Ukuqashelwa Ekwenzeni Imithetho

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho inqubo yokulawula kwentando yeningi, ukuhumusha intando nenkambiso yomphakathi kuyimithetho ephoqelelwe ehlelwa umphakathi. Ekujuleni kwayo, ukwenza umthetho kuyinqubo yamabomu, yesigaba esihlukene eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlotshaniswayo iphoqelelwe ngokuphelele, iphikiswane, futhi icwe yahluziwe ngaphambi kokuba iboshelwe. Kubafundi bomlando nohulumeni, ukuqonda lenqubo kwembula indlela amandla asetshenziswa ngayo, indlela izithakazelo eziphikisana ngayo, nendlela ukubusa komthetho okusekelwe ngayo. Lesi sihloko sihamba esimweni ngasinye sisuka ehlabeni lokuqala sokufakwa komthetho wokugcina umthetho, izinqubo eziphambili, izinqubo zezekelo, nezithiyo ezivamile ezilawula imithetho esiphila ngayo.

Izisekelo Zenqubo Yokwenza Imithetho

Nakuba omakhenikha bangempela behluka ngokwezinga eliphakathi kwezwe likahulumeni, noma ezimisweni zephalamende emazweni angaphandle, noma ezimisweni zephalamende zilandela izinqubo ezifanayo: ukuhlongoza, ukubukeza kwamakomiti, ukuphikisana kwesesitezi, ukugunyazwa kwezisebenzi eziphethe, nokusetshenziswa. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zinikeza imininingwane ngazinye njengoba zivame ukuba khona eUnited States Congress, kanye nezikhombo zokushintshashintsha lapho kufundiswa khona.

Isimangaliso: Ukuzalwa Kwebhuloho

Wonke umthetho uqala njengomqondo. Lowomqondo ungavela kumphathi-mthetho, umkhangisi, umkhangisi onguchwepheshe, umkhandlu kahulumeni, noma ngisho noMongameli. ESishaya-mthetho sase-U.S., ilungu leNdlu noma iSigele kuphela elingamisa ngokomthetho umthetho. Icala ligunyazwe ngosizo oluvela ku- ihhovisi le-Legislative Depart [ futhi i-H [FLT] futhi i-HR. 1 yemali yendlu, S. 1 ye-parg, ye-gesagent ekhululwe yi-gesalgcone. Lesihloko sisholo esimfushane. Isikhulumiso ngokwaso singezwa yisinyathelo esingokomthetho. [FLT:] [FL:][FT][F:][FT][3][F:][FS] [ekm] [ek] [est Cood K] [edialgar] [est] [etwery] noma i-gent]

Iziphakamiso zingasuka emithonjeni eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho omkhulu njengomthetho we-Affordble Care Act wavela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sobumongameli nasekuxoxisaneni kwe-conconional, kuyilapho amafaktha amancane ngokuvamile ephuma ezinkathazweni zobungani noma eqenjini lenzalo. Ikhonthel.gov[ isisekelo sesisekelo sivumela umphakathi ukuba ulandelele zonke izingcaphuzo kusukela ekusunguleni umthetho, unikeze ifasitela elikhanyisayo esigabeni sesicelo.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti: I - Engine of Delpision

AmaKomiti avame ukubizwa ngokuthi “amahhashi okusebenza” esishaya - mthetho. Uma isikweleti sesikhona, ikomiti(noma enye yezindawo zayo ezincane) iqala ukubukeza ngokuningiliziwe. Lesi siteji sihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile:

  • uzwayo: amakomiti amema ofakazi / izikhulu zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe abanikeza izihloko, abameleli, kanye nezakhamuzi ezithintekile(ukufakaza). Lokhu kulalela kuqoqa amaqiniso nemibono engafani. Ngokwesibonelo, iGama Game Ways ne-Flate Committee ilalela inqubo yentela, ukuzwa kwezazi zezezomnotho nabaholi bezamabhizinisi.
  • Aphawups: Ngemva kokuzwa, izimpikiswano zekomiti zilungisa izingcaphuno zemali ngelayini. Yilapho ulimi lwemali lucwengisiswa khona, amalungiselelo engeziwe noma asuswayo, futhi kuhlehliswa. Amalungu ekomiti kuphela angavota phakathi nokucwinwa.
  • Umbiko[: Uma ikomiti ivumela imvume yecala (ngevoti enkulu), ikhipha umbiko ochaza injongo yemali, ukucabanga kwekomiti, nanoma yimiphi imibono ephikisanayo. Lombiko uba incwadi ebalulekile yengxoxo yasesitezi.

Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini. Ngokwemininingwane evela kuGovTrack.us, ingaphansi kwa 5% yezikweleti ezisusiwe isuke iwumthetho. Lo msebenzi wokugcina amasango uqinisekisa ukuthi iziphakamiso ezinamachashaza amaningi nezibalulekile kuphela zifika egumbini eligcwele. Nokho, amakomiti angasetshenziswa futhi ku isithikit umthetho ngezenzo .A iqhinga elaziwa ngokuthi “i-pigehon.” Izihlalo zamakomiti, ezilawula amacebo, asebenzisa amandla amakhulu ekuqhubekiseleni phambili noma izikwele zeta.

Ukushintsha Kwezimiso Zamakomiti

Ezimisweni zephalamende njengeUnited Kingdom, amakomiti ngokuvamile anamandla aphansi kunaseMkhandlwini wase-U.S., futhi amacebo kahulumeni athanda ukubusa. Ezindlini zombuso, izinqubo zamakomiti zingakhululeka kakhulu, kungabi nazindlebe ezitheni kanye nokubhanana okusheshayo. Noma kunjalo, isigaba sekomiti silokhu siyindawo eyinhloko yokuhlola uchwepheshe nokuxoxa nge-bipartan.

3. Impikiswano Nezincwadi Ezisezingxenyeni Ezinde: I - Public Arena

Uma isikweleti sesikhishiwe ekomitini, sibekwa ekhalendeni lomthetho. Endluni yabameleli, i-RULES Committee [ inquma ukuthi singakanani isikhathi sempikiswano esivunyelweyo nokuthi zingakhishwa yini iziphendu. ESigeqeni, impikiswano ivame ukubangalinganiselwe, evumela i-palestbuster(a) icebo lapho i-senator ibambe khona indawo ukuba ibambe noma ivimbele ukuvota.

Impikiswano ye-Floor ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ifundisa amalungu nomphakathi, iphoqelela abasekeli nabaphikisi ukuba bachaze izikhundla zabo, futhi inikeza amathuba okulungisa ezinye izikhundla. Ngemva kokuxoxa, amavoti asegumbini. Endlini, amavoti amaningi asebenza ngemishini noma ngezwi. ESigqeni, amavoti avamile enziwa ngokusemthethweni omkhulu. Iningi (50% + 1) liyadingeka ukuze lidlulise ezimweni eziningi, nakuba iSigelethi sinomnyango onamavoti angu-60 wokubiza i-electal ] futhi iphela i-partster yomthetho omkhulu.

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinqumo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela − eqoqwe amalungu asemagumbini womabili — ibangela ukuhlehla. Ukuhumusha okuhlangene kumelwe kudlule futhi zombili izingosi ngaphambi kokuba iye kuMongameli.

Isibonelo esingokomlando: uMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 wabhekana nomthetho wezinsuku ezingu-75 weSigele ngaphambi kokuba ihlulelwe ibizwa ngevoti engu-71-29. Loluhlobo lwempi ye-procedrol lubonisa ukuthi ingaba kanjani kokubili ithuluzi elikhucululwayo nethuluzi elinamandla. Eminingi emlandweni we-filibulibuster, bheka U.S. ikhasi leSigeqelo elingokomthetho elisesakhelweni se-Dionbuster nasemhlane .

4. Ukugunyazwa Kwegunya: Isignesha KaMongameli Noma UVeto

Ngemva kokudlula izinguqulo ezifanayo zombili amagumbi, izindleko ziyabhaliswa futhi zithunyelwe kuMongameli. UMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (zidlule ngamaSonto) ukuba enze okuthile. Okukhethwayo yilokhu:

  • [ Uphawu lomthetho [: Kuba umthetho ngokushesha (noma ngosuku olucacisiwe oluphumelelayo).
  • Ukuyibuyisela kumthetho [: uMongameli uyibuyisela eSishayamthetho ngempikiswano. UKhongolo-khasi lungayidlulisa iveto ngenani eliphindwe kabili nantathu egumbini ngalinye.
  • Ivumela ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kophawu olusha : Uma uMongameli engasabonisi izimpawu noma ama-vetoe phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useseqeleni, umthetho uba umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo (“i-paclet vhato"" kwenzeka uma izingqungquthela zibambene ngaphambi kwezinsuku eziyishumi ziphela).

Ama-Vtoe ayivelakancane kodwa abaluleke ngokwezombangazwe. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wavetote thivre 635 (eziningi), kuyilapho omongameli abaningi banamuhla bekhipha izindleko ezingaphansi kwezingamashumi amabili ngonyaka. Ukungawasebenzisi imizamo ngokuvamile kuyahluleka, njengoba iningi eliyisithathu siyisithiyo esiphakeme. Amandla eveto anikeza umphathi isheke elikhulu esigungwini, kodwa uMkhandlu ungamisa imithetho emelene nomthetho wobumongameli ngokusekela okwanele kwe-bipartisan.

Kuhulumeni bakahulumeni, umbusi wenza indima efanayo. Ezinye izifundazwe zinika ababusi i-line-itempoto, zibavumela ukuba bashaye iziphakamiso ezithile ngendinganiso yemali ngaphandle kokwenqaba yonke isilinganiso.

Ukusebenza: Kusuka Ekwenziweni Kwemithetho Kuya Ekuziphatheni

Uma isikweleti sesayiniwe (noma sidluliselwe phezu kwe-veto), kuba umthetho wasobala kodwa umsebenzi usekude kakhulu. Umthetho ugunyaza noma uqondise izinhlangano zamagatsha [ ukubhala imithetho echaza ukuthi umthetho uzobe uphoqelelwa kanjani. Lenqubo ilawulwa yi-Procture Procedrect (A), edinga izinhlangano ukunyathelisa imithetho ehlongozwayo, ukwamukela ukukhulumela, nokukhipha imithetho yokugcina.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Celean Air Act inikeza i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) igunya lokumisa izindinganiso zokukhipha igesi. I-EPA yabe isihlela imiklamo, iphethe imithetho yokulalela, futhi igcine imithetho enamandla omthetho. Lemithetho ihlanganiswe ku- Code of Federal Regativement (CFR). Ukuhlelwa kuhilela futhi ukuqeqesha abahloli, ukumisa izimali, nokumisa izimiso zokugcinwa komthetho njengenhlawulo, amasheke, ama-fidi, noma izijeziso zobugebengu.

Kwezinye izimo, ukumiswa kwemisebenzi kunikezwa uhulumeni noma ohulumeni bendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuxhasa kwemigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni kuvame ukuvela ngezimo okumelwe amazwe amukele imithetho ethile yokuphepha. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okuqinile kungadala ukungaguquguquki endleleni umthetho ophoqelelwe ngayo kulo lonke izwe.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Imithetho iphumelela njengemithetho yayo egcinwayo. I-FFBI, FDA, OSHA kanye namaphoyisa aphetheyo, abashushisi, neziqu zomthetho. Kodwa ukuphoqelelwa kungabekelwa inselele enkantolo. [[FLT] jucial [183] ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zichaze incazelo yomthetho futhi zishaye imithetho ephula umthetho. Icala lengqoko yomthetho [[FLT]] Marbury v. [183]] [i-i-i-iKhuluplot] limisa amandla eNka Thosalhlo ukuba kukhulu ukukhipha umthetho.

Uma umthetho ususebenza, uthinte izinkolo − abantu abasebenzayo, izinkampani, noma amaqembu enzalo − bafaka amafayili enkantolo eveza ukuthi umthetho uphula amalungelo abo noma ukuthi imithetho esetshenziswayo idlula igunya lomthetho. Izinkantolo zingakhipha imiyalo evimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho, i-oda ukuba ibhale kabusha imithetho, noma icacise ulimi oludidayo. Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengenqindishi, liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ayidluli imingcele yomthetho-mthetho futhi ivumelana nenhloso yomthetho.

Lokhu kudlala phakathi komthetho nokwe-ligita kuyisici sesimiso somthetho waseMelika. Ukuze uhlole ngokujulile indlela imithetho kahulumeni ephoqelelwa ngayo, USA.gov isiqondiso sendlela imithetho engenziwa ngayo [[[FLT: 1] inikeza ukufinyelelwa okufinyelelekayo.

Indima Yabaxhasi Bemithetho

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho ayiyona into evaliwe phakathi kwabashaya umthetho kanye nomphathi.

  • [ Abameli nezisebenzi zabo [: izikweletu ezinqandayo, ukuxoxisana, nokuvota kwezentengiselwano. Ilungu ngalinye livame ukuxhasa izikweletu ezibonisa izithakazelo zesifunda noma eziza kuqala ezimisweni zalo.
  • Amaqembu angenisa kakhulu kanye nabangenisi : Inikeza ubuchwepheshe, umbhalo wemithetho owenziwe ngemishini, nommeli wezesivumelwano noma wezentela. Ithonya lawo livame ukuphikisana, kodwa futhi abenzi bomthetho abamatasa banikeza ukwaziswa abathembele kukho. NgokweCentre for Responsive Politics, okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3,7 zezigidi zemali kusetshenziswe ekungeneni kukahulumeni ngo-2023 kuphela.
  • Izinhlangano zezembuyiselo nezinhlangano zezezezimali: Bhala izincwadi, zifaka ubufakazi, zifaka izindlebe, futhi zihlele imikhankaso yotshani. Inqumbi ephezulu-profile" kusukela ekumasheni kwamalungelo omphakathi ukuya esimweni sezulu samuva nje .Izilinganiso zibonisa indlela ukucindezela komphakathi okungaphula ngayo i-drock lock.
  • Izinhlangano zamagatsha ezisebenzayo[: Nikeza isiqondiso sobuchwepheshe, izindleko, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemiphumela. ICongregal Bal Backebral Office (CBO) yonke imali engathinta kakhulu uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali.
  • Imedia namathangi okucabanga: Ingxoxo efuzekile yomphakathi, ukucwaninga, futhi yenza abafaki-mthetho babe necala. Ukuhlolwa komthetho ngokuvamile kuveza amaphutha emithetho ehlongozwayo, kuyilapho ucabanga ukuthi amathangi aveza amaphepha enqubo ahlobanayo amakomiti akha isimo.

Ngamunye walaba badlali uletha imithombo nobandlululo, okwenza inqubo yokwenza umthetho ibe umncintiswano wethonya njengokufuna isimiso esihle. Impilo yentando yeningi ivame ukuxhomeke ekutheni wonke amazwi yini — ikakhulukazi lawo ezakhamuzi ezivamile − ezwakala phakathi nezimfuno ezinkulu zezithakazelo ezinhle.

Izinselele Enqubweni Yokwenza Imithetho

Naphezu kokuklanywa kwawo ngokucophelela, ukwenza imithetho kubhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo:

  • Parisan Polaturation: Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukuhlukana kwemibono kuye kwajula, kwenza kube nzima ukuyekelela. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-filbuster, ukuncipha kobungane obuphambanayo, nokukhula kwezindawo “ezilondekile” zonke zifaka iqhaza lokulawula ukunqamuka kwemithetho. Imithetho emikhulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokunakekela impilo iye yaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi naphezu kokukhathalela umphakathi.
  • Ukubekwa kweZithakazelo Ezikhethekile: Iminikelo yomkhankaso ingehlula umthetho wezentengo ezilinganiselwe ngokuncishiswa umphakathi obanzi. Abagxeki bakhomba ekuzihoxeni kwentela, izinzuzo zemboni, kanye “ukubekwa kwemithetho” njengobufakazi bokuthi imali ingakuguqula ukwenza umthetho. Ukucwaninga kwePrinceton neNyakatho ntshonalanga kungathola ukuthi izikhulu zezomnotho namaqembu ahleliwe“ anemiphumela eqinile enqubeni kahulumeni, kanti izakhamuzi nenzalo ephansi esekelwe ezinhlalweni zabantu abanalo oluncane noma ithonya elizimele.”
  • Ukukhetha kanye nomqulu: Imithetho yanamuhla ingasebenzisa izinkulungwane zamakhasi", iDodd-Frank umthetho wokuguqula ngokwezimali udlule amakhasi angu-300,000. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kwenza kube nzima ngabenzi bomthetho nakumphakathi ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuthi yini abavota kuyo, futhi ngokuvamile ishiya imininingwane enzima ukuze igcwaliswe abalawuli abangahleli. Ijubane loshintsho olusheshayo lwezobuchwepheshe lisusa futhi inqubo yomthetho, kushiye imingcele yemingcele yokuvela kwezindawo njenge-Al no-iah no-equaner.
  • Isivumelwano sika-Puricture Incenment: Izakhamuzi eziningi azilandeli umthetho ohlongozwayo kuze kube yilapho uwuthinta ngokuqondile. Umvoti ophansi nongathathi hlangothi olulinganiselwe lomsebenzi wezimiso zezezindaba kusho ukuthi abenzi bomthetho ngokuvamile basebenza ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile kokwehlela. Le ndawo ingagcwaliswa ngabangenisi abanikezelwe ukunaka.

Lezinselele azizintsha, kodwa ziye zakhula ekhulwini lama-21. Ukuzilungisa akudingi izinguquko ezingokwenqubo kuphela zokwenza ikomiti inqubo yomkhankaso icace kakhulu noma ilungise izimali zemali zezezimali zezentengiselwano.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho iyinkimbinkimbi, uhambo lwamabomu oluguqula izingcindezi zezombangazwe zibe imithetho ephoqelelwe. Kusukela ekuhlongozweni kokuqala nasekuxazululeni amakomiti kuya ensini yephansi, ukugunyazwa kwezisebenzi, futhi ekugcineni, isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho icatshangelwa ngokucophelela, izwakala kahle, futhi isemthethweni. Kodwa isimiso sibuye sibhekane nezingcindezi zezombangazwe, imali, nokungalawuleki kwabantu. Ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho yenziwa kanjani akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo noma ikhono elibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Ngokwazi ukuthi izindleko zivelaphi, ukuthi zinjani, futhi kungani zivame ukuhluleka, zingabangela ukuba abameleli bazo ukuba babhekane nemithetho efanayo. Ngokulandelayo uhlangana nesimiso esisha noma impikiswano efuna ukuphikisa, uyothola umbono ocacile wencwadi ewuthatha isikhathi eside.