Inqubo eyinhloko yokukhetha iyisici esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, esisebenza njengendlela amaqembu ezombangazwe acishe ngayo umkhakha walabo abazokhethwa ekukhetheni. Nakuba ngokuvamile kungashaywa indiva abavoti abavamile, amaprimend nama-caucuuse anquma ukuthi ubani ovela ebhodini lesikole esiphezulu ngoNovember echaza yonke into kusukela ezihlalweni zesikole kuya kumongameli. Abafundi, othisha, kanye nezakhamuzi ezibophelele, ukuqonda lenqubo ehlukahlukene iyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi umbono womphakathi uhunyushelwa kanjani emaqenjini futhi ekugcineni ulawulwa kanjani. Ngezansi kwencazelo ebanzi, ngebanga elilandelayo, kuhlanganise nomlando wayo, ukuhlukahlukahluka, nezinselele okubhekene nokhetho lwanamuhla.

Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuyinhloko

Njengoba sazi namuhla, akuzange kube khona ama-partina amaqembu eminyakeni yokuqala yeRepublic. Kusukela kuma 1790 kuya ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1990, ama-minee akhethwa emihlanganweni evalekile ngesigaba esiphambili — isimiso esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-caucus” noma“inhlangano”. Lokhu kwanikeza iziphathi amandla amakhulu futhi kwaholela kaningi ekonakala nasebuthweni langemva. Inqubo yokuhamba phambili (cishe ngo-18906201920) yabangela ukusundula idemocracyer, iholela ekukhetheleni i-democratic station yokuqala yezwe. UWisconsin wamukela isimiso sokuqala esiyinhloko ngaphansi kuka-1903 u-Rhouse, futhi amazwe amaningi ayenomthetho olandelwa yisuntswo. Nokho, isimiso esiyinhloko sesimiso sobumongameli samuva sasala saze sahlukana kwaze kwaba ngo-197070, lapho i-Dmocratic Convention ye-D.

Ziyini Izimbangela Zemiqondo Nemibono

Kulo khetho olulula, ukhetho oluyinhloko luwumncintiswano wokuthatha isinyathelo ngokulandelana okuthi kuwo abavoti bakhethe ukuthi yimuphi ummeleli weqembu ozomelela ukhetho oluzayo. Ngokungafani nokhetho oluvamile, oluvulekele bonke abavoti ababhaliwe, iziqu zibuswa ngemithetho yeqembu nemithetho kahulumeni enquma ukuthi ubani ofanele ukuthatha igalelo. Umphumela wento eyinhloko ungabopha ngokuqondile — umzuzi uvele abe yilungu lomnyuli weqembu — noma isikhulu, kanye nezihambeli kamuva zifake amavoti emhlanganweni. Ukuqonda uhlobo oluyinhloko lwemithetho lubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi inqubo isho ukuthini ngempela.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Abavoti ababhaliswe kanye kanye, kuphela ababhaliswa neqembu elithile abangavota engxenyeni eyinhloko yalowo mbutho. Ngokwesibonelo, uDemocrat obhalisiwe akanakuvota eRiphabliki, futhi athathela i-pane. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ama-prigamend agcina umyalezo weqembu uvumelana futhi avimbele “ukuvota” — lapho amalungu eqembu eliphikisayo ezama ukuphazamisa olunye uhlangothi ngokuvota umfanyana obuthakathaka. Abagxeki bathi ama-prinmnfrankchize ayazimela futhi aqinisa ukuvota okuzibusa. Okwamanje, njengoFlorida, Keyley, New York, no-Oregon asebenzisa ama-Pricity avile okuvimbelayo okungenani iqembu elilodwa elikhulu.

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

Izindawo zokuvota zivumela noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe ukuba ahlanganyele ekubhalisweni kweqembu okuyinhloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu. Amavoter kumelwe akhethe ibhodi yeqembu elilodwa endaweni yokuvota kodwa akudingeki ukuba amemezele ukuthi umbangi weqembu ukhona. Lesimiso sihloselwe ukuveza ukuthi ungenele futhi unikeze izwi elizimele. Izwe elinezigebengu ezivulekile zihlanganisa i-Alabama, i-Georgia, iMichigan, iMinnesota, i-Texas, ne-Wisconsian. Ingozi eyodwa ikhona lapho amalungu eqembu elithile evota phambili ukuze athonye ithonya umphumela — nakuba ukuhlola lokhu kusikisela ukuthi akuvamile.

Semi-evalekile neSemi-open Primitary

Semi-created primiry (Ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi “i-hybrid” primrivery) ivumela ukuba amalungu eqembu afuna ukuvota, kodwa abhaliselwe ukuba agcine amalungu eqembu lawo. Lesimiso silinganiselwe ekubekeni imingcele eqinile kanye nokuthembeka kweqembu. Izimpawu ezikhonjwayo ziyafana kodwa zingafuna ukuba abavoti abangabhaliswanga ngeqembu ngosuku lokuvota. I-United States i-Illinois, i-New Hampshire, neNyakatho ye-Carolina isebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zalezizinto ezibonisayo. Amagama aqondile angadidaniswa, njengoba kusho okusetshenziswa okuhlukene; imininingwane ethembekile, ukubuza [[FOLD:] i-Convention of Statestion of gractal.[1]

Ukubaluleka Kobugebengu Esimisweni Sentando Yeningi

Izindawo zomphakathi zingaphezulu kakhulu kunokuzivumelanisa nokuzilungisa; zibumba yonke indawo yezombangazwe. Ngokuvumela amalungu esigaba nohele weqembu ukuba akhethe isigaba sawo esivamile, amahrime aqinisekisa ukuthi abazobhapathizwa bazolandisa esisekelweni sabo kunokuba banikezele noma bafake izikhundla. Le misuka yokufaka amathonya eqenjini — abazuzayo abawina izifungo ezisemgangathweni eziqhubekayo noma ezilandelanayo ngokuvamile bakhipha izifungo zeqembu labo kulezo zindlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni asebenza njengenqubo yokuziphendulela: abasinda ekushiseni kwempi ephambili ngokuvamile balungiselelwa umkhankaso wezembutho womphakathi. Inqubo eyinhloko yokuthola izivumelwano, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasha abazizwa behlukanisiwe kakhulu kwezombangazwe. Uma ishintsha kakhulu, ngokuvamile izimpawu zokukhetha eziphambili.

Ukuwohloka Kwenqubo Eyinhloko Yokukhetha Ngenyathelo Elifanele

Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zinikeza isisekelo esicacile sokuqonda wonke umjikelezo.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuzimisela Nokudlala

Le nqubo iqala lapho abantu bememezela ngokusemthethweni ukuthi banelungelo lokuthatha isikhundla esithile. Lesi simemezelo singaba lula njengendawo yokunyathelisa noma njengesingokomthetho njengokunikeza isitifiketi sokuthembeka ehhovisi lokhetho likahulumeni. Abaphathi kumelwe bahlangabezane nezimfuneko ezihlukahlukene: ubudala nokuhlala, ukukhokha imali yokukhokha (engasukela emakhulwini ambalwa amadola (engaba anele emali kahulumeni yokuya ehhovisi likahulumeni elisemkhankasweni), kanye nokuzithoba kwenani elidingekayo lokusayinwa kwezincwadi ezibhalisiwe. Isibonelo, i-U.S. umnyunyana wendlu yaseCalifornia kumelwe akhokhe imali ekhokha cishe uR720 (ingashintsha) noma anikeze isigqephu semali yemali yemali emali kahulumeni ekhona. I-FFoccom (EC) futhi idinga abangenisimenywayo ehhovisi elibhaliwe ngemibiko engokomthetho engokomthetho. I-F1) i-F1 ephumayo kanye ne-tecrekishiding) ehleliwe yikhalenda eligunyazwe ngumongameli.[FFS]

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukubhikisha Nokusakaza Imishini

Uma beke babizwa, abafuna ukuthunyelwa bangene enqubweni enkulu yokulwa. Kwezombangazwe zanamuhla, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxubana kwamasu angokwesiko namanani: ukudweba umnyango wendlu nomnyango, amahholo edolobha, izimpikiswano ezikhangisa ngeteksi, izingxoxo zomsakazo, ukukhangisa kwezezokuxhumana, nokuthumela iposi ngokuqondile. Amakhasi ancintisana futhi ancintisana ngokuvunyelwa izibalo ezinamandla, izinyunyana, namaqembu ezezezezithakazelo. Imali i- Fundraing iyingxenye enzima kakhulu — abafuna ukukhokha imali yokukhokha izisebenzi, ukukha izikhangiso, nokuhamba ngezikhathi eziphansi. I-20202020% yabona abazokwena amakhulu ezigidini zama-dollar. Lesi sihlala noma izinyanga ezimbalwa kunyaka owodwa. Izingxoxo kanye nokusekela noma yiziphi izikhathi ezikhona ezikhona ezikhona ezikhona ezigunyaza ukusekela i-'undayo. ” — Imvume yanoma i-prion.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukukhipha Izindlela Nokutholakala Kwebhola

Ngosuku olumisiwe oluyinhloko (noma izinsuku, ngenxa yezifunda ezivota ngokushesha), abavoti ababhaliswe bafaka amavoti abo.

  • Ukuvota kuwe-paperson ngosuku lokhetho: Abavoli baya ezindaweni ezabelwe ukuvota, ukuphawula okukhona (ngokuncike kwimithetho ye-ID kahulumeni), nokuphawula i-collet. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa amabhola ephepha, ezinye zisebenzisa imishini yokuvota ye-electronic.
  • [ ukuvota kwasekuqaleni:[ Izifunda eziningi zivota ngokushesha izinsuku noma amasonto phambi kosuku oluyinhloko olungokomthetho, kwandisa ukuvuleka nokuncishiswa kwemigqa.
  • Ayabhese kanye nokuvota ngeposi: Amavoter angacela ivoti engekho (nganoma isiphi isizathu, noma ngezaba kuphela, kuye ngomthetho wezwe) futhi ayibuyise ngeposi noma ngebhokisi lokulahla. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge-Oregon, iWashington, ne-Colorado, ziqhuba ama-prim cishe ngokuthumela.
  • Ukubhalisa usuku:[ Inani elikhulayo lezifundazwe livumela abavoti ukuba babhalise noma bashintshe amalungu eqembu ngosuku oluyinhloko — lokhu kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuphuma kwenani labasha namaselula.

Umklamo webhola futhi ubalulekile: ezinye izifunda zisebenzisa ibhola elilodwa lohlu lwabo bonke abazobhapathizwa kuwo wonke amaqembu (elibizwa ngokuthi “i-jungle" noma“ i-hatchet yokuqala”), kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa icala lecala elihlukile lamaphathi. Inkantolo ePhakathi yase-U.S. i- i-Calinia Democratic Party v. Jones[ [2000]) ishaye ingubo engubo ephambili njengephula amalungelo enhlangano, kodwa “phezulu-2” engekho partismary (esetshenziswa eCalifornia, Washington, nase-Nebraska) iwumthetho ngoba ivumela bonke abazoxoxa ukuba bavele kubholoti eyinhloko, kanye neqembu elingaphezulu noma kweqembu elikhona.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukubala Umsindo Nokuhamba Kwawo

Ngemva kokuhlola, izikhulu zokhetho zihloma amavoti. Kuwo wonke amahhovisi ezwe nawawo, umvoti onamavoti amaningi uwina isigaba ngokuqondile, uma nje bethola ubuningi (ngokuvamile iningi ezizweni ezithile). Uma ukukhishwa kuyadingeka — ngokuvamile lapho kungekho mvoti owengeziwe ofinyelela emnyango oqondile, njengangu-40% noma 50% — abafekthayo abaphezulu abancintisanayo kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye kanye namasonto ambalwa kamuva. Ukuphuma kwezindawo kuvamile emazweni aseningizimu njengeGeorgia, iLouisiana, iTexas, ne-Arkansans yemian yemin ezindaweni ezihlukene. Imiphumela ifaka imvume yokhetho yezwe ngemva kwesikhathi sokuhlola nokulandisa komngcele. Inqubo eklanywe ukuqinisekisa ukulunga, nakuba impikiswano ezindaweni ezingobalwayo ze-2020 — ukuqaqamba i-e - procestingsssssssss — New York i-Prienternations.

Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Yabelani Ukuthutha Nemihlangano Yesizwe

Kumongameli oyisigelekeqe, lenqubo ayipheleli ngevoti ethandwayo. Kunalokho, abazofuna ukuncintisana nezihambeli ezizobakhipha iziqu ezingokomthetho emhlanganweni wesizwe. Ukubekwa kwezindawo kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuhluke kakhulu phakathi kwamaqembu eDemocratic neRepublica.

  • IQembu lentando yeningi: Izihambeli zinikezwa ngokwesilinganiso ngokwengxenye enkulu yokuvota, futhi ozovota okungenani amaphesenti angu-15 ka-15 kahulumeni ukuze athole izihambeli. Kukhona futhi “nabaholi beqembu nabaphathi abakhethiwe — abangagwenywanga futhi abangasekela noma imuphi umnyundeli. Kusukela ngo-202020, amavoti e-odelicester awaphonswanga kuvoti ye-colot yokuqala ngaphandle kokuba i-jaho i-mnock isinqunyiwe kakade.
  • Iqoqo leRepublican:[ Isabelo sezethulo sehlukahluka ngokwesifundazwe: ezinye ezisebenzisayo ukuthatha-yonke (owina ivoti kazwelonke uthola izihambeli zonke), ezinye zisebenzisa ukumelelwa kwe-octal noma i-project. i-RNC ayinawo amafaceli amakhulu, kodwa amaqembu ombuso angaba nezihambeli ezingagwenywanga.

Ngemva kokuba sekukhona izigebengu nohlelo lwezwe, umhlangano wesizwe ukhetha ukuvota okusemthethweni ngokuvota kwezithunywa. Emihlanganweni yanamuhla, umphumela ngokuvamile waziwa kusengaphambili, kodwa imihlangano iyaqhubeka ibalulekile ukuze kube nobunye eqenjini, ukutholwa kwasobala, nokusheshisa imithombo yezindaba okhethweni oluvamile.

I - caucuuses: Uyini Umehluko?

Nakuba lamagama evame ukusetshenziswa ngokungafani, iziphakamiso nama-caucuse ziyizinqubo ezihlukene. Okuyinhloko yinqumo eqondile, lapho abavoti befaka khona izinombolo eziyimfihlo ezindaweni zokuhlola phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe (ngokuvamile usuku olulodwa). Ama-caucus, ngokwehlukile, umhlangano womphakathi lapho abavoti behlangana khona ngesikhathi esithile ukuze baxoxe futhi bavote obala obala obala. Ama-caucus ahilela izingxoxo zeqembu, abameleli, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amabhulondi amaningi okuvota. Bavame ukuhehela abathathi bezombangazwe ababambene kakhulu. Njengomphumela, ama-cauclus aye agxekwa ngezingathako eziphansi zokuhlanganyela nokuthola ulwazi. Ngo-2020, ama-Democraccus abhekene kanye nokulibala kokushela i-gcultrysssssssssss (ngezigcumist, izigaba ze-10) ezihlukene (izi) ezihlukene zombili zombili zezikhulu zombili).[10]

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwesimiso Esiyinhloko

Naphezu kwezifiso zayo zentando yeningi, inqubo eyinhloko yokukhetha ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezingase zilethe ukufaneleka nokuphumelela kwayo.

I - “poter Turrout ” Ephansi

I-primetics ephambili ngokomlando iphansi kakhulu kune-padry ephambili yokhetho oluvamile. Kunyaka ka-2022 ophakathi, cishe amaphesenti angu-20 kuphela abavoti abafanelekayo abahlanganyela, uma kuqhathaniswa nangu-46% kukhetho oluvamile. Ukuphuma kusho ukuthi iqoqo elincane, ngokuvamile elinamasu kakhulu elivamile labavoti linquma isithembiso kodwa lingaholela kwabavoti abeqisa kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile, isici esaziwa ngokuthi “isikhala esibandayo.” Imizamo yokwandisa, njengokubhalisa iposi okuzenzekelayo, njengokubhalisa iposi nezindawo zonke, iye yabonisa isithembiso kodwa isetshenziswa ngokungafani.

Ukudumazeka Kwamavoter Azimele

Ezifundazweni ezivalekile, abavoti abangabhaliswanga neqembu elikhulu — cishe amaphesenti angu-40 amaMelika manje abizwa ngokuthi azimele, ngokwe-Gallup — bavinjelwa ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yokukhipha izinombolo. Lokhu kungasusa ingxenye enkulu ye-vota futhi kuqinise isigaba esihlukene. Ezinye izizwe ziye zasabela ngokuvumela abantu abazimele ukuba bahlanganyele ezimisweni ezivalekile, kodwa impikiswano ngenqubo “ekhululekileyo” ilokhu iyindaba eyinhloko yenqubo.

Ithonya Lemali Nemithombo Yezindaba

Umkhankaso wokuxhasa izimali eziqanjweni ungadala iziphithiphithi ezinkulu. Abazonikela ngokuzisebenzela noma abanikela ngezigidigidi abanikela ngezimali bangabusa ama-PAC, kuyilapho izimpande zotshani ezifuna ukuthathwa zilwelwa. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iNkantolo ePhakamileyo iCitaisens United isinqumo sokuzihlukanisa [2010] esivulela umnyango ekuzithengeni okungabekelwe ngokomthetho kwe-PACS, okuvame ukuhlasela izisusa eziphumele phambili. Izikhulu zase-Mediya zithanda ukusekela phambili-injini enziwayo abaholi abaholi baqala ukunaka, okwenza cishe kungabi nakwenzeka ukuba abazokuhlangana nabo kuze kunqamule. “Lenkambiso efihlekile.” Lenkambiso engabonakali impikiswano efihlekile ingabonisa ukuphikisana.

Ukucindezelwa Kwemishini Nezithiyo

Imithetho ye-ID encishisiwe ye-coptic ID, amahora okuvota, nokuvalwa kwezindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kuthinta ukuthatha isinyathelo esiyinhloko. Brennan Center yeJaji ibhale indlela imingcele enjalo enciphisa ngayo ukuvinjelwa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasha nabasebancane abavoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwezindawo zokuvota ezivamile” — lapho isithathele khona ukuvota phambi kwezifunda zezwe eziningi — ingaholela ekuvotini kwevoti futhi umuzwa ongabalulekanga lutho.

Isiphetho: Ukuvela Okuqhubekayo Kwezigebengu

Inqubo yokukhetha eyinhloko, kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhetha, nobunkimbinkimbi bayo, ihlala iyinsika ebalulekile yesimiso sokukhetha saseMelika. Iguqula intando yamalungu eqembu ibe yizinqumo ezisemthethweni, ihambisa utshani obunamandla, futhi ibeke abazokuvota phambili phambi kokukhetha okuvamile. Kubafundisi nabafundi, abahlanganyela ekukhetheni okuyinhloko banikeza isifundo esiqondile kubantu, ukumelelwa, nokubaluleka kokuhlanganyela. Njengoba indawo yezombangazwe ishintsha — ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ngokukhetha okusemthethweni, ukuvula izikhundla, nokulungisa izimali zezentengiselwano zemali — ukuqonda izakhamuzi zezindawo ezishintshwayo ezinikezwa amandla okusekela isimiso esisobala futhi esimelele ngokwengeziwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumvotili wesikhathi sokuqala noma umhloli wezombangazwe, ukuthatha isikhathi sokufunda nokuhlanganyela kwakho esimweni esiyinhloko sesimo sakho, ukuthatha isinyathelo esiyinhloko sesimo sesimiso sezwe esiyinhloko sezwe nawe esiyinhloko sezwe ongase usenzeke usenzeke usenze somphakathi somphakathi sezwe nawe.