Isingeniso: Idwala Lokulunga

Inqubo efanelekile inqubo engokomthetho eqinisekisa ukuthi zonke impatho zobulungisa zinikezwa ngokwesimiso sokwahlulela. Isebenza njengesihlangu sokumelana nesenzo sikahulumeni sokuzithandela, iqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ophucwa ukuphila, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo elungile nengokomthetho. Lomqondo usekelwe eMsukeni weMagna Carta ka-1215, ememezela ukuthi akekho umuntu okhululekile ongajeziswa ngaphandle "kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe." Eminyakeni engamakhulu amaningi, inqubo efanele isuka ekubeni itshe lomthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo eUnited States kanye nezinye imibuso eminingi ebusayo esebenzela uhulumeni wezwe. Inqubo efanelekile ayiyona nje ithuluzi lezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yolwazi lokuvikela amalungelo abantu nokuphatha uhulumeni. Lesihloko sinikeza ukufinye ukucushwa kwenqubo efanelekile yenqubo yomthetho wezwe, izakhi zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, nezimiso zomthetho womthetho womthetho womphakathi.

Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo efanelekile ibhekisela esibophweni esingokomthetho sikazwelonke sokuhlonipha wonke amalungelo angokomthetho akweletwa kumuntu. Ilinganisela amandla omthetho, izinkantolo, nezinhlangano zokuphatha kanye namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Lomqondo uhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene:

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho nalapho kugcinwa izigodlo eziyisisekelo. Ilinganisela lokho uhulumeni angakwenza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wenza kanjani. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ovimbela ukushada phakathi kwabantu abadala abavumayo uphula inqubo edingekile engathi sína ngoba iphula inkululeko eyisisekelo. INkantolo ePhakeme ePhakeme isekela inqubo efanelekile evikela amalungelo anjengawo eyimfihlo, umshado, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, nobuqotho bomzimba. Lamalungelo awahlelwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni womthetho-Crini kodwa athathwa njengabalulekile ekuyaleni inkululeko.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile yokulungisa igxile ekuqondeni okulungile kwezinqubo ezisetshenziswa uhulumeni lapho ufuna ukuncisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kudinga isaziso esanele, ithuba lokuzwiwa, umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi, nethuba elinenjongo lokunikeza ubufakazi. Izimfuneko eziqondile ziyahluka kuye ngomongo we-"kodwa, ngokwesibonelo, umfundi obhekene nokuxoshwa esikoleni somphakathi unelungelo lokungaqondisi izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunemmangalelwa ekuqulweni kwecala. Isimiso esiyinhloko siwukuthi inqubo kumelwe ibe "elungile ngokwengqondo."""

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1791, sisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni:

" Akukho muntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho."

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sadlulisela lesivikelo kohulumeni:

"... futhi ukhona uHulumeni ongayikuncisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele yomthetho.”

Lezi zigaba ziye zachazwa izinkantolo cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Inkathi enkulu yokushintsha yaba "inqubo" yeSigqi Samalungelo Abantu ngeSiphendulo seshumi nane, esasebenzisa izivikelo eziningi zikahulumeni ezimelene nezifundazwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Gritlow v. New York [1925] [inqubo] yaqala lenqubo, futhi inqubo eyalandela yafaka cishe zonke izinhlelo zobugebengu. Namuhla, inqubo efanelekile ivimbela uhulumeni ekuthatheni izenzo ezithile (i-i-stat) futhi iqinisekisa izinqubo ezithile lapho lezozenzo zivunyelwe (zicinezelwe). Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo, ukuhlanganisa cishe zonke iziqondiso zezemthetho. [FLC] Inqubo ye-Genearlectalmentations proviationstionsmentation [3]

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuhlela Kube Yindaba Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi emphakathini wentando yeningi. Isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi akekho okhethwe ngokuphathwa ngokungafanele. Ikhuthaza ukuqiniseka komphakathi esimisweni somthetho ngokuqinisekisa izinqubo ezingaguquki nezibonisayo. Inqubo efanelekile ivikela futhi amaqembu agwegwenyweyo, angokomlando aye asengozini enkulu yokuthatha isinyathelo sombuso sokuzilawula. Ekwenzeni, inqubo efanele ivimbela ukuthathelwa indawo impahla ngokungafanele, futhi ivikela amalungelo abantu ekuqondiseni ukugcinwa kwezindaba zezenhlalakahle. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, isimiso somthetho siyoba yithuluzi lokucindezela kunokuba sibe yinsika yobulungisa.

Isihluthulelo Senqubo Ehleliwe

Ukunquma ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa inqubo iphelile yini, izinkantolo zihlola izici ezintathu zecala eliphawulayo .Eldridge v [6]: (1) isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile; (2) ingozi yokuncishwa okunephutha ngaphansi kwezimiso zamanje kanye nenani elifanele lezivikelo ezengeziwe; (3) isithakazelo sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithwalo yemali neyabaphathi.

  • Notice: Uhulumeni kumele wazise umuntu ngesenzo esisikiselwe kanye nesisekelo saso. Qaphela kumelwe kucatshangelwe kahle ukuze kufinyelelwe umuntu futhi kunikeze imininingwane eyanele ukuze kuvunyelwe ukulungiselela okunenjongo.
  • I-Opportunity to Omeww: Umuntu kumelwe abe nethuba elibalulekile lokuveza ubufakazi, abize ofakazi, futhi aphikisane necala lakhe phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi imfuneko "yokuzwa".
  • I-Impartial:[ Umahluleli, isikhulu esizwayo, noma ijaji akumelwe licaciswe. Noma ikuphi ukubonakala kobandlululo − njengokufuna ukukhokhela umphumela/ukukhokha okungokwezimali kukona inqubo efanele.
  • Ilungelo elulekweni: Ezindabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ukumelelwa komthetho. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, alikho ilungelo eliphelele, kodwa inqubo efanele ingadinga iseluleko esimisiwe uma izithakazelo eziyisisekelo njengamalungelo omzali noma ukuzimisela komphakathi kusengozini.
  • Isokudla kubhekene no-Aspion-spir: Umuntu kumelwe akwazi ukubekela ubufakazi ngokumelene nabo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqulweni kwecala lapho ofakazi kumelwe bafakazele khona obala enkantolo.
  • Ukubekwa okusekelwe ebufakazini: Umphumela kumele usekelwe yirekhodi futhi uchazwe ngendlela enengqondo. Imithetho ye-Arbitrary noma yenguquko iphula inqubo efanele.

Lezi zici azinakho ukuqina; zivumelana nomongo. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuzweni ukumisa ilayisense yokushayela, izinqubo ezidingekayo zilula kunokusekuhlolweni kwecala. Noma kunjalo, isimiso esifanayo sokulunga okuyisisekelo siyasebenza.

Inqubo Eyinqaba Namalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo eyisici esiyinhloko edinga inqubo iye yaba enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zibone ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo "asekelwe emqondweni wenkululeko emisiwe" kangangokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni noma imibuso ingawaphula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela izigaba eziningana:

Ukuba Wedwa Nokuziqambela

Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo, nakuba lingashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, liye lathathwa kweyokuqala, eyesithathu, eyesine, eyesihlanu, neye-Ninth Isichibiyelo. Griswold v.Connecticut[ (65), iNkantolo yabulala umthetho ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela, owenqabela ukuthi kwaphazamisa imfihlo yomshado. Lesi sinqumo sabeka isisekelo sezezocathulo zamuva, kuhlanganise Roe v. Wade [73]), owenqabela ilungelo lokukhipha isisu (ngokwamthetho owenziwe ngecala). Inhlangano yabesifazane [FLD] [FLD] [F:] [5] ebuyeni, ibuye ikhiphe amalungelo empini empilweni yokuphila.

Umkhaya Nomshado

INkantolo iye yathi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyisisekelo. ku- Virginia (1967]), yaqeda ukuvinjelwa komshado wezinhlanga ngezinhlanga. Obergefell v. Hodges [2011]] (2015], iNkantolo yandisa ukulingana kwemibhangqwana efanayo, ikhipha ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane nesihlanu sidinga ukuqaphela imishadolo enjalo.[FLT][FLT][12][5][9]][FFLT][9][FFLT][9]

Ukuhamba Nokuhamba

Imithetho evimbela ngokuphawulekayo ikhono lokuthutha noma lokuhlala kwesinye isifundazwe idinga ukuhlaziywa okuqinile.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokushisekela Imisebenzi

Nakuba ilungelo lokuvota livikelwe ngokucacile ezinguqulweni eziningana, inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwesivumelwano iye yasetshenziselwa ukushaya imithetho ethwesa umthwalo ngokungafanele owehlisa imvume. Ngokwesibonelo, izintela zokuvota zancishiswa ngaphansi kwe - Externement Protection Clause, kodwa futhi inqubo efanele ifeza indima ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela ngokufanele konothi.

Lamalungelo ayisisekelo awaphelele. Uhulumeni angawalinganisela kuphela uma engabonisa isithakazelo esishukumisayo futhi umthetho uhlotshaniswa kancane ukuze unikeze lesosithakazelo. Le"ndinganiso" iyindlela enzima kakhulu yokuhlola ukwahlulela. Ukuze usebenzise inqubo efanelekile, bheka U.S. izinkantolo ezifundisayo ngenqubo efanele [.

Inqubo Efanele Ekuqhubekeni Kwesigebengu

Isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu yilapho izivikelo ezifanele zigcinwa khona kakhulu. Kusukela ekuboshweni kuya ekudluliseleni icala, uchungechunge lwezikhungo zezemidalo luqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa baphathwa ngokungakhethi. Ezinye zezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Ekulungeni ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo:[ ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa becala ngeke babhekane nokuboshwa okuthatha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ukungalidingi ukucwaswa kokuzivikela futhi uphike ubulungisa. Izinkantolo zicabangela ubude besikhathi, isizathu salokho, ukugomela kommangalelwa ilungelo, nanoma yiluphi ubandlululo oluwumphumela.
  • Abalweli abalungile kuJury ongakhethi: banelungelo lokuvikela abameleli abakhethwe eqenjini elilungile lesiphambano somphakathi. Abangabahluleli abanobandlululo noma imibono ecatshangelwayo bangaxoshwa ngenxa yesizathu. Abahluleli-mthetho kumelwe bakhululeke ethonyeni langaphandle, njengokugqunywa kwemithombo yezindaba noma ukuphoqelelwa.
  • Isokudla koFakazi Ababhekene nomthetho: ISiphakamiso sika Claus weSiphendu sesiThathu sivumela abamangalelwa ukuba baxhumene-examine abafakazele ngabo. Lokhu kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezindlebe ezingaziwa kanye namabutho ofakazi ukuba bafakazele ngaphansi kwesifungo esivulekile. Crawford v. Washington [2004]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-isihloko se-ivolution ayikholeki uma ufakazi bengekho futhi ummangalelwa wayene ithuba langaphambili lokunqamlula i-amine.
  • Isivikelo sokumelene nokwethulwa: Isichibiyelo sesihlanu sivimbela ubufakazi obuphoqelelwe. Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokuthula, futhi abashushisi abakwazi ukuphawula ngokwenqaba kommangalelwa ukufakaza. [[FLT:] Mira] v. Arizona isinqumo sifuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukusola amalungelo abo ngaphambi kokuphenywa ngemvume. Icebo elihle kakhulu yile [[FLT:] i-Muranda. [FLT] v[FLT] [FLT]] [FL:]
  • Ekulungeni ku-Implation of Devision of Deception: ISivumelwano seSithandathu seSigunyazo seseluleko sisho okungaphezu kokuba nommeli okhona nje. Ummeli kumelwe enze ngendlela efanelekile. Strickland v. Washington [19984]], iNkantolo yamisa ukuhlolwa kwengxenye ezimbili: ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukusebenza kweseluleko akunanzuzo futhi ukuthi ukuphelelwa yisivikelo kuyabandlulula.
  • Isivikelo sokulwa no-Reopardy: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu senqabela ukumangalelwa kwesibili ngecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ekuzameni kaningi ukubopha umuntu kuze kube yilapho bethola umphumela ofunekayo.
  • Inqubo elindelekile ne-Plea Barganing: Nakuba ukunxusa kuvamile, inqubo efanele idinga ukuba isicelo singene ngokuzithandela, ngokwazi nangokuhlakanipha. Abavikeli kumelwe baqonde izikhalo, izijeziso ezingase zifike, namalungelo abawakhiphayo.

Ingozi yokukholisa okungalungile ikhula ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Innocence Project iye yakhulula amakhulu eziboshwa ngobufakazi be-DNA, eziningi zazo ezabhekana nezinqubo ezinamaphutha − njengokuvuma izono okuphoqelelwe noma ukubona kofakazi bokuzibonela abangathembekile. Inqubo iwuhlu lokuqala lokuvikela amaphutha anjalo.

Inqubo Efanele Ekuqhubekeni Kwangaphakathi

Inqubo efanelekile ayigcini enkantolo yobugebengu. Isebenza noma nini lapho uhulumeni efuna ukuthatha ukuphila komuntu, inkululeko, noma impahla. Izindawo ezivamile zomphakathi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukususwa kwamanzuzo kaHulumeni: Ulwelwelwelwe, Ukukhubazeka kwezenhlalakahle, ukukhubazeka, nokungasebenzi kubhekwa njengenzuzo yempahla. Abamukelayo banelungelo lokuqaphela nokuzwa ngaphambi kwezinzuzo zinqanyuliwe. Goldberg v. Kelly [1970], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphethe ukuthi abamukeli benhlalakahle kumelwe banikezwe ukuzwa okusobala ngaphambi kokuba baqede.
  • Izindawo zokukhokha nezokulungisa: abanikazi nababazi bendawo banesithakazelo sempahla ezindlini zabo. Ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe impahla enjalo ngentela noma indawo edumile, umnini-khaya kumelwe athole isaziso nethuba lokuncintisana nalesisenzo.
  • Amalungelo Omzali:[ Isifundazwe asinakuwaqeda amalungelo abazali ngaphandle kwenqubo eqinile yokuzwa. INkantolo Ephakeme ku Santosky v. Kramer[[1992] idinga "ubufakazi obucacile nobugculisayo" ngaphambi kokunqamula isilinganiso sobuhlobo bomzali nomntwana.
  • I-Civil Isibopho: Ukuzibophezela ngokuzenzekelayo esigungwini sengqondo kuwukuncishwa okukhulu kwenkululeko. Inqubo elindelekile ifuna ukuzwa ngokugcwele, ilungelo lokululeka, nobufakazi ngobufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo.
  • Ukuthutha kanye nokuhlanganisa: Nakuba umthetho wokufuduka ungowesizwe, ongaziswe ebhekene nokudingiswa unelungelo elifanele lenqubo. Kumelwe bathole isaziso, ukuzwa, nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi. Nokho, izinga lesivikelo lingahluka kuye ngohlobo lwesikhathi sokuhamba.

Kulo mongo ngamunye, isihluthulelo siwukulinganisela isithakazelo somuntu nesithakazelo sikahulumeni. Umfundi obhekene nezinsuku eziyishumi zokuxoshwa kungadinga ingxoxo yesikhashana nezikhulu zesikole, kuyilapho uprofesa onezikhonkwane obhekene nokukhishwa kwecala efanelwe ukuzwa ngokugcwele. Inqubo eguquguqukayo iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zihlotshaniswe ngezigxobo ezihilelekile.

Izinselele Zamanje Zenqubo Efanele

Ukuqonda lezi zinsongo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisekele ukulondoloza amalungelo azo, naphezu komlando wazo omude, inqubo efanele ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu kule nkathi yanamuhla.

Ukwanda Kokwanda Kombuthano Kahulumeni

Izindlela zokuphepha zangemva kwe-99/11 ziye zandisa ikhono likahulumeni lokuqoqa imininingwane kubantu ngabanye. Izinhlelo ezifana neqoqo lemethamitha enkulu, ukuthunga okungenazimvume, nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqaphela ubuso kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okubalulekile okudingekayo. Izinkantolo zemfihlo i-FISA zinikeza imvume ngaphandle kokuba isisulu sikhona, futhi abantu bangase bangaze bazi ukuthi baye baqashelwa. Ngaphandle kwesaziso nethuba lokubekela inselele isenzo, ilungelo lokuqonda inqubo efanele liyiphutha.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Inqubo yezomthetho zokuqulwa kwecala unyaka ngamunye, ngokuvamile enemicebo elinganiselwe. AmaDetaine ngokuvamile awawakho amacala angokomthetho, abhekene nezikhawu ezinde, futhi angaphansi kokukhishwa kwezicelo ezidluliswayo ezidlula ukuzwa okungokwesiko. Ukuphakama "ukususwa okungaqiniseki" nokusetshenziswa kwezindlebe zokuphatha ngaphandle komahluleli ofudukayo kuye kwaveza ukugxeka okucaphukisa. I-ACLU inqubo efanelekile enqanyuliwe kulendawo; bheka imibiko yayo yenqubo efanelekile yezokuthutha.

Ukulahlekelwa Inhloso Nokushintsha Kwezinqubo Zangaphambili

Ezikhundleni eziningi, abamangalelwa bangaboshwa izinyanga eziningi ngenxa nje yokuthi abanamali yokukhokha ibheyili. Ngisho noma ubugebengu bungenabudlova, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambi kwecala kuphazamisa ukuphila futhi kucindezela abantu abangenacala ukuba baphendule icala. Nakuba ezinye izinguquko zizimisele ukunciphisa ukuthembela emalini, inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba ukuvalelwa kuthethelelwe ngengozi yokundiza noma ngengozi ngenxa yobumpofu. INkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ibambelele ekutheni "interset bears" iphula i-Exten Rendement, kodwa inqubo esebenzayo ihlala ingekho ngqiqwele.

Ubuchwepheshe Nezinqubo Ze - Esversey

Kuwo wonke amacala, umthamo omkhulu wamaphepha obuchwepheshe unganqoba amaqembu nezinkantolo. Inqubo idinga ukuba uhlangothi ngalunye luthole ubufakazi obufanele, kodwa izindleko ze-e-revory zingavinjelwa. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele isidingo sokwambulwa ngomthwalo ekukhiqizeni amaqembu, ngokuvamile kuxhomeke emithethweni elinganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yemithetho elandelanayo ekugwebeni, amaphoyisa abikezelayo, kanye namathuluzi okuhlola izingozi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokukhanya. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukubukeza imininingwane noma ukubekela inselele umqondo wemithetho yemithetho, ilungelo lawo lokuqhubeka ngokulunga lincitshiswa.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokufihla Izindaba

Ezihlelweni ezihlelwayo − njengalezo ezingaphansi koMthetho we-Internent Surveildance .Izimfihlo zingase zingabuboni ubufakazi obusetshenziswayo kuzo. "Izimfihlo zeSizwe" ilungelo elivumela uhulumeni ukuba avimbe ukutholakala kwezinto ezizwelayo, ngezinye izikhathi eziholela ekuxoshweni kwamacala. Nakuba ukulondeka kwesizwe kungokomthetho, ukusetshenziswa komshoshaphansi komshoshaphansi kungasilulaza isimiso sobumfihlo. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuchaza imingcele yenqubo efanele kulemo, ngokuvamile zibhekisela ekuchazeni izibalo zegatsha eziphethe.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho Okuphumelela

Izakhamuzi zonke zingathatha izinyathelo zokuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela inqubo efanele. Okokuqala, zifundise ngamalungelo akho. Yazi ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula futhi ucele ummeli kunoma yimuphi umkhakha womthetho. Okwesibili, bhala zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Gcina amakhophi ezincwadi, izaziso, nezinqumo. Okwesithathu, funa usizo olungokomthetho kusenesikhathi. Imitholampilo eminingi engokomthetho inikeza iseluleko esikhululekile noma esiphansi, futhi abavikeli bomphakathi bakhona ngenxa yanoma yimuphi ummeli ongakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli. Okwesine, hlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi ngabahluleli nabashaya imithetho abahlonipha inqubo efanelekile, futhi usekele izinhlangano ezithiwayela izimiso ezilungile. Okokugcina, khuluma ngokumelene nenqubo ewunqabile yendlela yokusebenza noma yokuphepha. Isimiso esiqinile siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphila okufanelekile.

Isiphetho: Inqubo Efanele Njengesiqinisekiso Esiphilayo

Inqubo efanelekile ayiyona inqubo ehlala ikhona esikhathini esidlule; iyindinganiso evumelana nezimo ezintsha. Kusukela kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwiSichibiyelo se-145. Kusukela Miranda izixwayiso zamuva ezimayelana nemithetho-algorith, umqondo oyisisekelo uhlala ufana: wonke umuntu ufanelwe ithuba elifanele ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe ukuphila kwakhe, inkululeko, noma impahla. Izakhamuzi eziqonda inqubo efanele zihlonyiswe kangcono ukudlula esimisweni somthetho, ukuphikisa ukungabi nabulungisa, futhi zigcine izikhulu ziqhubeka zibhekene namacala omphakathi. Njengoba ezomthetho zishintsha ezobuchwepheshe, izinto ezikhathalelayo, nokushintsha umphakathi ziyo ziyo ziyonquma ukuthi inqubo engcono noma inzuzo. Izimiso zomthetho zikhona nje kuphela.