Ukuqonda Inqubo Efaneleyo Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Kwempi

Uma ilungu leButho le-U.S. Libhekene nenkantolo ephetheyo, aliphucwa amalungelo alo ayisisekelo. Kunalokho, linelungelo lokuthola izinhlelo eziqinile zenqubo ezisekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo, umthetho kahulumeni, ne-Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Lezi zikhungo ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ilungu ngalinye lenkonzo lithola ukuqulwa okulungile, ithuba elinenjongo lokuzivikela ngokwalo, nokuqulwa kwecala elihlonipha izimiso eziyinhloko zobulungisa baseMelika, umthetho kahulumeni, ne-Unicode of Military Justice (UMJ).

Inqubo efanelekile kwezempi ayifani nenqubo yobugebengu obuvamile; ifanelana nezidingo zokuhleleka nokuyala okuhle. Nokho isisekelo sihlala sifana: ummangalelwa kumelwe abhekwe njengongenacala, anikezwe usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko, avikelekile ekuphoqeleleni ukumelana nokuphoqelelwa, futhi anikeze ithuba eligcwele nelifanele lokumelana nalezi zikhalo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomthetho, isivikelo esiyinhloko, kanye nezingathwini eziwusizo zenqubo efanelekile yezisebenzini zempi ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zenqubo Efanele Yokwahlulela Kwempi

Umthetho oyinhloko womthetho olawula inqubo yomthetho wempi i-Unifonso Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), emiswe yiKhomfandeni ngo-1950 futhi yamiswa eshumini elinamashumi amahlanu. I-UCMMM46. Imisa isimiso esibanzi semithetho engaphansi kwe-Uniformation and procedural somthetho osebenza kuwo wonke amalungu enkonzo, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi osebenzayo, i-unice, i-Rvid, kanye nezinye iziqondiso zenyama ezithathe umhlalaphansi. Inezelwa yi-Alls Courts-Maritial (MM), equkethe imithetho yeNkanto engokomthetho (RM), neMithetho yempi ye-Unial (M. Rvid) kanye nezinye iziqondiso zenkampane yecala ngalinye.

Inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela kwezempi isuka emithonjeni eminingi. Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ‘ senqubo engaphambili yomthetho” sisebenza enkantolo-macandelwana, njengoba iqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ezimweni ezinjenge Weiss v. United States [1994] futhi [FLT] [FL:2] United States v. Jacoby [1958] [iSivumelwahlulo seNkathi]. ISiphakamiso Sesithupha sokwelulekwaluleko, inqubo ephoqekelelwayo siyasebenza futhi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ngokulungisa kufanelekile esihlelwe esikhungweni sezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSiphakathi se-UCJ sinikeza isivikelo sokuzivikela ngokuziveza inzuzo etholakala kakhulu kulezo zimiso zomthetho.

UKhomishane futhi ugunyazile ukuba izinkantolo eziphethe i-Formasti zinamathele ezimisweni ze- “livilence ightagement” kanye“ nenqubo" eqondwayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Incwadi ithi “izinqubo ezigunyazwe yi-MCM ziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo omangalelwa.” Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-FUNICE of Military Justice Application ayiyona inqubo yokujezisa eqenjini lezakhamuzi, iyisimiso esiye savela ukuze sihlangabezane nezindinganiso zomthetho, futhi izinkantolo ze-appellate zibuke njalo izinkolelo zempi zenqubo engafanele.

Kubafundi abafuna amabhukwana emithombo anegunya, umbhalo ongokomthetho we UCJ ungatholakala ku-U.S. House of Messages Law Library[. ''iSiphakamiso sasikhathi sinye seNkanto-Maltial [uhlelo 2024] sitholakala kuMnyango Wezentengiselwano[.

Isihluthulelo sokuvikelwa kwezinhlelo

Isivikelo esilandelayo sibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ilungu lenkonzo elimangalelwe lithola icala elilungile. Nakuba lingaphelele, limelela amalungelo ayisisekelo ahlukanisa inkantolo engokomthetho nesijeziso esinqunyiwe.

1. Ilungelo Losizo Oluphumelelayo Lweseluleko

Ilungu ngalinye lenkonzo elimangalelwe ngecala lenkantolo linelungelo lokumelelwa ummeli ofanelekayo ngaphandle kwezindleko zakhe. Lokhu kunikezwa ngeseluleko sokuzivikela esiningiliziwe (kaningi isikhulu saseJaG) esabelwe abamangalelwa. Ezimweni eziningi, ummangalelwa angase aqashe ummeli wesizwe ngezindleko zakhe, nakuba uhulumeni engadingeki ukuba akhokhele iseluleko sesizwe. Ilungelo lokululeka linamathela kusenesikhathi: ngaphambi kokuba noma ikuphi ukuphenywa, phakathi nokuvalelwa kwecala (i-Adictle 32), futhi ngecala, nangezigaba zeposi ne-appelta.

Iseluleko sokuvikela samasosha asikho ekungeneni ochungechungeni lomyalo futhi asinakulawulwa noma sithonywe umyalo oweza namacala. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe iUnited States v. McOmber (50. M.J. 63, 1999) ukuthi ummangalelwa unelungelo “losizo oluphumelelayo” ngaphansi kwendinganiso ye- stecland v. Washington (19984). Amalungu enkonzo akholelwa ukuthi iseluleko sawo asisebenzi kahle angaphakamisa ukudluliswa okuqondile kwesicelo noma nge-withri ye-habeaspus.

Umehluko ophawulekayo emkhubeni wezempi: enkantolo ephethe, ummangalelwa unelungelo “lokululeka kwezempi ngokomuntu siqu” ngokukhetha kwabo uma lesoseluleko sitholakala ngokunengqondo. Lokhu kungaba isikhulu esihlukile se-JAG kulowo owaqala ngokuningiliziwe. Iqembu lezokuvikela futhi liyakwazi ukufinyelela imithombo yophengululo, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuxoxa nofakazi nokubukeza ubufakazi ngenqubo yokuthola.

2. Ukubhekana Necala Elifanele

Inhliziyo yenqubo efanele inelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga. Kumacala abekwa icala, lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Notice of Inlances:[ ummangalelwa kumelwe aziswe ngamacala akhethekile nezincazelo ezibhalwe phansi, ngokwaneleyo ukulungiselela isivikelo.
  • I-opportunit ukuvikela: ummangalelwa anganikeza ukuzivikela, abize ofakazi, anikeze ubufakazi, nofakazi bakahulumeni we-examine.
  • Inqubo eyimpoqo ye- ye-C: ulwelwelo lungafaka ofakazi abangaphansi kwempondo kanye nezincwadi, ngamandla enkantolo ukuphoqelela ukuba babe khona.
  • Ukubhekisisa: ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhona kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zomthetho nokubhekana nofakazi ngokumelene nabo.
  • I-Tribunal: umahluleli wezempi namalungu enkantolo (iqembu) kumelwe lingacaci futhi likhululeke ethonyeni lomyalo ongekho emthethweni.

Lamalungelo abonisa labo abasezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezivamile, nakuba kunezindlela ezithile ezingafani. Ngokwesibonelo, amasosha awasebenzisi “isimiso esikhulu sokuqulwa kwejaji”; kunalokho, icala elandulelayo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 32 (elifana nesizathu esingase sithethwe) libonisa ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuba bubhekisele enkantolo ebanzi.

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi liyaqashelwa futhi, nakuba ijaji lezempi lingase livale izingxenye zenqubo yokuvikela ukwaziswa okungafunwa abantu noma inzuzo yesizwe. Nokho, ngokuvamile umphakathi nowamaphephandaba bangaya enkantolo ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe ukuthi kunesidingo sokuvalwa.

3. Ukuvikelwa Ekuzichayeni

ISiphakamiso 31(b) se-UCMJ sinikeza ukuthi “akekho umuntu ongaphansi kwalesi sahluko ongase aphoqelele noma ubani ukuba azenze angene noma aphendule noma yimuphi umbuzo ongase athambekele ekumchaphazeleni.” Lena isivikelo esikhulu kuneSiphendu sesiHluzi sesihlanu ezicini eziningi: sisebenza kunoma yisiphi isici noma isenzo (kuhlanganise izenzo ezingabonisi inhlonipho (kuhlanganise nezenzo ezinjengokunikeza amasampula ezinhlamvu zombhalo, nakuba kulokhu kuncintisana nawo enkantolo yezempi). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSiphakamiso 31 kumelwe sifundwe umuntu ongaphansi kwe-UCM ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukusolwa komthetho. Lokhu kusebenza kumacala abekwe icala nakunoma yimuphi ufakazi ongase abekwe icala ukuba athathe isinyathelo sokunikeza isijeziso sempi.

Uhulumeni angase angasebenzisi ukuthula kommangalelwa ngokumelene nabo lapho kuqulwa icala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yiliphi icala elithathwa ngokuphula iSiphakamiso 31 alikho esimweni senkantolo. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela nangemva kwenkantolo: ummangalelwa angase enqabe ukufakazela ukugwetshwa noma ukuqulwa okungagunyaziwe ngaphandle kokuboniswa kabi.

Izinkantolo zempi ziye zaqaphela futhi “ilungelo lokuthula” elivikela kakhulu kunomkhuba ovamile: uma omangalelwa ecela amalungelo akhe, konke ukubuza kumelwe kuphele ngokushesha. Noma imuphi umlindi olandelayo kumelwe avele ngokuzithandela, azi, futhi abe hlakaniphile. Bheka i-United States v. Kuehl (744 M.J. 321, 2015).

Ukuzicabangela Ngokungenalo Icala

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokwahlulela kobugebengu baseMelika (ukuthi ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala ngokunengqondo − . umahluleli wezempi uyoyala iqembu ukuba umthwalo wobufakazi usekelwe kuhulumeni kuphela nokuthi ummangalelwa akanasibopho sokunikeza ubufakazi noma ukufakazela. Ukubekwa icala kuyaqhubeka kulo lonke icala futhi kunganqotshwa kuphela ngobufakazi obugcwalisa iqiniso ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Lesivikelo sibalulekile embusweni wezempi ngoba amalungu enkonzo angase esabe ukuthi iqiniso lokumangalelwa liyolimaza umsebenzi wawo noma idumela. Umthetho ufuna ukuba kungaqashelwa lutho noma ubandlululo olusekelwe ekumangalweni ukuba luvunyelwe ukuthonya umphumela. Inkantolo-kahulumeni kudingeka ukuba isebenzise ukuvota okuvumelanayo ukuze ithole isiqinisekiso sokujeziswa ngokujeziswa ngokufa noma ngokuvalelwa iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili; ngenxa yezenzo zobugebengu eziphansi, ingxenye enkulu yeqembu (noma ivoti evumelanayo uma isigaba sinamalungu amathathu) iyadingeka.

5. Amalungelo okuhlola nokubukeza kwangemva

Isiqinisekiso enkantolo-inkantolo asigcini kuze kube yilapho wonke amalungelo ephelile. Inkonzo ngayinye ineNkantolo yayo ye-Criminal Applers (jengesibonelo, iNkantolo yeQumrhu Lezigebengu Zokudlulisa Amacala, i-Marine Corps of Criminal Applers Court of Criminal Applers, i-Auto Force Court of Criminal Appers). Lezi zinkantolo zihlola ngokuzenzakalela wonke amacala ahilela ukukhishwa kwesigwebo, ukuvalelwa unyaka owodwa noma ngaphezulu, noma isigwebo sokufa. Ukubukeza impikiswano yomthetho neqiniso, kuhlanganise nokuvinjelwa kokungaphumeli komthetho, ithonya elingekho emthethweni, nethonya elingekho ngokomthetho.

Isicelo esengeziwe sikhona eNkantolo Yezikhalo yase-United States ye-Admid Forces (CAAF), ehlanganisa abahluleli abahlanu abangabuthiwe. I-CAAF izwa izicelo zokubukeza futhi inganikeza ukubukeza imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho. Ekugcineni, ilungu lenkonzo lingase linxuse iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ukuba licele imvume ye-ceretiorari, nakuba izicelo ezinjalo zingavamile ukunikezwa. Emacala amakhulu, inqubo yokubukeza ibanzi ngisho nangokwengeziwe, kuhlanganise nokubukezwa okuyimfuneko nge-CAF kanye ne-ceriariry ye-bertari yeNkanto ePhakakhulu yeNkakhulu ngaphambi kokuba ibulawe.

Ngemva kwenkantolo, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhipha izindaba ngokungemthetho, acele ukuqulwa kwecala okusha okusekelwe ebufakazini obusanda kutholakala, noma afune ukukhululeka nge-Board for Correction of Military Records. Lokhu akuwona amalungelo adingekile enqubo ngomqondo oqinile, kodwa banikeza ezinye izivikelo ekuvimbeleni okungalungile.

  • [ Isicelo se-sective esiphezulu: ukubukeza okuzenzekelayo emigwebeni engathi sína; ukumangalelwa kungacela ukubukezwa.
  • [[UMTH: 0] CAAF:[ i-exampficing ohlwini lomthetho.
  • [[INkantolo:0] Inkantolo yezenyusi: ihlola ngokuhluzekile ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwehlisa:[ igunya elihlanganisayo lingase linciphise noma livimbele umusho.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Ezinkantolo Zezempi

Nakuba izinkantolo-macato ziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abamangalelwa, zisebenza endaweni ehlukile ebahlukanisayo ezinkantolo ezivamile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi “impi, ngesidingo, umphakathi okhethekile ohlukene nomphakathi ovamile.” ( Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 1974). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezinye izinhlelo ezifanele zishintshwa ngezidingo zempi, kodwa azipheli.

Enye yezindlela ezikhetheke kakhulu ukucatshangelwa okungabangela ithonya lomyalo ongekho emthethweni. Ithonya lomyalo lenzeka uma umkhuzi wekhulu, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ecindezela iqembu lenkantolo, umahluleli, noma ukuzivikela ukuze afinyelele umphumela othile. Lokhu kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi “isitha esiyinhloko somthetho wezempi” ( United States v. Thomas, 22 M. 388, 1986). Umthetho ubeka umthwalo onzima kuhulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho thonya elingcolise imicimbi. Uma kuboniswe, ukuqiniseka kungahlenga.

Esinye isici esikhethekile yindima yegunya lokuhlanganisa. Igunya eligunyaza isithakazelo. Isikhulu esiphethe (ngokuvamile umkhuzi omkhulu) yisikhulu esibhekisela ekumangaleleni kwenkantolo, sikhetha amalungu enkantolo, futhi sivumela isigwebo. Nakuba lesi sakhiwo sidingekile ukuze silondoloze umthwalo wemfanelo wokuyala, futhi sidala izingxabano ezingase zenzeke zesithakazelo. Ngakho i-UCMJ ibeka imingcele eqinile ekuhilelekeni kwegunya eligunyaziwe, futhi umahluleli wezempi unesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi isigaba asikho esinesabelo esinesabelo esiqinile.

Indima Yomahluleli Wempi

Umahluleli wezempi uyisikhulu esithunyiwe futhi uyilungu leMinyango efanayo eye yagunyazwa njengomahluleli wempi nguMahluleli jikelele ongummeleli wenkonzo yabo. Umahluleli uqondisa inkantolo ephethe inkantolo, ushaya imithetho yokuthatha izintambo nobufakazi, futhi afundise amaqembu enkantolo. Ngokungathi kunjalo, umahluleli wempi akakho ngaphansi kwegunya eligunyaza ukubambisana futhi akanakususwa noma akhuliswe ngokwemithetho yabo. Indima yomahluleli iqinisekisa ukuthi icala liqhubeka kahle futhi livumelana ne-UCMM ne-MCM.

Indima Yamalungu Enkantolo (Indawo Yezinkantolo)

Amalungu enkantolo asebenza ngendlela efanayo kumajaji enkantolo enkantolo engekho emthethweni. Bayizikhulu (futhi kwezinye izimo, uma becelwa yilabo abamangalelwa) ezikhethwe yiziphathimandla ezikhomba umthetho. Nokho, ngokungafani nabaphathi benkantolo abangabuthiwe, amalungu enkantolo angaphansi kwemithetho elandelanayo. Umthetho uzama ukubavikela ethonyeni elingafanele ngokufuna ukuba babe “abafaneleke kakhulu” nangokunikeza noma iliphi ilungu elikholelwa ukuthi alinakunquma ngokungakhethi. Noma kunjalo, ukucwaswa okungacatshazwa yikho kuyinto edinga ukuba izinkantolo zilandele eduze.

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubekela amalungu enkantolo inselele ngembangela (ngesizathu sangempela noma ukubonakala kobandlululo) nokusebenzisa izinselele ezilinganiselwe zokukhulula. Umahluleli wezempi kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi iqoqo alibekwanga “ishintshwa” noma limiswe ngendlela elulaza ubulungisa.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela enkantolo enqubweni yenkantolo ayilona ilungelo elinikezwa amalungu enkonzo ngokudabuka; ayimfuneko eyisisekelo yobulungisa baseMelika. I-Uniform Code of Military Justice, i-Manual for Courts-Martial, kanye namashumi eminyaka e-appellate amacala akhiwe isimiso esiye, nakuba sihlukile emongweni waso, sisekela izindinganiso zomthetho zobulungisa, isaziso, nelungelo lokuzivikela. Kusukela ekuzivikeleni ekuzivikeleni ekuzivikeleni ekuzivikeleni nasekubukeleni kwelungelo lokuhlola, amalungu enkonzo abhekenesijeziso esiqinile esingokomthetho.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimiso asiphelele. Ukukhathazeka ngethonya lomyalo ongekho emthethweni, ukulinganiselwa kwecala lomthetho eliboshelwe emacaleni athile amancane, kanye nokungavumelani okungokwemvelo phakathi kwesiyalo nenqubo efanele kusekhona. Kunoma yiliphi ilungu lenkonzo elimangalelwe ngecala lobugebengu, isivikelo esingcono kakhulu siwukusheshisa ukuxoxa nommeli wempi ofanelekayo − noma iSiphakamiso 27 se-UCMJ noma ummeli wezwe onolwazi lwasempi.

Ukuqonda lamalungelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqinisekisa ukuthi awalahlwa ngokungazi noma ukwesaba. Ekugcineni, inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela yesimiso senkantolo ephethe inkantolo iklanyelwe ukwenza lokho wonke umuntu waseMelika alindele ebulungisa: ukunquma iqiniso, futhi uma ubufakazi bufuna, ukuveza abangenacala futhi ubeke icala elinecala elinecala ngokuhlonipha isithunzi nenkululeko yelungu lenkonzo ngalinye.

“ Sekuyisikhathi eside isimiso sobulungisa bezempi siqashelwa njengesibonelo sokulunga nokuphumelela. Amalungelo ommangalelwa avikelwe ngokuphelele, futhi izinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ilungu ngalinye lenkonzo lithola ukuzwa okugcwele nokulungile.” — General Counseer of the Defense, Bufakazi phambi kweSishayamthetho, 2023

Kulabo abafisa ukuqhubeka behlola le ndaba, kukhuthazwa lezi zinto ezilandelayo ezingaphandle:

  • [[UMTHETHO] Ummeleli woMmeleli woMhluleli weNavy General’s Corps – Inqubo yeNkantolo-Martial[[[FL:1]
  • Isiqondiso sobulungisa bempi
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isikhungo solwazi olusemthethweni--iNkantolo-Martial ukubuka ngokubuka kuqala