhlola kudinga inhloso kanye namathuba okulimala okuseduze, ukuvikela ukuvinjelwa okungabonakali ngenkathi kunqabela ngokuqondile ubudlova obusheshayo.

Usongo Lweqiniso

Endabeni yayo yamuva kakhulu ihlola "izinsongo zangempela", iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza izinsongo zangempela ezingavikelekile ezihlanganisa lawomazwi lapho isikhulumi sisho khona ukuveza inhloso engathi sína yokwenza isenzo sobudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma iqembu labantu. Lolu hlobo lwenkulumo engavikelekile luqaphela ukuthi ukusongela kobudlova kwangempela kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu futhi akunangxenye enkulumweni yasobala.

Izinsongo zangempela zihlanganisa lawomazwi lapho isikhulumi sisho khona ukuthi sizimisele ukudlulisela isenzo sobudlova obungavunyelwe kumuntu othile noma eqenjini labantu abathile... isikhulumi akudingeki sihlose ukubhekana nosongo.

Ukuphica

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala singase singasivikeli isikhulumi ekumangalweni ukuze sihlanjalazwe, okuhilela inkulumo engamanga ebangela ukulimala kwendaba.

Izikhulu zomphakathi eziletha izikhalo zokuhlanjalazwa zibhekene nesithiyo esiphakeme kunezakhamuzi ezizimele ekunqobeni iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Kuvamile ukuba zifakazele ukuthi lamazwi ashiwo ngenzondo yangempela, okusho ukuthi isikhulumi sayazi ukuthi leyo nkulumo yayingamanga noma yenza ngokunganaki iqiniso. Lendinganiso ephakeme, eyasungulwa kuyiNew York Times v. Sullivan, ibonisa ukubaluleka kwenkulumo eshubile ngokuqondene nezikhulu zikahulumeni.

Ububi

Izindawo zokusetshenziswa kwemifantu azitholi sivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nokho, incazelo yenhlamba ayicacile futhi idinga ukuba izinto zihlangane nokuhlolwa okungokomthetho okuyingxenye ehlukahlukene. Akuyona yonke imibhalo ecacile yobulili efanelekile njengobuhlazo ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho, futhi umngcele phakathi kokuvezwa kwezenzo zobulili ezivikelweyo nezingavinjelwe ube yindaba yokucaciswa okukhulu.

Amazwi Alwayo

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuphawula ukuthi amagama abizwa ngokuthi "izimpi" ahlukile eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala ngo-1942. Emashumini eminyaka alandela iNkantolo iye yanciphisa imfundiso yamagama okulwa. Lokhu kukhetha okuncane kusebenza ekubhekaneni nokugconwa komuntu siqu okungase kubangele ukusabela kobudlova okusheshayo.

Ngokuvamile, amazwi angavikelekile amazwi lawo kanye amazwi alimazayo futhi athambekele ekubangeleni ukuphulwa ngokushesha kokuthula.

Impikiswano Ebangela Izimpikiswano Yokukhuluma Ngenzondo

Amazwe ahlukahlukene athatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusingatha le ndaba, ebonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zamasiko namasiko angokomthetho.

Zonda Inkulumo E - United States

E-United States, inkulumo yenzondo ithola isivikelo esiqinile ngaphansi komthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, osekelwe embonweni wokuthi akuyona indima efanele kahulumeni ukuzama ukuvikela abantu emibonweni nasemibonweni abayithola ingathandeki, ingathandeki, noma ngisho icasula kakhulu. Kunalokho, indima kahulumeni iwukuvikela inkululeko yabantu yokukhuluma ngokuphandle ngomzamo wokuvumela ukubonakaliswa kombono ongathandeki nowenqaba futhi ukhuthaze ukuphikisana okukhulu ezindabeni zomphakathi ngisho nalapho impikiswano enjalo ibangela ukucasulwa noma inzondo ebangela abanye ukuba bazizwe belusizi, benovalo, noma besaba.

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. iye yakholelwa ukuthi inkulumo yenzondo ivikelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala futhi ayinakuvinjelwa, ijeziswe noma isithwe ngokweqile iyunivesithi ngaphandle kokuba ivele eqenjini elilodwa noma amaningi angavikeleki eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala, njengosongo noma ukuhlukunyezwa kweqiniso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuveza imibono yenzondo esekelwe ohlazweni, enkolweni, noma kwezinye izici ngokuvamile kuyavikelwa, ngisho nakuba inkulumo enjalo ingase icasule kakhulu.

Uhulumeni awunakumjezisa umuntu ngenxa yokuveza imibono yenzondo. Ukuvumela uhulumeni ukuba achaze ukuthi yini ebaluleke ngokuthi "yazonda" kusivulela uhulumeni ohlukanisa noma yini engathandeki njengenzondo. Lokhu kukhathalela ngamandla kahulumeni ukuvimbela imibono engamukeleki kubangela amaMelika ukuba afune ukuzonda inkulumo.

Indlela Yokweyisa Inkulumo Yomhlaba Wonke

Amanye amazwe amaningi athatha indlela ehlukile, enqabela izinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo yenzondo ngobugebengu noma umthetho womphakathi. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anqabela inkulumo engachazwa njengendlela yokubulala ngokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Austria, iBelgium, iFrance, iCanada, i-Hungary, i-Liechtenstein, iLithuania, i-Lithuania, i-Lithuania, i-Poland, iPoland, iRussia, i-Slovakia, i-Switzerland ne-Romania.

La malungiselelo ahlukahlukene abonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando nezindinganiso zamasiko.

Ikhambi Elikhulu

Njengoba uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis abhala ngokudume kakhulu, "[i]f kunesikhathi sokudalula ngokuxoxa amanga namaphutha, ukugwema ububi ngezinqubo zemfundo, ikhambi okumelwe lisetshenziswe likhulu ukukhuluma, aliphoqeleli ukuba kuthule." Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 377 (197). Lesimiso siye saba isisekelo sefilosofi yaseMelika ekhululekile yokukhuluma, sisikisela ukuthi ukusabela okungcono kakhulu kwenkulumo okulimazayo akukona ukucusumbula kodwa akukona ukumelana nemfundo nenkulumo elimazayo.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ngisho noma inkulumo ivikelwe ngokugcwele, uhulumeni ungabeka imingcele enengqondo lapho, kuphi, futhi kwenzeka khona. Uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enqabelayo yokukhuluma ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi ayiphazamiseli ukuthula komphakathi. Lemingcele kumelwe ingathathi hlangothi futhi ivumelaniswe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze ifeze izithakazelo ezingokomthetho.

Imingcele Yesikhathi

Uhulumeni angalawula lapho kukhulunywa, kodwa hhayi lokho okuqukethwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubhikisha kungase kuvunyelwe emini kodwa kubekelwe imingcele ebusuku. imingcele enjalo kumelwe ithethelelwe ngokukhathalela okungokomthetho njengokulawula umsindo noma ukuphepha komphakathi, futhi ngeke isetshenziswe njengebhaxa lokucindezela imibono ethile.

Imingcele

Inkulumo ingavinjelwa kwezinye izindawo. Nakuba izindawo zomphakathi njengamapaki namaphaseji avulekile, awunakuvala imigwaqo emikhulu noma ukubuthana ezindaweni zangasese ngaphandle kwemvume. Izindawo zomphakathi ezivamile njengamapaki namaphaseji ahamba ngezindlela zithola izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesivikelo emsebenzini wokukhuluma, kuyilapho uhulumeni enegunya elikhulu lokuvimbela ukukhuluma ezinkundleni ezingekho emphakathini.

Imingcele Engokomthetho

Uhulumeni angalawula uquqaba lwemibhikisho noma ama-megaphone angasetshenziswa, kodwa kuphela uma imingcele ingeyokungathathi hlangothi (isebenza kubo bonke, hhayi emilayezweni ethile). Lezimiso kumelwe zifeze izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphawulekayo futhi zishiye izindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekile.

Iyunivesithi ingathatha futhi isebenzise isikhathi, indawo nezimiso zesimiso zokukhuluma nemisebenzi eboniswayo, njengezindinganiso zendawo yaseyunivesithi nezindinganiso zokusayina zaseyunivesithi. Lesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, indawo nezindlela zokuvimbela kubekwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukufundisa kweyunivesithi, ukufunda, ukucwaninga, inkonzo, imithunywa yokunakekela nokunakekela kwesineke kungenzeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Lesimiso asisebenzi kuphela kumayunivesithi omphakathi kodwa nasezikhungweni zikahulumeni jikelele.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ngezimo Eziqondile

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokukhuluma kuhluka kuye ngomongo lapho inkulumo ivela khona. Izinhlelo ezihlukene zinikeza ukucatshangelwa okuhlukile okuthinta indlela amalungelo okukhuluma alinganiswa ngayo kwezinye izithakazelo.

Izikole Zomphakathi Nezenzo Ezingahambisani Nezindaba Ezinhle

Isifunda esikhethekile "phakathi" sikhona ezikoleni zomphakathi. Abafundi banamalungelo okuKhunyelwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa lamalungelo angalinganiselwa ezimweni ezithile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi izikole zinezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zokulondoloza ukuhleleka nokuthuthukisa izinhloso zemfundo ezingase zithethelele imingcele ethile enkulumweni yabafundi.

Abafundi banelungelo lokugqoka izintambo ezimnyama esikoleni ukuze babhikishe impi ("Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-mthetho esangweni lesikole."). I-Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 (1969). Lendaba ephawulekayo yaveza ukuthi abafundi balondoloza amalungelo omthetho wesikole, nakuba lawomalungelo angalinganiswa ngokumelene nomsebenzi wemfundo wesikole.

Nokho, izikole zingavimbela izikole ezithile zenkulumo ephazamisa inqubo yemfundo noma ephula amalungelo abanye, okuhlanganisa inkulumo ephazamisa izinto ezibonakalayo esikoleni noma ehlasela amalungelo abanye abafundi.

Izisebenzi Zikahulumeni

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zinamalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile, kodwa lawomalungelo angase alinganiselwe lapho zikhuluma ngesikhundla sazo esingokomthetho noma ezindabeni ezihlobene nomsebenzi wazo. Imingcele esekelwe ekutholwe yikho ingafaneleka kulezi zimo ekuqeqesheni izikhulumi ezihlulekayo ukuvumelana nemithetho ebekwe yisimo sazo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala asiyivimbeli inhlangano kahulumeni ekufuneni isisebenzi ukuba sigcine ulwazi olusemthethweni luyimfihlo, ngokwesibonelo, ngisho noma lokhu ngokwesayensi kuyisithiyo esisekelwe ekukhulumeni okusekelwe ekutheni singekho.

Izinkantolo zilinganisela isithakazelo sesisebenzi ekukhulumeni ngezindaba zomphakathi ezimelene nesithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuthuthukisa ukuphumelela emsebenzini nokulondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi emikhankasweni kahulumeni. Ukukhuluma ngezindaba ezithinta isithakazelo somuntu siqu kuthola isivikelo esincane kunezokukhuluma ezisingatha izindaba zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Izindawo Zangasese Nezisebenzi Zangasese

Umehluko obalulekile emthethweni wenkululeko yokukhuluma ukuthi isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sisebenza kuphela esinyatheloni sikahulumeni, hhayi ekuziphatheni komuntu siqu.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela imingcele kahulumeni yokukhuluma.

Nakuba izindawo zomphakathi zivikelekile ukuze zikhulunyelwe, izindawo zomphakathi, njengezindawo zemisebenzi, amakolishi angasese, noma ikhaya lakho, zihlukile.

Ukukhuluma Okukhululekile Nezici Zomphakathi

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwadala izinselele ezintsha nemibuzo yomthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma. I-Facebook kanye neminye imithombo yezokuxhumana ingalawula noma ibeke imingcele yenkulumo ebekwe endaweni yabo yesikhulumi ngoba iyizinhlangano ezizimele. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngendima yamapulatifomu angawodwa ekuhlaziyweni kwenkulumo yeningi nokuthi kufanele yini ithobele imithetho ehlukile kunabamemezeli abavamile.

Amasiteji ezokuxhumana aseyizindawo eziyinhloko zengxoxo yomphakathi nenkulumo yezombangazwe, kodwa ahlala enezinkampani ezizimele ezinegunya elingokomthetho lokulinganisela izinto eziziqukethe ngendlela ezibona kufanele ngayo. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo empahla yesikhulumi nokuhlakanipha komhleli, futhi kubangela ukukhathazeka ngokucusumbula nokugxiliswa kwenkulumo yeningi ngakolunye uhlangothi.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amandla amakhulu ezinkampani ezinkulu zezokuxhumana athonya ukuxoxa nomphakathi adinga ukuqondisa okusha.

Izindlela Zokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Lapho amalungelo okukhuluma ephulwa, kuba nezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho zokufuna ukubuyiselwa nokuvikelwa.

Izinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinselele zeSichibiyelo sokuqala zingaba ngezindlela eziningi. Iqembu lingabekela inselele ukufaneleka komthetho ebusweni balo (inselele engokwesiko) noma uma kubhekiswa emsebenzini wabo wokukhuluma (njengoba kubhekene nenselele). Njengoba amacala aphenduliwe avame kakhulu ngoba "amacala ngokuvamile asingatha izindaba zomthetho-mthetho ngendaba, hhayi ngobuningi."

Izinselele ezisebusweni ziphikisa ngokuthi umthetho awuvumelani nemithetho kuzo zonke noma ezisenzweni zawo eziningi, kuyilapho njengoba izinselele eziphakanyiswayo ziphikisa ngokuthi umthetho awuvumelani nomthetho njengoba usebenza ekuziphatheni komchasi othile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela uhlobo lwenselele yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile esekelwe emfunweni wesinkwa esingaphezu komthetho, ukuthi umthetho oqondiswe ekuziphatheni okungacindezeli noma ekukhulumeni okungavikelekile ufinyelela enkulumweni evikelekile uma iqhathaniswa nesilinganiso esivumelekile.

Ukukhululeka Okungalawuleki

Izinkantolo zingakhipha imiyalo evimbela uhulumeni ukuba avimbele ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni enqabela ukukhuluma. Lemithetho yenkantolo inikeza isivikelo esisheshayo samalungelo ayimfihlo kuyilapho iqhubeka. Imithetho yangaphambi komthetho inganikezwa uma abaqondisi bebonisa ukuthi kungenzeka impumelelo ekwakheni imingcele yokukhuluma futhi kulimaza ngokungenakulungiseka ekuvinjelweni kwenkulumo.

Izingozi Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Abantu abamalungelo abo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile aphulwe bangafuna umonakalo wemali ngaphansi kwemithetho esemthethweni. La makhambi avala izisulu ngenxa yokulimala okubangelwa ukuthathwa kukahulumeni okungavumelani nomthetho futhi anqande ukuphulwa komthetho esikhathini esizayo. Imali yamathetho angase futhi itholakale nakubantu abaqashelwayo, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukubekela inselele ukucusumbula ngisho nalapho umonakalo othile unesizotha.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezingakhulunywa Ngazo

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ibhekene nezinselele eziningi namuhla, ezidinga ukuba kuqhubeke kuqapha futhi kuvumelane nezimiso zomthetho ezimweni ezintsha.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga kuyi - Internet kuye kwabangela ukuba kusetshenziswe ukulinganisela okukhulu nomthetho. Nokho, ukunikeza uhulumeni amandla okuthola iqiniso nokuqamba amanga kubangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu kokukhuluma. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile bezingabaza imizamo kahulumeni yokunqanda inkulumo engamanga, ngaphandle kwemimo eqondile enjengokukhohlisa noma ukunyundela lapho ukuqamba amanga kubangela khona umonakalo osobala.

Inselele ixhomeke ekubhekaneni nokulimala kwangempela okubangelwa ukwaziswa okunganembile kuyilapho kulondoloza isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma esingathandeki, esingathandeki, noma ngisho esiyiphutha.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Nge - Internet Nosongo

I - Internet iye yenza kwaba nezindlela ezintsha zokuhlukumeza nokuziphatha okusongelayo ezingathinta izisulu kakhulu kuyilapho kuphakama imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yokukhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Ukungazazi nokukwazi ukuxhumana nge - Internet kungandisa izinzuzo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuxhashazwa.

Imiphumela Ephakeme Kahulumeni Neyakhe

Ukuqapha uhulumeni kwezokuxhumana kungapholisa amakhaza okukhuluma ngaphandle kokucubungula ngokuqondile. Uma abantu besaba ukuthi ukuxhumana kwabo kuyaqashelwa, bangase bazithukuthelise futhi bagweme ukuveza imibono ephikisanayo. Lokhu okushaqisayo kululaza izinjongo zokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma ngisho nalapho kungekho mingcele eqondile ebekweyo.

Ukulinganisela izinto ezidinga ukuvikelwa okufanelekile nesidingo sokuvikela inkululeko eyimfihlo kuseyinselele eqhubekayo.

Izimpi Zokukhuluma ZaseKampas

Amakolishi aye aba izikhungo eziphambili zezimpikiswano zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, nezimpikiswano ezibangelwa izimemo zezikhulumi, amasu okubhikisha, nemingcele yenkulumo eyamukelekayo. I-ACLU iyaphawula: "Ukubekwa kwemibono ngenkulumo ngamakolishi omphakathi namayunivesithi kufana nokucusumbulwa kukahulumeni, ngokwephula uMthetho-sisekelo."

Amayunivesithi omphakathi kumelwe asebenzise izibopho ezincintisanayo ukuze avikele ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko kuyilapho ukulondoloza indawo ethuthukisa ukufunda nokuqinisekisa bonke abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwasemakolishi.

Imbulunga Yonke Yenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Isivikelo sokukhuluma nemingcele yenkululeko yemithetho yemithetho yezizwe iyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni nakwezomthetho. Ilungelo ligcinwe kuyi - United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights futhi liqashelwa ngokomthetho yimithetho yezizwe eziningi. Noma kunjalo, izinga ilungelo elisekelwa ngalo lihluka kakhulu ngokwezizwe ngezizwe.

Imingcele Yabaqambi

Emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abanezinhlobo zikahulumeni zobushiqela, ukucusumbula kukahulumeni ngokweqile kuyaphoqelelwa. Lemingcele ingase isongele ukuphikisana kwezombangazwe, ukubonakaliswa kwenkolo, noma ukugxekwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuveza imibono ephambene nomqondo ongokomthetho kungaphumela ekuboshweni noma kokunye okubi kakhulu.

Nakuba umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo weChina usebenzelana nenkululeko yezakhamuzi yokukhuluma, ulimi belungacacile, kanjalo lunika indawo enkulu izahlulelo zikahulumeni ezizimele nezingahlangani. Lokhu kubonisa indlela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo wodwa angaqinisekisi ngayo isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma ngaphandle kwezinkantolo ezizimele nezinhlangano zentando yeningi ukuba ziwaphoqelele.

Ukuhlambalaza Nemingcele Engokwenkolo

Amazwe ahlukene athatha izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokukhuluma ngenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Austria, ukuhlambalaza uMuhammad, umprofethi weSulumane, akuvikelwe njengenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ngokuphambene, eFrance, ukuhlambalaza nokungamhloniphi uMhammad kuvikelwe ngaphansi komthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma. Lokhu kungafani kubonisa izindinganiso ezingokwesiko ezihlukene nokuhlangenwe nakho komlando ezingokwenkolo.

Kwamanye amazwe, inkulumo ibhekwa njengenhlamba kumbusi obusayo noma kuhulumeni, kuhlanganise ne-lèse-majesé, iphazanyisiwe. Inkulumo enjalo ingaba ubugebengu obungaphula umthetho. Lemithetho ibeka kuqala inhlonipho ngegunya phezu kwenkululeko esobala yomuntu, ukukhetha okuvame ukulahlwa imiphakathi yentando yeningi.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo

Ukuhlola indlela ehlukile yokulinganisela phakathi kwentando yeningi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezinye izindinganiso kunikeza umbono obalulekile ngokukhetha okuhilelekile ekuklameni izivikelo zokukhuluma. Asikho isimiso esiphelele, futhi ngasinye sibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okukhethekile okungokomlando nezinto eziza kuqala ezingokwesiko. Ukufunda ngokuqhathanisa kwezizwe zonke kunganikeza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu obufanele bokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Isisekelo Esiwubuciko Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kufanele sikhululeke ukuba sivikelwe kusiza ekukhanyeni indlela isivikelo esingokomthetho okufanele sihlelwe futhi sisetshenziswe ngayo.

Intengo Yemibono

Enye inkolelo - mbono enethonya ithi ukuveza imibono ekhululekile kwenza ukuba iqiniso livele ngokuncintisana phakathi kwemibono ehlukene.

Uhulumeni wentando yeningi

Abasunguli bafuna uhulumeni olandisa kubantu. Kungakho banika izakhamuzi ilungelo lokubhikisha izinqubo, ukusekela noma ukuphikisa, futhi baveza imibono yabo ngokukhululekile, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Inkululeko yokukhuluma ibalulekile ekuzithatheni kombuso wentando yeningi ngoba yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo futhi zigcine izikhulu zinecala.

Ngaphandle kwekhono lokugxeka izimiso zikahulumeni nokuhlongoza ezinye izindlela, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuba ngenakwenzeka.

Ukuzitika Nokuhlonipheka Kobuntu

Ukuziveza ngokukhululekile akubalulekile nje kuphela ngenxa yezinzuzo zomphakathi kodwa futhi njengesici sokuzibusa komuntu nesithunzi sakhe. Ikhono lokubumba nokuveza imibono yakho siqu liyisisekelo sokuba umuntu okhululekile nozimele. Imingcele yokukhuluma ingahlaselwa njengokuhlasela ukubonakala komuntu kanye nobudoda.

Lokhu kulunga okusekelwe ekuzinqumeleni kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kugcizelela ukuthi abantu banefa elibalulekile nesithunzi esihlanganisa ilungelo lokucabanga nokuzikhulumela. Uhulumeni ulinganisela ukuchaza "abantu ngokwenzuzo yabo" awunikezi inhlonipho ngalesi sici esiyisisekelo sesithunzi somuntu.

Ukuhlola Amandla Kahulumeni

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lethu lokuphikisana nezimiso ezingalungile, sivikela ilungelo lethu lokuphikisa, ukuphikisana namandla, nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni. Lomsebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu ngoba labo abanegunya banezisusa ezinamandla zokuvimbela ukugxekwa nokugcina izikhundla zabo.

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ohulumeni bavame ukuwasebenzisa kabi amandla abo lapho bengenakuhlolwa futhi begxekwa umphakathi.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sokusebenzisa Amalungelo Okukhuluma

Ukuqonda ngokukhululekile amalungelo akho okukhuluma kungakusiza ukuba uwasebenzise ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho uwahlonipha amalungelo abanye.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela kanjani, ukuthi ungafundani ngemingcele yesivikelo sokukhuluma kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokusebenzisa amalungelo akho ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuqonda lokho okuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Ukuphazanyiswa kwedokhumende

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho okukhuluma aphuliwe, ukubhala izimo kungaba okubaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi inselele engokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulondoloza ubufakazi balokho okwashiwo, owavimbela ukukhuluma kwakho, nokuthi yikuphi ukulunga oye wakwenza. Amaphuzu kanye nezinkulumo zofakazi kungaba usizo uma kudingeka.

Funa Usizo Olungokomthetho

Izinhlangano ezinjenge - American Civil Liberties Union namanye amaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi anikeza imithombo futhi ngezinye izikhathi amelele umthetho emacaleni okukhuluma ngenkululeko. Ukuthintana nommeli okhokhela umthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala kungakusiza ukuba uqonde izindlela ongazikhetha kanye namandla okusho ukuthi ungawasebenzisa.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuphikiseni

Lapho uhlangana nenkulumo ecasulayo noma elimazayo, cabangela ukusabela ngamazwi akho siqu kunokuba ucindezele inkulumo engafanele.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Sokukhuluma

Umthetho wokukhuluma okhululekile uyaqhubeka uvela njengobuchwepheshe obusha, imikhuba engokwenhlalo nezinselele.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanywe Ngokuzenzekelayo

Njengoba amapulatifomu encika kakhulu ebuhlakani bokuzenzela ekuquketheni okusesilinganisweni, kuphakama imibuzo mayelana nendlela lezi zimiso ezithinta ngayo indlela yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Izimiso ezizihambelayo zingawenza amaphutha, zingaziboni izici ezizozihambelayo, noma zibonise ubandlululo emininingwaneni yazo yokuqeqesha.

Ama - threake Nemithombo Yezinto Ezishintshashintshayo

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ivumela ukusungulwa kwamavidiyo enkohliso namarekhodi angokoqobo. Le "i-evefakes" iphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela yokusingatha okuqukethwe okungamanga nokudukisayo ngaphandle kokuvimbela ngokungafanele amazwi angokomthetho. Ukulinganisela umonakalo obangelwa yizetho zezindaba ezikhohlisayo ezibangelwa ukukhathazeka kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kudinga ukuthuthukiswa komthetho nomthetho.

Ukubusa I - Internet Emhlabeni Wonke

Isimo solwembu jikelele se-inthanethi sidala izingxabano phakathi kwezinqubo zamazwe ahlukene zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Ukungavumelani ngokomthetho kwelinye izwe kungase kwenqatshelwe kwelinye izwe, futhi amapulatifomu kufanele asebenzise lezi zimfuneko eziphikisanayo. Imibuzo yezwe okufanele ilawule inkulumo yolwembu lwe-inthanethi nendlela yokuvikela ukugqashuka kwemikhawulo ibaluleke kakhulu.

Ukushintsha Imikhuba Yomphakathi

Imibono yabantu ngenkulumo eyamukelekayo iyaqhubeka ishintsha, ngezinye izikhathi ibangela ukungezwani nemithetho engokomthetho ukuze isho okuthile.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yamalungelo ayisisekelo kakhulu emiphakathini yentando yeningi, abalulekile ekutholeni inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, nentuthuko yezenhlalo. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Sisenza sikwazi ukuveza imibono yethu, ukubekela igunya inselele, futhi sihileleke empikiswaneni yomphakathi. Nakuba isivikelo esingokomthetho esiqondile sihlukahlukahlukayo ezikhundleni ezithile, isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi abantu kufanele bakhululeke ukuba bakhulume ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni siyaqashelwa kabanzi.

Izivikelo zokukhuluma ezikhululekile akuzona izinqanda; zidinga ukuqapha njalo nokuzivikela. Namuhla, amaMelika abhekene nezinselele ezintsha zokuziveza: ukwanda kwemingcele elungeloni lokuphikisa ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni, nemingcele yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezikoleni nasemakolishi. Abangeni, abafundi, nezisebenzi zomphakathi bonke baye babhekana nosongo lwamalungelo abo, lugcizelela isidingo sokuhlala benolwazi ngalokho uMthetho-sisekelo okuqinisekisayo.

Umthetho unikeza isivikelo esiqinile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokukhuluma kuyilapho uqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukana okuncane ngenkulumo okubangela ukulimala okungathi sína. Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekuqiniseni lezi sivikelo, zilinganisele izifiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile. Ukuqonda izinga nemingcele yamalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile kunikeza abantu amandla okusebenzisa inkululeko yabo ekhululekile ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho kuhlonipha amalungelo abanye.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, umthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma uzoqhubeka ukhula. Izimiso eziyisisekelo ezisekela inkululeko eveza inkululeko − ukuzibusa komuntu, ukuzilawula kwentando yeningi, nokufuna iqiniso (ukuqhubeka kusebenza) namuhla njengalapho kucaciswa. Ngokuqonda nokuvikela lezimiso, singaqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma iyaqhubeka ivikela amazwi ahlukahlukene futhi ivumela izizukulwane ukuba zikwazi ukukhuluma ngobuciko obunamandla.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana namalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma nesivikelo, vakashela i- American Communition Livision Union, hlola imithombo yemali ebanzi U.S. Courts Educational Resources[, noma hlola i- Inkululeko [FOLT] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [[FLT]] Inkululeko ekhethekile] yokucubukiswayo yeSibe sokuHluleki Sokuqala [[FLT]]. Imibono eyengeziwe yomhlaba ingatholakala ngeHofisi yeNkulumbululo yamalungelo abantu [[FLTLD]] [FLD:7]. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuqala ekuwamukeleni inkululeko engokoqobo ehlala ikhona nje.