Ayini Amalungelo Ezombangazwe?

Amalungelo ezombangazwe ayizigunyazo ezingokomthetho ezenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthatha iqhaza ekubuseni izwe lazo. Zikha isisekelo sesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banezwi ezinqumweni ezilawula imiphakathi nesizwe sabo. Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke, nemithetho yezwe, amalungelo ezombangazwe ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuvota, ukumelela noma ukuhlangana kwezombangazwe, ukuhlangana ngokuthula, nokuveza imibono yezombangazwe ngokukhululekile. Isimemezelo sendawo yonke samalungelo abantu (i-Aticle 21) siyaqaphela ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthatha ingxenye kuhulumeni wezwe lakhe, ngokuqondile noma ngabameleli abakhethiwe ngokukhululekile. Ukusebenza, ukuguqula amalungelo ezombangazwe abantu abangaphansi kwezikhulu ezingosezingeni eliphansi abangaba nethonyayo, abaholi abaholi abaholi, abaholi abasekela izikhulu.

Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo ezombangazwe kuyahlukahluka ezigabeni zemibuso. Kwamanye amazwe, lamalungelo aqinisekiswe kabanzi; kwamanye, angase avinjelwe ngenxa yobuhlalo, ubudala, ikhono lokusebenza kwengqondo, noma ukuqashelwa ubugebengu. Ukuqonda isisekelo esingokomthetho samalungelo ezombangazwe kubalulekile ekuwasebenziseni ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo sokuqala sase-U. iSivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo sokuqala sivikela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ingqungqungquthela, nokunxusa, kuyilapho izakhamuzi zekhulu leshumi nambili, ishumi nanye, ishumi nane, neziNguqulo zama-26 zinwe ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo okuvota. Ngokufanayo, iSivumelwano sezizwe eziseSivumelwano somthetho sezwe sezwe lonke (ICPCPR) sibophe amagunya ezombangazwe ukuze sihloniphe futhi siqinisekise amalungelo ezombangazwe kubo bonke abantu abangaphakathi kule sisekelo, kanti ukuqondwa kwethu kulezi sisekelo, izakhamuzi zingasekela kangcono futhi zalenkululeko sazo sezombangazwe.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Ezombangazwe

Amalungelo ezombangazwe awawona nje amasiko; ayizindlela izakhamuzi ezisebenza ngazo idemokrasi. Uma zingavota, zikhulume ngokukhululekile, futhi zinegunya, uhulumeni ubonakalisa intando yabantu futhi uhlale usabela ezidingweni zabo. Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo ezombangazwe kungahlolwa ngemisebenzi eminingana eyisihluthulelo:

Amandla Nenhlangano

Amalungelo ezombangazwe anika abantu amandla okuthonya izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwabo, kusukela ekwakheni imithetho yendawo kuya enkambisweni yezempilo yesizwe. Lokhu kugunyaza kukhuthaza umuzwa womthwalo wemfanelo wesizwe futhi kukhuthaza ukuthatha iqhaza ezindabeni zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo ezombangazwe, amaqembu ahlukene ngokwezigaba angakhishwa ekuthatheni izinqumo, aqhubekisele phambili ukungalingani. Izimpi ezingokomlando cishe njengenhlangano yabesifazane yokungalawuleki, inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokulwela ukumelelwa kwesizwe, kuveza indlela ukwanda kwamalungelo ezombangazwe okungaguqula ngayo izinhlangano ngokunikeza izwi elingenazwi.

Ukumelela Nokuzwana

Amalungelo ezombangazwe aqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukene emphakathini iyabonakala kuhulumeni. Uma kumane kuyingxenye encane kuphela yabantu engavota noma ithathe isikhundla, izimiso zithambekele ekuthandeni leloqembu, zingazinaki izidingo zabanye. Amalungelo ahlukene ezombangazwe aholela emiphumeleni elinganayo, njengoba abenzi bomthetho kumelwe bacabangele izithakazelo zokhetho olubanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anezinga eliphakeme lokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile anamanetha okuphepha okungcono kakhulu kwezenhlalo nesivikelo esiqinile kakhulu samalungelo amancane.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo ezikwaziyo ukuthi zingavotelwa noma zigxekwe obala zingathatha isinyathelo esingokwesithakazelo somphakathi. Amalungelo ezombangazwe futhi asekela ubusadaba obuqashelwe nobubonisi bomphakathi, obudalula ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya. Ukuncipha kwamalungelo ezombangazwe ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokudlondlobala kwemithetho yempoqo, lapho abaholi becindezela khona ukuphikisa nokululaza ukulandisa.

Ukuvikelwa Kwenye Inkululeko

Amalungelo ezombangazwe ahlangene nenkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, neyokunyathelisa. Akha indawo evikelayo lapho abantu bengasekela khona ubulungisa bezenhlalo, ukulingana kwezomnotho, nesithunzi sobuntu. Lapho amalungelo ezombangazwe eqedwe, amanye amalungelo alandela, njengoba ohulumeni besebenzisa izinyathelo ezingokomthetho noma ezingaphezulu kwemithetho ukuze bathule ukungavumelani.

Ukuchazwa Kwamalungelo Ayinhloko Ezombangazwe

Ilungelo Lokudlala

Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abameleli abenza imithetho futhi banike imithombo yengcebo. Ukusebenza kuvumela futhi ukuba kukwazi ukuqondisa izinhlelo zedemokrasi, njengokuthatha i-astendendium ne-colletator, lapho izakhamuzi zingavumela noma zenqabe khona izimiso ezithile. Nokho, ukuba khona nje kwelungelo akwanele; kumelwe kube khona. Izithiyo ezinjengabavoti bama-ID, ukuvota okulinganiselwe, ukucola, ukukhipha imingcele ye-vota, nokubhalisa okuvimbela imingcele, kungavimbela ukuvuleka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kweqembu elincane, ukuvota, nentsha. Izinhlangano ezifana ne i-Libers Union [FOLT] i-ONU.[FOLD] Izindawo ezisemthethweni zisebenza ukuze zinqume futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi zonke ezifanele ukuvota, i-swordowtiestivent, i-sswordedededededed, i-old, i-old, eUnited States, futhi i-o

Ilungelo Lokugijima Ehhovisi

Lelilungelo lisiza abantu ukuba bafune imingcele yomphakathi endaweni, ezweni, noma ezweni. Liqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi babonisa ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu nokuthi izakhamuzi zinezinqumo ezinengqondo ebhokisini lebhola. Izithiyo zokuveza ubuqaba (njengemali ephezulu yokufaka isheya, izimfuneko zokusayina, noma i-bollet comtation metal) ukulinganisela ukuncintisana nokuncintisana. Ezweni lase United States umkhankaso wezezimali zentando yeningi, izinguquko ezinjengezezimali zomphakathi nezokungena eqenjini le-collet. Izivumelwano zokungena ezisemthethweni zisungulwe ukuthuthukisa inkundla yemidlalo. Isibonelo, FEdalmvotion Commission eUnited States]

Ilungelo Lokukhuluma Nokufuna Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkulumo yezombangazwe iwumsuka wenkulumo yentando yeningi. Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke izinqubo zikahulumeni, zisekele ushintsho, futhi zihlanganyele ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindisela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ikhono lokubhikisha, ukunyathelisa izihloko, ukwakha ubuciko bezombangazwe, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni ye-nethiwekhi. Nokho, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele; ingaba ilinganiselwe ezimweni zokugqugquzela ubudlova, ukuhlambalaza, noma ukuzonda. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuvikela inkululeko nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi kuyinselele eqhubekayo. Enkathini yobuchwepheshe, ikhathalela ukucusumbula kweze zezindaba zomphakathi nohulumeni kuye kwakhula, okwenza kube okubaluleke kakhulu ukuba izakhamuzi ziqonde isivikelo esingokomthetho esibusa inkulumo yazo.

Ilungelo Lomhlangano Nobudlelwane Obunokuthula

Amalungelo ezombangazwe ahlanganisa futhi ikhono lokuhlanganisa nabanye ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba, bakha amaqembu ezombangazwe, noma bajoyine amaqembu enzalo. Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula liye lagxekwa kakhulu ekuqhubeni ushintsho lwezenhlalo nezombangazwe, kusukela ekumahambeleni okusheshayo ukuya ekuvukeleni i-Arabia Spring. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokuhlanganisa livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganise izinyunyana zezisebenzi, izinhlangano zezempatho, kanye namahlelo ezombangazwe, amaqembu ahlanganisa amaqembu ezombangazwe. Ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni bafaka izimfuneko noma ukuqashelwa kwemihlangano, baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuncishiswa kwalemithetho yendawo nezindinganiso zomhlaba. Ukuqonda imithetho yendawo kanye nalezo ezibekwe kumthetho yezezwe lonke [[FLT:] Isivumelwano sezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano eMthethweni [[FOverse-[FLD]]] [F1]]

Ilungelo Lokunxusa Uhulumeni

Lokhu okuvame ukubhekelwa elungelweni kuvumela abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu ukuba bacele okuthile okungokomthetho kuhulumeni wabo. Izimfuno zingasingatha izikhalo, zinikeze imithetho emisha, noma zifune iziphetho ngamaphutha. Emazweni amaningi, izicelo ezibekwa ngenani elanele lokusayinwa okubangela ukuzwa noma ukusabela okungokomthetho. Amapulatifomu amanani aphinde avuselela lelilungelo, enza izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukwenza izikhalo kuwebhusayithi ezingasheshisa ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni uvumela noma ubani ukuba enze isicelo, uma efika emnyango, uthola impendulo engokomthetho eMnyango Omhlophe.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Ezombangazwe

Nazi izindlela eziwusizo zokusebenzisa amalungelo akho ezombangazwe ngokuphumelelayo:

  • Umbhalisi woMnyango: Hlola ukubhalisa kwakho phambi kwezikhathi zokhetho. E-United States, .org unikeza ukwaziswa okusemthethweni kwezwe. Amazwe amaningi avumela ukubhaliswa kolayini; uma kungenjalo, vakashela ihhovisi lakho lokhetho lomphakathi.
  • Iparicipate ku-onke ama-Ecostation: i-vote ngokhetho oluyinhloko, oluvamile, nolwendawo. Kusukela eminyakeni edlule nokhetho lukamasipala ngokuvamile lunemiphumela ephansi kodwa lungaba nemiphumela engcono ezinkonzweni zomphakathi ezinjengezikole, amaphoyisa, kanye nokuhlanganisa.
  • Ukuxoxa kwezombangazwe:[ uveza imibono yakho nomndeni, abangane, nosebenza nabo, kodwa futhi ulalele imibono ephikisanayo. Ingxoxo eyakhayo iqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi futhi inciphisa ukuhlukana.
  • [ Izinhlangano ze-covic: Amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yaMavoters, i-NAACP, noma izinhlangano zezempango zezempango zendawo zinikeza ukuqeqesha, imithombo, namathuba okuhileleka emfundweni yamavoti, ukuthola ijubane eliphambili, kanye nemikhankaso.
  • Xhumana nabameleli Bakho:[ Ucingo, i-imeyili, noma ubhalele izikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe ukuze ziveze ukuma kwakho ekwakheni umthetho osele. Izisebenzi eziningi zinikezelwe ekuxhumaneni nezinhlangano. Ukuya emahholo edolobha nasemehlweni omphakathi kungenye indlela enamandla yokwenza izwi lakho lizwe.
  • Cela ukuzama ukungenela ihhovisi: Uma unolwazi olujulile lwendaba yomphakathi noma isifiso sokukhonza, ukuhlola amahhovisi endawo njengebhodi yesikole, umkhandlu wedolobha, noma ikhomishane yesifundazwe. Amazwe amaningi anemingcele ephansi yokungena nokunikeza ukuqeqeshwa kwabazoqala.
  • Ivolunter njengeSisebenzi sePoll okanye i-Ecomtion Observer: Ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bokhetho kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba zisize ekuhloleni izindawo zokuhlola nokuhlola ukungavumelani. Ukuqeqesha kunikezwa iziphathimandla zendawo zokukhetha.

Izinselele Zamalungelo Ezombangazwe

Naphezu kwesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho, amalungelo ezombangazwe abhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo ezingase zibangele ukuba ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi kunciphe.

Ukucindezelwa Nokudangala Kwezinto Ezingavamile

Ukucindezelwa kwe-voter kuhilela amasu aklanyelwe ngamabomu ukunciphisa umvoti phakathi kwamaqembu athile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa imithetho ye-ID eqinile, ukukhipha abavoti ababhaliwe erolini, ukunciphisa amafasitela okuvota angaphambili, ukuvala izindawo zokuhlola ezindaweni ezimbalwa, nokuphoqa i-felonyfranchise imithetho elula ethinta imiphakathi yemibala ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ngokwemithetho ehlongozwayo ehlongozwayo ye- Brennan Center yeJaji [[, inyathelo elinjalo liye landa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokukhipha imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu enciphisa imibandela ye-Voting Rights Act. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale zitshelwe ngokuvota okuthiwe kwemithetho ehlolwayo ezweni lazokusekela ukuvota kanye nokusekela ukuvota okuzi, njengokuziwa okuzenzayo, njengokuvota okuzi.

Ukonakala Nemali Kwezombangazwe

Uma imali ithonya ngokungafanele okhethweni, isimiso samalungelo alinganayo ezombangazwe siyahlehliswa. Abanikeli bezimali nezithakazelo zezinhlangano bangahlela isimiso ngeminikelo yomkhankaso nokunxusa, benze abameleli bathathe impumelelo kakhulu kubaxhasi abaqoqi abakhokhi kunesilinganiso sabavoti. Nakuba imithetho yezezimali izama ukulinganisela leli thonya, izigwegwe nezinqumo zeNkanto (umz., Citizens United . FEC) ivumele ukusetshenziswa okungenamingcele ngamaqembu angaphandle. Izakhamuzi zingasekela izinguquko ezinjengezinhlelo ezincane ezihambisana nezimiso ezihambelanayo, izimfuneko zokukhanya, kanye nezinqumo zeNkathi yemithetho engokomthetho ukuze zicacise ukuthi imali ayiyona inkulumo.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo kungaphazamisa impikiswano yomphakathi futhi kulawule abavoti. Abadlali bangaphandle, amaqembu ezithakazelo zasekhaya, ngisho nemikhankaso yezombangazwe baye bahlomisa izikhundla zezokuxhumana ukuze basakaze izinhlelo zezembutho ezihlukanisayo futhi bacindezele ukusakazeka. I-disformation ivame ukubeka abantu abathile emangeni ngezinqubo zokuvota, izimo zombhakela, noma ukuthembeka kokhetho. Imfundo yokufundela abantu nokusekela izinhlangano ezizimele zokuvikela amaqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulatifomu kumelwe asebenzise izinqubo ezinciphisa ukuvalwa kwezindaba zezombangazwe zamanga kuyilapho ehlonipha inkulumo ekhululekile.

Imingcele Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma Nomhlangano

Ohulumeni bangamisa imithetho elinganisela ukubonakaliswa kwezombangazwe ngaphansi kokuzisholo kokuhleleka komphakathi, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, noma ukulwa nenkulumo yenzondo. Imingcele enjalo ingaba engacacile noma enzima kakhulu, ukuphikisana okuqinile okungokomthetho. Ukubhikisha okunokuthula kuye kwahlangatshezwa ngamandla amakhulu noma ukuqapha, futhi izintatheli zihlanganisa izihloko ezizwelayo zokuhlukunyezwa noma ukuboshwa. Izindikimba zomhlaba zivame ukubiza amazwe ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi noma yikuphi ukulinganiselwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kudingekile, kuyalinganisa, futhi kuchazwe ngokucacile ngokomthetho. Izakhamuzi zingahlola lemiqondo ngezinhlangano ezinjenge Ngaphandle kweMidanti futhi zilweleze zilwele imithetho evimbela kakhulu.

Ukumiswa Kokwahlulela Nomthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo ezombangazwe axhomeke ezinkantolo ezizimele ezingaqinisa isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo. Uma ijaji liphoqelelwa noma lincishiswa, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo ezombangazwe kunganqandwa. Ukuhlasela ngokuzimela kwezokwahlulela − njengokupakisha izinkantolo, ukususwa kwamajaji, noma ukuncishwa kosizo olungokomthetho . Izakhamuzi kufanele zisekele izinqubo zokwahlulela ezingathathi-mthetho nokusekela izimali eziqinile zezinkantolo, kanye nemithetho ebekela imithetho evimbela ukuma noma ekwenza kube nzima ukumangalela amalungelo.

Ikusasa Lamalungelo Ezombangazwe

Umphakathi wamalungelo ezombangazwe uhlala ukhona. Ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe bamanani bunikeza amathuba nezingozi. Ukubhalisa i-Online umvoti, ukuvota, ukuvota, kanye namapulatifomu obuchwepheshe bomphakathi kungandisa ukuhlanganyela, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokungalingani kwe-inthanethi, ukuhlukana kwamanani, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho-algorithism yolwazi. Ukwanda kokuhlakanipha okungeyokwenziwa kanye nenkulumo - zezinga elisezingeni eliphansi kubangela ukuba indawo yokwaziswa ibe yinkinga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpikiswano ngokuvota amalungelo abantu abanamarekhodi obugebengu, izakhamuzi ezingezona izakhamuzi ezingobangeni le-intshi engu-16 neshumi nanye neshumi nanhlanu nambili kuyaqhubeka ukuguqula imingcele yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

Emhlabeni wonke, ukuthambekela kokuphambana kwentando yeningi − lapho abaholi abakhethiwe bekhuphula khona kancane kancane izinhlolo nezilinganiso. Ngokwe House yeFreedom [, amazwe amaningi aye abhekana nokuncipha kwamalungelo ezombangazwe nenkululeko yomphakathi emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule. Ukusabela kulenselele kudinga ukuhlanganisa okuqhubekayo kwezenhlalakahle yesizwe, ukuhlanganisa umngcele weqembu, nokuthuthukisa izimiso ezintsha namathuluzi okuvikela izinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi. Izinhlangano zenhlangano yezentando yeningi, njengalezo zesimo sobulungisa nenkululeko yezinhlanga, zibuye zithuthukise incazelo yamalungelo ezombangazwe okuhlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sendawo ezungezile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo ezombangazwe ayisisekelo lapho imiphakathi yentando yeningi yakhiwe khona. Inika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlela uhulumeni wazo, ukubeka abaholi bazo, nokuvikela inkululeko yazo. Nokho, lamalungelo awavikelwe ngokuzenzekelayo; adinga ukuqonda okukhuthele, ukuqapha njalo, nomzamo wamabomu wokuzivivinya. Ngokubhalisa, ngokuthola ulwazi, ngokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala, nangokusekela izinhlangano eziqapha ukunqandwa nokungahlanganiswa, izakhamuzi zonke zinganikela empucukweni engcono. Ikusasa lamalungelo ezombangazwe lixhomeke ezinzweni esizithathayo namuhla, futhi likwazi ukwandisa inzuzo yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.