Ukuqonda iRaje Sabra: UMkhandlu WaseNdiya Wase - United States

IRajiya Sabba, noma uMkhandlu wase-United States, uyindlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya. Imelela izifundazwe ne-Union (UTS) ngokwezinga lesizwe, inikeza iqophelo lamazwi esifunda ukuze athonye umthetho kahulumeni. Ngokungafani neLok Sabba, ekhethwe ngokuqondile ngabantu, i-Rajiya Sabhaha iklanyelwe ukuba ibe umzimba oqhubekayo [[FLT:], [FF:] i-F2] njalo iminyaka emibili, iqinisekisa inkumbulo yenhlangano nokuzinza. Inqubo yokhetho ye-Rajiya Sabba ilawulwa [[FLT] ihlelwe yizindawo ezikhethekile [i-FLT] ezin.

Amandla eRajiya Sabha abekwe ezindaweni ezingu-250, lapho kunezingu 238 zingabameleli bezifunda-Mpathiso-sisekelo no-UT, futhi ezingu-12 zimiswe nguMongameli waseNdiya ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bazo emasimini anjengezincwadi, isayensi, ezobuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Ukubekwa kwezihlalo eziphezulu ezwe ngalinye ne-UT kusekelwe kubantu, njengakuyi-35 Wezihlalo ze-Cwene zomthetho. Amazwe anabantu abaningi, njengase-Uttar Pradesh (izihlalo ezingu-31) kanye nama-Maharatra (intshi) azimele, kanti amazwe amancane anjenge-Goa (isihlalo) anabantu abambalwa. Izindawo eziphezulu ze-Univercaracs zinesihlalo, isihlalo esingu-3, kanti namanye ama-UT'master'atmone awern awer'ist) awene aqinisekisa amalungu amaningi azimele ngezinhlelo zezombangazwe ezivamile kanye nezingamelelwayo.

Inqubo Evamile Yokukhetha Amalungu KaRaje Sabha

Kunezifunda kanye ne-UTs eziphethe imihlangano yemithetho, uRaje Sabha amalungu akhethiwe aleyo mihlangano esebenzisa uhlelo lwevoti (STV) eyodwa yokulinganisa okulinganiselwe. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu ambalwa noma abafuni bezikhundla abazimele banethuba elihle lokuwina, ngokuphambene nesimiso sokuqala-sokuqala sezikhohlo esisetshenziselwa iLok Sabba. Ilungu ngalinye lenhlangano livota ngenani elithile elinqunyiwe [[FLT:] inani lezihlalo eligcwele futhi ligcwalise ingqikithi yenani labantu abaphethe isifunda.

Nansi indlela isimiso seSTV esisebenza ngayo ngokhetho lukaRaje Sabha:

  • Ngamunye (okhethwe i - MLA) uvota kanye, kodwa leyovoti idluliselwa phakathi kwabazobhapathizwa ngokusekelwe ekuthandeni.
  • Ingqikithi yamavota asemthethweni ihlukaniswa ngenani lezihlalo okumelwe zigcwaliswe kanye nesinye, bese kunezelwa eyodwa ukuze kutholakale quota okudingeka ukuba umlandeli awine.
  • Abavotesi bathatha izigaba ngokuthanda. Uma amavoti okuqala athathelwe umbhanqwana edlula umthamo, amavoti asele adluliselwa kwenye into ekhethwayo. Uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela isilinganiso, ozothatha umbhanqwazi ophansi kakhulu uyasuswa, futhi amavoti abo ayasakazwa.
  • Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo sezigcwele.

Lendlela iklanyelwe ukuveza umphumela olinganayo futhi ivimbele ukubusa okuphelele kweqembu elilodwa. Nokho, ukusebenza, izombangazwe ezihlangene nokuvota kuvame ukuthonya umphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, esimweni lapho iqembu elilodwa liphethe khona iningi elicacile, abazokuthatha izihlalo ngokuvamile bawina zonke, kodwa emhlanganweni olekiwe, isimiso se-STV sivumela amaqembu amancane ukuba avikeleke. I-Ecomfation Commission of India (ECI) yengamele zonke izinqumo ze-rapy Sabra ukuze iqinisekise ukugcinwa kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Ukuze afanelekele ukukhethwa eRaje Sabha, ozobhapathizwa kumelwe ahlangabezane nezimfuneko ngaphansi [kwe- Article 84: ukuba isakhamuzi saseNdiya, okungenani abe neminyaka engu-30 ubudala, futhi abe nezinye izimfanelo ezigunyazwe iPhalamende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazobhapathizwa kumelwe babhaliswe njengabakhethi kunoma yisiphi isifundazwe noma u-UT abafuna kuzo ukukhetha. Ukwenziwa ngaphansi kwe-mestruction of People Act, njengezinkolelo zobugebengu noma ukuphatha inzuzo, kuyasebenza.

Ukhetho Emasimini Obumbano: Ukuya Kwezinsimbi Ezimbili

I-Union Madera e-Indiya iqondiswa ngokuqondile nguhulumeni ophakathi, nakuba amanye enikwe isifundazwe ngokwengxenye ngemihlangano yawo yemithetho. Inqubo yokukhetha i-Rajiya Sabha ku-UTs ayihlangene; kuxhomeke ekutheni i-UT inenhlangano yemithetho. Okwamanje, ama-UTTs [1] amabili kuphela [[FLD] ne-[FLT] Punderry[[FLT]] u-Pucherry [[FT]] [Fodmar [[3]] [izinq] [izinqqhoboze] i-ondloaractivessssssss, ne-Kamirmirn, futhi ayizihlanganisi iziQhingi ze-Ry, noma amalungu asebenza, ama-Sythonson, ama-Charn, noma ama-oprign, noma ama-Devicer.

Amasimu E - Union Nemihlangano Yemithetho: IDelhi NeSikhungo SamaPuducher

Ngokulandelana. Zombili zineSishaya-Mhlangano neSishaya-Mnyango kanye [FT:2] ne-Purchichry inezimo ezihlukile zomthetho-sisekelo ngaphansi kweZihlokwana 239AA ne 239A. Zombili zineSivumelwano soMkhandlu weNdlu yezikhonzi, kodwa amandla azo alinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezigcwele, zindawo, i-Pucillet, amaphoyisa, nokuhleleka umphakathi kuhlala ngaphansi kwe-pulthi ye-Asmon. Noma kunjalo, izifunda zazo zinikwe amandla anele okhetho i-Rashimaya Sabba . U-Rejiya-Sabhaha, nakuba amalungu akhethiwe kuphela anezihlalo. i-Puchryryryry ilandela isimiso esifanayo se-SV esisetshenziswayodhwn (iechn, i-An-207, ngokwezingu-AMMelmishmah)

Ngokwesibonelo, eDelhi, iqembu elibusayo cishe lizuza zonke izihlalo ezintathu ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bomhlangano neqiniso lokuthi i-STV imosfect translatement iqala ngokulandelana kwesihlalo sokuqala esingaphambili sesihlalo esisodwa sasePuducherry. Nokho, eDelhi kukhetho lwezihlalo oluningi, isimiso se-STV sibalulekile. Inani ngalinye le-MLA lisekelwe ezakhamuzini ze-UT ezihlobene nezihlalo. Ukuvota kwangempela kuthatha indawo ezakhiweni zomhlangano ze-Puducherry ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwe-ECI. URaj Syasha kumalungu alezi zindawo u-UThha imelela izithakazelo zezakhamuzi ePhalamende, izikhulu zezemthetho, izikhulu zezezezemfundo, futhi zithwele izinkonzo zezezezezezezezezezezwe ngohulumeni.

Amasimu E - Union Ngaphandle Kwemihlangano Engokomthetho: Ukumelelwa Ngomjovo

U-UTs ontula umhlangano wemithetho, akukho lungiselelo elikhethwe [[FLT:] lokuvotela uRaje Sabba amalungu. Kunalokho, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuthi umongameli waseNdiya] u-Governate amalungu amelela le-UTS[. Lelilungiselelo libuswa Amashumi angamashumi amahlanu] [[FLT] [[FLT]] ne-Government of Union Marice Act, 1963 [njengokuguqulwa kwe-'uhlu]). Amalungu akhonza isikhathi esiyisithupha, njengamalungu akhethiwe, futhi ajabulela amalungelo afanayo e-Sabita. Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezithiwasethi (i-sc.) kuphela lapho engazingenisa khona izimvume (i-Prence:) kanye namakomiti akhetha).

Inqubo yokunyusela iqalwa yi-Ministry of Home Affairs, esikisela amagama kuMongameli asekelwe ekutusweni kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe, umphakathi womphakathi, noma uhulumeni we-UT. Eqenjini. Ngokuvamile, uhulumeni omkhulu uveza iminikelo ephawulekayo kubantu abaye benza iminikelo ekuphileni komphakathi, emsebenzini wezenhlalakahle, noma ngokwesiko, noma abanobuhlobo obuqinile ne-UT. ngokwesibonelo, isazi sezemvelo esivelele esivela e-Andaman Islands of Andaman nase-Nicohadres sihlangene nesihlalo esisodwa. Njengango-2025, i-UTs simelelwa amalungu anezingala ezimelelwe yi-Rajibha:

  • I - Andaman neNicobar Islands neLakshatchey (isihlalo esisodwa sihlangene)
  • UChandigarh, uBabara noNagar Hameli, uDaman noDiu (isihlalo esisodwa sihlangene)
  • ILadakh (isihlalo esisodwa, ngemva kokuhlelwa kabusha konyaka ka - 2019)
  • UJamu noKashmir (akukho ukumelelwa okuqondile kuka-Rajiya Sabba okwamanje; izihlalo zabo ezine zabelwe umbuso we-J&K ngaphambi kokuhlelwa kabusha, kodwa manje isishaya-mthetho se-UT'A'akamiswanga ukuba sikhethe amalungu. Kunalokho, uhulumeni omkhulu uhlosele ukugcwalisa lezizihlalo ngonyuko noma ngokukhetha ngemva kokwakha isifunda, kodwa njengamanje zihlala zingakho nalutho? Ngenkathi ya 2019, uJ&K’Sya Sabha Sabha wabekwa izihla zeh ukusuka ku-4 ukuya ku-A? ISigalele, i-Speed yamiswa ukuba ihlele izihlalo ze-J&K 4 kuhlanganiswe izifunda ze-Active, kodwa i-U-APlayton ilandelane iziphethiwe iziphethiwe iziphethi ezibekwe ngaphandle kwe-umphal. I-U - Scanton i-Scam, kodwa i-uprayce izigaba ze-om, i-offin ayisigcustom, kodwa i-ose izigaba zeze izigaba

Isibonelo: Isihlalo iRajeya Sabhah esimelela i-UTs of Chandigarh, Farra noNagar Hameli, noDaman noDiu njengamanje siphethwe ngunominee. Inqubo yokukhetha ihilela uhulumeni ophethe ocabangela abangase bamelane nezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zalezindawo ezisakazekile zomhlaba. UMongameli unikeza ukwaziswa ngaphansi kwesiqondiso se-Ecomtion Commission, futhi ilungu eliphethe lifunga i-Rajaya Sabha. Lesimiso, nakuba sigxekwa ngabanye ngendlela yokuhlela indlu ephezulu, uqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nesikhulu esincane sinezwi esisezweni sesizwe.

Izindawo Ezikhethekile Nezimiso Zazo Eziyingqayizivele

Igama elithi “izindawo ezikhethekile” emongweni weRajiya Sabba libhekisela emasimini anamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akhethekile, ngokuvamile ngenxa yendawo yawo ehlelekile, izakhamuzi zomdabu, noma ukuzimela okungokomlando. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Union Progationals Andaman ne Nicobar Islands[, [[FLT], [[FT], [2]], [i-Laksdad] [i-'i-FLT], kanye ne-oflth's's , kanye nezwe elikhethekile [i-FLT], kanye ne-oct: ngaphandle kwe-onke, i-unicesssss. Kuchazwa futhi nangaphandle kwe-UTPhovern, futhi i-unicess.

Okunye okuphawulekayo ukuhlukaniswa kwamalungu angu-12 ku- u-President ohlanganisa amalungu amabili avela ezindaweni ezikhethekile noma emiphakathini e-Anglo-Indiya kuya eLok Sabha (dis yaqhubeka ngo-2020) kanye namalungu anezinhlangothi ezingu-12 eRajya Sabhaha. Kuvamile ukuhlanganisa amalungu amabili avela ezindaweni ezithile noma emiphakathini embalwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu sebutho saseLadakh noma isazi sesayensi yezilwane zasolwandle saseziQhingini zase-Andaman singabekwa phambili ekuqokomiseleni ulwazi lwesifunda. Nokho, lokhu akuyona into ezenzekelayo endaweni ekhethekile; kuqondiswe uMongameli, iholi, iqondiswa nguhulumeni.

Indaba KaJamu noKashmir: Insimu Ekhethekile Ye - Union Ene - Legislation

Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-Jammu ne-Kashmir ngo-2019 kwakha i-Union Territory ye-Jamu ne-Kashmir ngohlelo lwe-construct kanye ne-UT of Ladakh ngaphandle komhlangano. Ku-J&K, izihlalo zayo ezine i-Rajiya Sabbaya yase-Sabhatha ekuqaleni zaziyingxenye yokwabelwa kukazwe kwezwe (Umende 80 no-Sine). Ngemva kokuhlelwa kabusha, i-UT’S Rapya Sabbaha yanci yancishwa yaba yizihlalo? Empeleni, i-J&K Reorganation Act, 2019 yazinza i-Shedyuli yesine ukuze ichaze ukuthi i-UT of J&KK iyoba nezihlalo ezine eRapya Sav-F. I-FLYNUP kuhlekwe i-Ekuhlelwa futhi ihlelwe i-ECIK? I-SPAdiocce yaqala ukuhlelwa kwemihlangano yesifunda sakuqala, i-U ju-U ju-S.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Ladakh iyi-UT engenasishaya-mthetho, ngakho ukumelelwa kwayo kuvela ngelungu elifunyaniswe ngokomthetho. Lendlela ehlukene ibonisa isimo sezombangazwe esiyinkimbinkimbi salendawo. I-Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) ayithathi ndima kukhetho lweRajiya Sabhaha, kodwa amalungu ayo avame ukusekela uhulumeni omkhulu ukuba angazihlanganisi izimo zomfundazeli oqonda izindaba zendawo njengezezokuvakasha, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, kanye nokulondeka komngcele.

Inqubo Ekhethekile Endaweni Ekhethekile: Indima Yezindikimba Zendawo

Kwezinye izindawo ezikhethekile, njenge- Andaman neNicobar Islands, azikho izindikimba zomthetho zendawo ezikhetha iRajiya Sabba. Nokho, i-Andaman ne-Nicobar Islands Panchayati Act inikeza i-UTC] yedolobha ne-panchayats, kodwa lezi azinandima kukhetho lwephalamende. Inqubo yodwa ye-Rajiya Sabba i-namine. Isihloko sokuqala sikhuluma “izindikimba zezindawo ezikhethekile zesizwe” ezikhethayo ezindaweni ezikhethekile ze-UTkh (D, Puuchyry) kuphela engazisebenzisela ezindaweni ezikanye nezindawo ezihlukene. I-Rayyahahahday'irn'ir'ebona i--opy (uppain) futhi ingekho i-J. Uma kuvidul (ngehlelene, i-J.) ingekho i-A ekhofu ekholiyo, uma ingekho i-mgadiyo i-ke, futhi i-ke

Nokho, kunelungiselelo lokunikeza i-Act ka-Jour People Act, 1951, Ingxenye 27C esebenzelana nokukhethwa kwabameleli abavela e-UTS ngaphandle kwezishayamthetho: bakhethwa amalungu eNdlu Yabantu (Lok Sabha) kanye noMkhandlu waseMelika (Rayya Sabha) ohha) owe-UT? no-Oo, okuwukukhetha okuvamile kwabamele ukuthatha izikhundla ze-UT. Empeleni, ngoba ukhetho lokuqala luka-Rajahahavia Stahab oluvela ngaphandle kwemihlangano emikhulu, umongameli unotho lwamazwe. Alukho ukhetho oluqondile lwezindikimba zendawo. Ngakho, izifunda zendawo kuphela azikho. UShatonton, izifunda zezindawo eziqondile.

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela Izindawo Ezincane

Ukufakwa kwe-Union Relagees nezindawo ezikhethekile eRajiya Sabra kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezifunda ezinabantu abambalwa noma ezibaluleke kakhulu zinezinqumo zinezisho ezithi uma kubusa isizwe. Nakuba abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amalungu angenazo isibopho sokuziphendulela, abasekeli bagcizelela ukuthi la malungu aletha ulwazi olukhethekile futhi angasekela izimpikiswano ezingase zishaywe yizazi zezombangazwe ezikhethiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungu elizimele elivela eLakshadcut lingaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela yesimo sezulu eziqhingini zamakhorali, kuyilapho ilungu laseChandigagh lingayagarh lithola ithuba lokuhlela kangcono imithombo yamadolobha. IRayya Sabbah njengegumbi elibukezayo livumela lamalungu ukuba athonye imingcele enjengendawo ezungezile, isivikelo, ne-temgaltrans, okuthinta ngokuqondile izakhamuzi zalezi ziqhingi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokukhetha ngokukhipha imvume ihlolwe ngokwezokwahlulela. [Ku- S. R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kaMongameli okungagunyazi kodwa akumelwe asetshenziswe osizo naselulekweni lwe-Punion of Ministers. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni oyinhloko unquma ngokuphumelelayo izinqumo, ngokuvamile ezisekelwe eqenjinini noma ekucabangeleni kwezombangazwe. Nokho, uMthetho-Bench u-Kuyi-Kudlup v. U-Unip (2006[FLT][FLT]]]) ucacisa lokho okudingwa yi-“omboodayray'iborn e-Sythovocation (uhlu lobu) (ibhithi). Kodwa, umthetho-Mkhosi ka-onqanyulithi omthetho awugunyazigunyaza phakathi kokhetho olungokomthetho.

Isiphetho Nendaba Efingqiwe Yamaphuzu Ayinhloko

[Nyanya] inqubo yokukhetha i-Rajiya Sabha ku-Union Tolation nezindawo ezikhethekile i-[10] ixubanisa i-demokrasi ne-control communition.[10] i-UTs kanye ne-operards organ Delhi ne Pudderry(indlela yokukhetha i-Sajiya ilandela indlela yokumela edluliselwe kwenye ngokudlula kuvota, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu akhethiwe e-SabhunPF(10] akhetha ummeleli. [A1][10][10][A1] Izindawo ezingenawo i-as orga ne-Ay , i-Ayarshadia, i-Lakhahn Har ne-Dahn ne-Dunion, i-FFegnum, i-agon ye-agognum, i-'ion, i-Ayagcon:%1] i-ge:%: "inkulu kakhulu i-Eya:[10] i-enye i-se , i-se org