Ukhetho lwe-Midterm luyisici esichazayo sesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika, esisebenza njengendawo yokuhlola ebucayi phakathi kwemincintiswano yomongameli. Lokukhetha njalo eminyakeni emibili, kunikeza abavoti indlela eqondile yokuhlola ukusebenza kokuphatha futhi balungise ukulinganisela kwamandla eKhongolo. Nakuba ngokuvamile bengatholi ukunakekela okuncane kobezindaba kunokhetho lukamongameli, izikhawu ezinemiphumela emikhulu yenqubo, ukubusa, kanye nesiqondiso sesizwe. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwabo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amandla kahulumeni we-U.S.

Ukuqonda Ukukhethwa Kwama - dollar

I-Midterm yenza ukhetho phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka emine. Ngalezi zinsuku zokhetho, abavoti bakhetha wonke amalungu angama-435 eNdlu yabameleli cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezihlalo zeSishaya-Mnyango sekhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izizwe eziningi ziphethe ukhetho lwe-gubernarcator, imijaho ye-guvertive yomthetho, nenhlanganisela yemincintiswano yendawo nemiqhudelwano kamasipala. Ngenxa yokuthi yonke indlu inyukela phezulu njalo eminyakeni emibili, ama-maphakathi anikeza i-tempemperamenteum eqelelweni yamandla. Izihlalo zegebezo ziqhutshelwa, ngakho ama-miphakathi futhi zinikeza ithuba lokususa izinga lokulingana egumbini eliphezulu, nakuba kudlalwe izihlalo ezimbalwa.

Igama "midterm" ngokwalo ligcizelela isimo sesikhashana esihlobene nomjikelezo wobumongameli. Lesi sikhathi sivame ukuholela ku-clocks ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka yobumongameli, kodwa futhi lakha isimo esihlukile sezombangazwe lapho izimpikiswano zendawo nombuso zingaba nezinga eliphezulu khona. Imiphumela yokhetho lwaphakathi nendawo ingasekela uhlelo lukamongameli noma ibangele izivikelo ezinkulu, zizenze zibe isikhungo sezikhulu zezombangazwe, izishisekeli, namaqembu anezithakazelo.

Umlando Wezingxenye Eziphakathi Nenkathi

Kusukela kuRepublic yakuqala, ukhetho lwaphakathi nendawo luye lwasebenza njengenhlanganisela yomzwelo womphakathi ngomongameli ohlezi. Isibonelo esiqhubekayo esingokomlando yiqembu lomholi ngokomthetho elilahlekelwa izihlalo eKhongolo-kanye phakathi naphakathi. Lesisimo, ngokuvamile esibangelwa yisijeziso somphakathi," sibonakalisa isifiso somvoti sokuhlola amandla aphezulu futhi ubambe ukuphatha ngemiphumela yawo. Izimo zezomnotho, izingozi zemithetho yangaphandle, futhi amahlazo asekhaya angathuthukisa noma anciphise lo kuthambekela.

Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yekhulu lama-20 kuhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa kweDemocratic phakathi nonyaka ka-1940 phakathi nenkathi kaFranklin D. Roosevelt ka-New Democratic, ukulahlekelwa kweRepublica ngo-1994 ngemva kwehlazo leWatergate, nonyaka ka-1994 "Inguquko YamaRepublican" nonyaka ka-1994, abavoti baveza ukukhathala ngepulani yenkantolo ye-FDR nokwehla kwezomnotho; ngo-19767, ukuhlehla kwe-wa eWatergate neNixon kwanikeza i-Democrates enkulu. Ngo-199, amaRepublican awina izihlalo zezindlu zendlu ezingu-5 nezindawo eziyisishiyagalombili, bathatha womabili amagumbi okuqala okuqala okuqala okuqala endlu eminyakeni engu-40 ngaphansi kobuholi be-Newting.

Kusenjalo namuva nje. Ngo-2006 ukunganeliseki ngeMpi ye-Iraq kanye noMongameli uGeorge W. Ukuphatha kukaBush uKatrina kwanikeza uDemocrates ukulawula kokubili iNdlu neSigele. Ngo-2010, ukuphakama kwenhlangano yeTaa Party, kwabangelwa ukuphikisa imithetho ye-Affordcable Care Act nokukhathazeka kwezomnotho, kwanika amaRepublican inzuzo engokonyaka ka 63 eMzini. Amaphakathi ka 2018 abona i-Democrates" njengoba uDemocrates avula iNdluyame phakathi kwe-gost jovs Danald Trump’s, kuyilapho izinquisite, kuyilapho iRepublican. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela amaRiphabliki asebenza ngayo njengenzuzo eMnyango wezikhulu kanye ne-Prosasementacelgment.

Imiphumela Yazo Ephawulekayo Ephakathi Nezigaba

  • 1999: Inguquko yeRepublican" eholwa nguNewt Gingrich yaphumela ekushintshweni okuphawulekayo ekubuseni, lapho amaRepublica elawula indlu okokuqala eminyakeni engamashumi amane. Lokhu kwaholela ekuguqulweni kwenhlalakahle, izimpi zemali, kanye noMongameli Clinton's ekukhohliseni ipesenti.
  • Abefundisi baphinde balawula iziKhomishane phakathi kokunganeliseki ngeMpi ye-Iraq namahlazo okonakala. Lokhu kwaholela ekuqondiseni okwengeziwe kwezokuphatha amaTsh, ukuhoxa kwamabutho e-Iraq, kanye nokudlula kwe-Lilly Led Bealivenual Fair Pair Act kamuva.
  • 2010:[ Inhlangano yeTaa Party iqhubela amaRepublican enzuzo engokomlando endlini. I-GOP esanda kugunyazwa yaqala ukuhlola ebaphathini be-Obama, yasunduzwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa imali, futhi ngokuphumelelayo yavala ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sesibili sohlelo lukamongameli.
  • 2018:[ Igagasi labafuna ukuthatha idemokrasi lawina ezifundeni zasemaphethelweni, ukuphulula iNdlu. Lokhu kwaholela ekumangaleleni uMongameli Trump, ukuhlola okuphindaphindiwe, nokugxila ezivikelweni zokunakekela impilo.
  • [[FLT: 0]2022: [Naphezu kwamathemba egagasi "elibomvu," amaDemocrates abamba iSigele futhi alahlekelwa yinani elincane kuphela eNdlu. Lo khetho lwaqokomisa ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okukhipha isisu njengempikiswano yokuzilungiselela ngemva kwesinqumo se-Dobbs, futhi kwaphumela ekuqhubekisweni kwe-propatitistion lockck.

Umphumela Wokukhetha Phakathi Nezikhathi

Imiphumela yaphakathi ihlasela wonke amagatsha ohulumeni futhi ithinte inkambiso emazingeni kahulumeni, kahulumeni, nawendawo. Esilinganisweni sikahulumeni, ukushintshwa kwegumbi ngalinye kungamisa uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, ukuyekethisa kwamandla, noma kuholele ekuhlolweni nasekuqulweni kwecala. Uma iqembu eliphikisayo liwina igumbi elilodwa noma zombili, amongameli ngokuvamile baphendukela ezimisweni zezikhulu nakuzenzo zokuphatha ukuze bafeze imigomo yabo, kodwa babhekene nokungagunyazi ukusekela kwezimali nokulawula.

Ngaphandle komthetho, izikhawu zaphakathi zithonya ukuqinisekiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. ISigele esivela eqenjini likamongameli singathatha iziphakamiso ngokushesha, kuyilapho iSigebengu esinonya singazivimbela ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2016, iSigele saseRepublican esilawulwayo senqaba ukuvala icala likaMerrick Garland, uMongameli Obama’s Courten, isinqumo esinemiphumela ehlala njalo ekulinganiseni kweNkantolo yeNkantolo. Ngokufanayo, phakathi kuka-20181872 sanika i-Democrats iNdro enkulu, ebavumela ukuba bavimbe ukumiswa kwezelulekwa kwezehlulelo futhi bagxile ekuqondiseni.

Ezingeni lombuso, izikhawu zinquma izikhulu nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, ezilawula ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, imithetho yokuvota, ukuxhaswa kwemfundo, nokukhuliswa kwempilo. Ngo-2010, amaRepublica athola ukulawulwa kwezishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni futhi asebenzisa lawo mandla ukubuyisela izigodi zezifunda zemihlangano ukuze zizuzise ngemva kobalo lwango-2010. Inqubo yokuhlanganisa izakhiwo yaqinisa iningi leNdlu yabo iminyaka eyishumi. Iminyaka engu-202222 yabona uDemocrates ephumelela ekuvikeleni izikhulu zempi zikahulumeni ezisezindaweni ezijikelezayo njengeMichigan, iPennsylvanian, neWisconsian, ivimbela ukuving'ithwa kokuvota nokuvikela amalungelo okuzala.

Ukuzinikela Nokuhlanganyela

Uvoter wajika phakathi nokhetho olungokomlando olulandela ukhetho lukamongameli. Ngo-1978, ukuvota kwakuphansi kulingana no-37% yabavoti abafanelekayo. Nokho, ukuthambekela kwamuva kubonisa ukuthembisana okukhulayo. Unyaka ka-2018 phakathi nendawo waba no-50,3%, ophakeme kakhulu phakathi nekhulu leminyaka, oqhutshwa ukuhlahlela okukhulu, izinhlangano zomphakathi, futhi waphuma ngaphandle. Unyaka wama-20222 waqhubeka nalomkhuba cishe ngo- 46%, ukujika, okusalokhu kuphakanyiswe ngezindinganiso ezingokomlando.

Izici eziningana zinezela kulokhu kunyuka. abavoti abasebasha (asebeneminyaka engu-18-29) sebeyindawo ehlome kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimpikiswaneni ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izikweletu zabafundi, namalungelo okukhipha isisu. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana nokuhlela kwemitapo yezokuvota kwanciphisa izindleko zesivumelwano sezombangazwe, ukuvumela amaqembu afana noMatshisss Wethu Lives, Sunrise Movement, kanye noPlannetted Moniation ukuba anikeze kuqala imvume yokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusho ukuthi ukwamukela ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa usuku olulodwa, nokuvota okunwe ngeposi kwabona amazinga aphakeme. Ngokuphikisana, ngemithetho evimbela imithetho yemithetho yokuvota kanye nokuvota kwasekuqaleni, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi.

Imiphakathi ehlukene, kuhlanganise ne-Black, Latino, ne-Asian America, iye yabonisa ukuvuleka kwenkathi ephakathi kwemijikelezo yamuva. Inkathi ka-2018 phakathi yabona ukwanda kwe-Black jover eGeorgia, iqhutshwa umkhankaso kaStacey Abramas wobumpurnatorial nenhlangano yakhe i-Fair Frist. Ngo-2022, i-Latino povhota e-Arizona ne-Nevada yayinolwazi olunezelele kumdlalo we-Democratic Serferatic Server. Lokhu kukhula kubonisa ukuthi ama-min-min aphakathi awasasebenzi nje ngamadala, amhlophe; abonisa u-provitation; abonisa ububanzi nokhetho oluhlukahlukene.

Izindaba Eziyinhloko Ezikhethweni

Ukhetho lwaphakathi luvame ukugxila ezindabeni zesizwe ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwabavoti. Nakuba izindaba ezithile ziguquguquka ngesimo sezombangazwe, izihloko eziningana ezihlala njalo zihlela imiphumela ekhona:

  • Ukunakekela: Umthetho we-Affordcable Care ACA] ulokhu uyimpikiswano ehlukanisayo. Ngo-2018, amaDemocrates aphumelela ekuvikeleni izimo ezikhona nakwandisa i-Medicaid. Ngo-2022, amalungelo okukhishwa kwezisu aba yindaba enkulu ngemva kweNkantolo Ephakeme Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization isinqumo.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Economy: Ukukhuphuka, ukukhula komsebenzi, nethonya lentela lomvoti. Ngo-2010, ukungasebenzi okukhulu nokubuya kwesikhashana kwabangela intukuthelo yeTaa Party. Ngo-2022, ukwehla kwamandla emali namanani egesi kwazuzisa amaRepublican, kodwa amaDemocrat agxile ekukhuleni komsebenzi nasekwehliseni imali.
  • Ukufuduka: ukuvikelwa komngcele nokuguqulwa kwezimo zokufuduka kuyizindaba ezingapheli. Ngonyaka ka- 2006, inguquko ebanzi yaphelelwa amandla; ngo-2018, ukuhlukana komkhaya emngceleni wokuphikiswa kwedemocratic Democratic. Ngo-2022, ukweqa imingcele ekhuphuka okukhulu kwaba yindawo evikelekile kubaphathi be-Biden.
  • Ukushintsha okumaphakathi: Isimiso sendawo ezungezile siye saba icebo elikhuthazayo kwabasebasha abavoti. Inkathi ka-2018 yababezofuna ukuvota njenge-Aleksandriya Ocasio-Cortez iphakamisa i-Green New Derection. Inkathi yama-20222 ivumele amaDemocrates ukuqokomisa amalungiselelo esimo sezulu se-Infladion Reduction Act.
  • Ukufundisa nokuqamba amalungelo: izimpikiswano ngombono wohlanga ogxekayo, ukuxhasa kwesikole, nokuvota kuye kwaba yizindawo zokuhlola zendawo. Ngo-2021-2022, umjaho we-gubernarian wathonywa kakhulu yizindaba zemfundo, kuyilapho amazwe amaningana adlulisa imithetho yokuvota evimbelayo ngemva konyaka ka-202020.

Umkhankaso

Imikhankaso yanamuhla ephakathi nendawo i-data edrive nento eyisisulu. Amasu ayinhloko ahlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlelwa kwama-Grasroot: ukuphambanisa imiphakathi yendawo ngokungqongqoza umnyango, ukubhalisa ucingo, nezenzakalo zendawo. Amaqembu anjenge-"Organing Corps" ne-Republican National Committee"'s "Voter Protection" izinhlelo zitshala kakhulu emisebenzini yasensimini.
  • Umkhankaso wobuzwe we-social we-computer: iziteshi zezokuxhumana, izikhangiso ezihlotshisiwe, kanye nokuthengisa nge-imeyili kuvumela imikhankaso yokufinyelela abavoti ngemiyalezo elungisiwe. Ukufakwa kwemicrone esekelwe emniningo yabathengi nasendleleni yokuvota yangaphambili sekuyindiwe. AmaPlatform anjenge Facebook neTik Tok asetshenziselwa ukufaka intsha evotayo, kuyilapho imikhankazo yemiyalezo nezinhlelo ezifana nokufinyelela nokucosha kwezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezisemthethweni.
  • I-Immuse translate esekelwe: igxila ezinkathazweni ezithile ezithinta ukuvumelana nokulawula kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2022, abafuna ukukhishwa kwezisu nesivikelo sentando yeningi, kuyilapho abafuna ukuthunyelwa kwemali eRepublica bagxila ekuncipheni kwamandla emali, ubugebengu, namalungelo abazali emfundweni.
  • Imedia nezimpikiswano: izinkulumo-mpikiswano ezithathelwe iteksiteji zihlala zibalulekile, kodwa izindaba zekhebula, iziteshi ze-podcast, kanye nemikhondo ye-Yo Tube manje ihlukanisa izilaleli. Imishini yokusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba esebenzayo (imininingwane esebenzayo) kanye nekhokhelwayo (izindaba) ukuze ikwazi ukuveza ukulandisa. Izikhangiso ezigxekayo zivamile, kodwa izikhangiso ezinhle zesayensi yezwe zingakha ukwethemba.
  • Imizamo: Ukuphuma kuvota kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezikhathi eziphansi. Imikhankaso igxila ekuvoteni kwasekuqaleni, ekuvoteni iposi, nasekuvoteni okungekhoyo. Ngo-2020-2022, izifunda eziningi zanweba iposi ngokungenasiphelo, zishintsha amandla oSuku Lokhetho.

Indima Yemali Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ukhetho lwe-micter luthonywe kakhulu yimali yomkhankaso. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sihlanganisa (2010) sivumela izindleko ezizimele ezingenamkhawulo zezinhlangano, izinyunyana, neSuper PCs. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqembu angaphandle manje achitha izigidi zezigidi emibangweni yamaphakathi. Ngo-2022, ingqikithi yemali efinyelela cishe ku-R1 000 000 000 000 000, eyenza ibe inzuzo ebiza kakhulu kunayo yonke ekhona. Amaqembu omnyama (8) izinzuzo ezingadaluli iminikelo, futhi adlala indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi emibandeni ephansi.

Izindaba zihlela imibono yabavoti. Izindawo zomdabu ezinjenge-CNN, Fox News, ne MSNBC zichaza i-project, kuyilapho amaphephandaba endawo ehlanganisa izimpikiswano zomfakela namahlazo. Imithetho yezezindaba yomphakathi ihlanganisa ukuhlobana kwemizwa evusa inkanuko, futhi ukuqamba amanga kuseyinselele. Ngo-20181822, amapulatifomu anjengoFacebook no-Twitter azama ukulwa nezinqubo zokuvota, kodwa ukudalulama ngemithetho yokukhetha kwaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini egcwele imithombo ephambili.

Izinkathi Zamuva: 2018 no - 2022 Ekubukeni

Phakathi nonyaka ka-2018 kwakuyisikhathi esipholile: Abazosebenza ngedemocratic House bahamba izihlalo ezingu-40, bewina ukuphatha igumbi ngenzuzo enenethithi elingu-41, lokhu kwakuyinzuzo enkulu kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yeqembu kusukela eWatergate. Izici eziyinhloko zazihlanganisa intshiseko engakaze ibe khona phakathi kwabesifazane nentsha, eyayiqhutshwa ukuphikiswa nguMongameli Trump. Ukhetho lwabona futhi inani eliqopha umlando labesifazane nababezokhetha imibala ababekhethwe kuMkhandlu.

Izindlela zomlando eziphikisiwe phakathi nonyaka ka-2022. Naphezu kwesilinganiso esiphansi somongameli uBiden sokuvunyelwa nokunyuka kwamandla emali, amaDemocrates athatha iSigele futhi alahlekelwa yiNdlu encane kuphela. Abahlaziyi bathi lokhu kwabangelwa isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sokukhipha isisu, esanika abavoti beDemocraticism amandla, kanye nabavoti beRepublica ababonwa njengabakhulu noma abanephutha. Imiphumela engu-20222 yabonisa ukuthi amaphakathi awasewona ama-tentellium azenzekelayo ngokumelene neqembu likamongameli; impikiswano yezentethelensi nemfanelo yomphakathi.

Okushiwo Imfundo Yesibalo Phakathi Nezikhathi

Kubafundisi nabafundi, okhetho lwaphakathi nendawo banikeza indawo yokuhlola okuphilayo yokuqonda iziphetho nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, kanye nokuziphatha kovoti. Babonisa indlela izindaba zendawo nezobuzwe ezihlangene ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezivamile ezingayihlela ngayo inqubo. Ukutadisha phakathi kwezikhathi kuqokomisa futhi ukubaluleka kokuthembisana komphakathi ngaphaya kweminyaka yobumongameli. Ngokuhlola izindlela zokuhlola, amasu omkhankaso, nemiphumelo yenqubo, abafundi bazuza ukwazisa okujulile ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Njengoba i-United States iqala ukuhlukana, cishe izikhawu ziyohlala zisemincintiswaneni ephakeme. Ukuqonda amakhenika ayo nemiphumela kubalulekile ukuze ube isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uthisha, noma uvoti oboshiwe, ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kokhetho phakathi nenkathi yonyaka kukusiza ukuba ulawule isimo sezombangazwe futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubeni yentando yeningi.