Inqubo yomthetho injini yentando yeningi .Indlela ehlongozwayo, ebizwa ngokuthi umthetho, ihamba ngaphambi kokuba uboshwe. Kusukela embonweni wokuqala obhalwe ngesandla ukuya esigqwini sikaMongameli noma i-veto, izilinganiso ngazinye zengxoxo, ukuhlehliswa, nemithetho engokomthetho. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda loluhambo kwembula indlela umthetho womphakathi owenziwe ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingawuthonya ngayo. Lendlela yandisa ukukhulula zonke izitejikizo ngobubanzi, igxila esimisweni sombuso we-United States, kuyilapho iphawula izinhlobonhlobo eziyisihluthulelo.

Iyini Inqubo Yokushaya Imithetho?

Inqubo yomthetho ilandelana kwemithetho nezimiso ezisetshenziswa yindikimba yemithetho . . . njenge-U.S. Congress, isishaya-mthetho, noma iphalamende (ukucabanga nokumisa imithetho). Nakuba izakhi ezicacisiwe zingafani emazweni onke, izici eziyinhloko zihlala zingaguquki ngokuphawulekayo: ukuthulula, ukubukeza kwekomiti, ukubukeza impikiswano yaphansi, ukuvota, nokugunyaza kwegunya. E-United States, lenqubo ithatha ijubane futhi ihlelelwe ukuvimbela umthetho ngokuxhamazela nokukhuthaza ukuvumelana. Igumbi ngalinye lamaKhomisha (Indlu yabameleli neNdlundlo) linemithetho yalo, kodwa inqubo yesisekelo iyodwa ihlelwe nguMthetho-Chistom nomthetho wamashumi eminyaka ilungiswe.

Uhambo Lwencwadi Yesifunda: Sihambe Ngejubane

1. Ukulungisa Nokusekela

Umthetho ngamunye uqala njengomqondo. Lowo mqondo ungavela kwilungu le-Congress, umkhangisi, umshicileli, umsekeli kahulumeni, noma ngisho noMongameli. Izisebenzi zochwepheshe [1] Ihhovisi Lendlu le-Gauntain ye-Gillitive Counser[ noma iHofisi yoMnyango we-Legislative [izikhathi eziningi] i-i-isekela umqondo olimini olungokomthetho oluqondile. Umediaftive Office kumelwe acabangele imithetho ekhona, imikhawulo yemithetho, nomthetho ongase uqedwe ngokusemthethweni. Isivumelwano sixhaswa ngokomthetho yilungu elilodwa noma amalungu amaningi. Imvume ingaxhasa i-Genegrand House noma izigence; i-Sporsten, i-Sporder.

Isingeniso Nesivunguvungu

Umxhasi walemali wazisa imvume ngokuyibeka intethe (ibhokisi lokhuni edeski likamabhalane wendlu) noma ngokuyibeka phansi eSikhungweni seSigele. Imali yabelwa inani ([.R. 123] [[FLT]]] eMzini, []. 567] [[FLT] [[FLT]] eSikhundleni soMkhosi (nesihloko). Kube sekubhekiswe kulelo lwendlu yendlu eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ephethe indaba. [i-Folctivel] i-Reral isho ukuthi ukuphila noma ukufa. Ilungu elivamile lesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhuluminyango (isikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu) sinquma iSigeqe kubaphathi se-Promenti)[6] futhi igwegwegwethe izipha eziningi.[5] Iqoqo sezezezithensiti: [i Genethi]

Isinyathelo Sekomiti

Amakomiti alapho inqubo yokushaya umthetho iqala khona ukuvala izindlebe. Ikomiti ngayinye (isizk., iJadicary, Izindlela ne-Fracts, Izinkonzo Ezihlomile) inezisebenzi nesihlalo esilawula uhlelo. Izigaba ezingaphakathi kwekomiti zihlanganisa:

Ukucabangela Okungemthetho

Imali eningi yezindleko ithunyelwa kuqala ekhonkisweni ekhethekile. Ikomiti encane iphethe amacala athathwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, amaqembu enzalo, kanye nomphakathi (ukuhlanganisa ubufakazi nobufakazi. Ukuzwa kuyifasitela lomphakathi empikiswaneni yesimiso; amarekhodi akhishwa ] Ikhomputha yomthetho [[FLT]]] Izincwadi ezisemthethweni [[[FLT]]] [onke]. Ngemva kokuzwa], i-angaphansi kwe-accomptice iphethe isiqephu sokubhaka [[], lapho amalungu efaka khona izicelo namavoti. Abavoti bangawubhala futhi.

IKomiti Ephelele Ephawuleka Kakhulu

Imali ebukeziwe ibuyela ekomitini egcwele, engase igcine ukuqulwa kwecala okwengeziwe noma iqhubeke ngokuqondile. Phakathi nokubhalisa, amalungu amakomiti aphikisana isigaba ngasinye futhi anikeze izinguquko. Icala lingashintshwa ngokuphawulekayo, noma lithathelwe indawo ngokuphelele nge i-stituvationmentation[. Uma uvolo luphelele, ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingabika yini ngesikhwama (ngemvume noma ngaphandle kwentengi) noma ingekho iteji). Umbiko ojabulisayo uthumela isimende phansi ngombiko wekomiti ochaza injongo yomthetho kanye nomphumela.

Indima Yombiko Wekomiti

Umbiko wekomiti uyincwadi ebalulekile. Ihlanganisa umbhalo wesikwelethi njengoba kwabikwa, ukuhlaziywa kwengxenye ngengxenye, izindleko ezilinganiselwa kwi-Congregational Baccol bul but Office (CBO), futhi ngokuvamile imibono emincane noma eyengeziwe evela kumalungu aphikisayo. Ingxoxo ye-Floor kanye nencazelo yamuva yokwahlulela ixhomeke njalo emibhalweni yamakomiti ukuze iqonde injongo yomthetho.

4. Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Esisemkhandlwini Wokuqala

Ngemva kokuba kubikwa incwadi yezivumelwano, kubekwa [ calendar yegumbi eligcwele. Endlini, I-RULES Committee [ iphikisana [[FLT]] nomthetho [[FLT:] omisa izinkulumo zempikiswano: isikhathi esivunyelwayo, esivunyelwayo, futhi ukuthi ivoti ingaphoqwa. ESihlalweni seSigele, uMholi omkhulu, ekuxoxeni noMholi oMkhulu, ehlela impikiswano ephansi. Imithetho yenkantolo ivumela ukuba kuqhutshwe impikiswano ngaphandle kokuba igebe elikhuliwe (bheka phansi).

Impikiswano Ngezimo Ezinde

Amalungu akhuluma ngecala noma amelene nalo. Endlini, impikiswano ivame ukulawulwa ngokuqinile umthetho; izinguquko kumelwe zibe yize. KuyiSigele, impikiswano ivulekile kakhulu, futhi abasizi banganikeza izinguquko ezingangeni-jikiyo (abashadi). Isikhulu esiphethe siqaphela amalungu, futhi isikhathi sihlukaniswa phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisi. Izinkulumo ziqoshwe kuyi-Reconoral [[FLT: 0]] Congational Reconorance [ futhi zingasetshenziswa kamuva ekuchazeni okungokomthetho.

Ukusanhlamvu

Lapho impikiswano isiphelile, amavoti asegumbini.

  • voti [ - Amalungu amemeza athi “yebo” noma“hayi”; isikhulu esiwengamele sahlulela umphumela. Sisetshenziselwa izikweletu ezingakhokhwa.
  • ivoti yethelevishini[ - Amalungu akhona amele ukubalwa. Inikeza irekhodi lomuntu ovotayo kodwa hhayi amagama abantu ngabanye.
  • Ivoti ebhaliwe[ - Amalungu afaka ikhadi lokuvota emshinini wogesi; amagama namavoti kuyaboniswa.
  • hambisa ucingo lwevoti [[[[FLT]] - Umabhalane ubiza igama le-senator ngalinye; iphepha liqopha ivoti.

Umthetho omkhulu usebenzisa ivoti eqoshiwe noma ebizwa ngokuthi inombolo. Iningi lalabo abakhona kanye nabavotayo (ngokuvamile abangu - 218 eMzini, abangu - 51 eSigeqeni) liyadingeka ukuze kudluliswe, ngaphandle kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo ufune iningi kakhulu (isib., ukuze kuthathwe izivumelwano, ukubhalisa).

5. Ukucabangela Kwesinye Isigungu

Ngemva kokudlula elinye igumbi, ikhabethe lidluliselwa kwelinye. Igumbi lesibili lingase lamukele umbhalo oqondile futhi liwuthumele kuMongameli, kodwa ngokuvamile lithatha inguqulo yalo, liphinda ikomiti nenqubo yaphansi. Uma ikamelo lesibili lidlulisa inguqulo elungisiwe, imvume ibuyela ekamelweni lokuqala ukuze ivume. Igumbi lokuqala lingamukela iziphendulo (lithumela isimemezelo kuMongameli), noma lizicele ukuba zithathwe futhi licele ikomiti yengqungquthela.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani: IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma amagumbi amabili engenakuvumelana, ikomiti yomhlangano imiswa kumalungu asemasha amakomiti ahlangeneyo egumbini ngalinye. Abanikezi imvume bayahlangana ukuze baxoxe ngesivumelwano sesivumelwano. Basebenza ngaphansi kwemiyalo eqinile: bangamane bakhulume ngamaphuzu okungavumelani, bangabhali izingxenye ezingahambelani. [ umbiko wokugcina , kuhlanganise nombhalo oyekethisayo kanye namazwi ahlangene, baya kuwo womabili amakamu evoti ehlweni eliphansi ngaphandle kokuphindela phambili. Uma bobabili, isikhwama sivunyelelwa uMongameli.

Isinyathelo Sobumongameli

Uma amagumbi esedlule zombili izilimi ezifanayo, izindleko ziyabhaliswa futhi zidluliselwe kuMongameli. UMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi ukuba enze umsebenzi.

  • [ Uphawu lomthetho [ - Iba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku oluphumelelayo oluchazwe emalini.
  • Ukukhomba umlomo [ - UMongameli ubuyisela isikwele ngokuphikiswa. UKhongolo-kanye lungadlulisa i-veto ngevoti yama-3 amabili egumbini ngalinye.
  • Awuthathi nyathelo lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini - Imali iba umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi.
  • Pocket vento - Uma iziKhomishane zikhona phakathi nenkathi yezinsuku eziyishumi, izindleko ziyafa.

Ukulawula i - voto akuvamile; cishe amaphesenti amane kuphela ama - vetoe aye akhangwa emlandweni waseMelika.

8. Umbiko Nezibopho

Lapho sewumisiwe, umthetho womphakathi wabelwe inani (umz., uMthetho womphakathi 118-1) futhi ushicilelwe yi-Romagement Office Yokunyathelisa. Umbhalo ufakwa e- Code yaseUnited States ye-United States] .I-projected yemithetho kahulumeni ehlelwe ngesihloko (isahlulo kanye nengxenye). I- Archivist of the United States inikeza umthetho. Izakhamuzi, abameli, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zingangenisa umthetho ngezindawo ezifana Govmation.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Enqubweni Yokushaya Indiva

Ngaphandle kwabaxhasi, amanani amaningana asebenzisa ithonya eliphakeme:

  • Isikhulumi sendlu [ - Imisa uhlelo lwemithetho, ilawula izabelo zamakomiti, futhi imisa iningi leKomiti yeMiyalo.
  • hlela iMajority Monity Moder - Isimiso esiphansi, ilawula ikhalenda, futhi ixoxa ngezivumelwano zemvume evumelanayo.
  • [ Committee Chreas - - Ukulawula ukuzwa, izintambo, nokuthi umlomo uqhubekela phambili yini.
  • s Komiti (Indlu) – inqunyu igebe lezilinganiso zengxoxo ye hhree ne-acception.
  • Party Wips - Bala amavoti nokuncenga amalungu ukuba asekele noma aphikise umthetho.
  • President Pro Tempore (Izikhundla)-A] kakhulu indima yemikhosi; imisebenzi yangempela yengamele ivame ukuphathiswa abaphathisi abancane.
  • [ Isikhulu sePhalamende – Umenzi ongaphathi khadistar mendu ochaza imithetho nezibonelo zesikhulu esengamele.

I - filibuster Ne - clow

KuyiSigele, i-finbuster ivumela i-senator (noma iqembu) ukubambezela noma ukuvala ukuvota ngokukhuluma ngokungenasiphelo. Indlela ewukuphela kwayo yokuqeda i-palbuster ukucela [ ukuveza [, okudinga ukuvalwa kwenani elikhulu lama-equator angu-60. Imikhawulo yesikhathi ifaka impikiswano emahoreni angu-30 angaphezulu. Lendlela ichaza ukuthi kungani izindleko eziningi ezinkulu zidinga ukuvota u-60 ukuqhubekela phambili, ngisho noma kuyimfuneko nje ukuba iningi elivamile lifuneke ukuze lithathe indawo yokugcina. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Filibster kukhulu, kuholele ukubiza inguquko. Umthetho wokubuyisana, inqubo ekhethekile, igwema i-bister ngenxa yokuchitha imali nenkozo kodwa inciphiwe kanye ngonyaka owodwa.

Izinselele Nezinguquko

Inqubo yomthetho ayiyona ngaphandle kokugxekwa. I-Gridlock .Ihluleka ukudlulisa umthetho ngenxa yokwehlukana okungokohlanga-hlukene, iye yaba yinqhele kakhulu. Ukuguqula nokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe-filbuster eSigodlweni se-Gatela ngokuvamile kugcina izikweleti ezixhaswe yiningi. Ezinye izinselele zihlanganisa ithonya labafuna ukulawulwa kwemiyalo kanye nezithakazelo ezikhethekile, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwenqubo yohlelo lokuhlela imali, nokuthambekela kokuhlanganisa abagibeli abameleneyo ukuba badlulise emthethweni. Izinguquko ezihlongozo zihlanganisa ukulinganisela izindleko ezihambisana nezihloko ezihambisana nenqunyiweyo, nokuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwemicimbi yengqungquthela. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kusiza abafundi ukuba inqubo yokubusa kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Okwenza Ukuqonda Inqubo Yomthetho Kubaluleke Emfundweni Yomthetho

Ukufundisa inqubo yomthetho kuhlomisa abafundi ngolwazi olubalulekile lomphakathi. Kubonisa indlela izakhamuzi ezingathonya ngayo uhulumeni ngokuthintana nabameleli, ngokufaka ubufakazi ngokuzwa, noma ukwakha amaqembu okulawula. Kukhanyisa futhi ukubaluleka kokuyekethisa, umthetho, kanye nezilinganiso ezivikela amalungelo amancane. Ngokuhlanganisa inqubo yenqubo yezezimali, ukuhlanganisa izikweletu zokuhleba, nokuxoxa ngezindaba zobuntamo, nokuphikisana cishe phansi kwe-meetam, kuveza ukucabanga okugxekayo, ukukhuluma obala, namakhono okubambisana. Inqubo ayisona nje isifundo somphakathi; iyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela kolwazi embusweni yentando yeningi.

Amankinombho

  • [[UMTH:0] Bil – A umthetho ohlongozwayo ocatshangelwayo wesishaya-mthetho.
  • Isinqumo[ - Yinkulumo engokomthetho yombono noma inhloso ngegumbi elilodwa noma zombili (umz., isinqumo esihambisanayo, isinqumo esilula).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Committee Referral - Isabelo semali ekwakheni ikomiti emile efanele.
  • [ ukuzwa [ - Isimiso sekomiti sokuqoqa ubufakazi ngecala noma umagazini.
  • Iphawu-phawu – Inqubo yokukhokha isikweleti ekomitini noma ezingeni lekomiti.
  • Umbiko[ - Ikhasi lekomiti elichaza izindleko kanye nokutusa kwekomiti.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ikhalenda – Uhlu lwezinhlamvu zemali elinde isenzo esisesitezi.
  • [ [Indlu] – Izwi lesinqumo elivela kwingxoxo ebusa iKomiti yeMiyalo kanye nokulungisa isikweleti esithile.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Impikiswano ebanzi[ - - Ukucatshangelwa kwemvume ebhalwe egumbini lonke ngezinkulumo.
  • Isichibiyeli sobuJamani – Inguquko ethintana ngokuqondile nendaba yemali.
  • Isiphequlo ucingo lwe Vote - - Ivoti lapho kuqoshwa khona igama lelungu ngalinye nevoti.
  • Filibuster - - impikiswano ekhudlwana yokunqikaza ukuvota eSigeqeni.
  • [ - Inqubo yokuqeda i-banbuster ngevoti yesithathu.
  • Ikomiti yokuhlanganisa [ – Ikomiti yesikhashana yendlu namalungu eSigele ukuhlanganisa izinqumo zemali ezihlukahlukene.
  • [Veto – ukwenqaba kukaMongameli isikweleti esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho.
  • [ i-Pocket Veto - I-veto engaqondile uma uMongameli engathathi hlangothi ezinhlangeni eziyishumi ngesikhathi isikhongozeli sifushanisiwe.
  • [ u-O ukunganambitha [ - ikhono loMkhandlu lokumisa umthetho naphezu kwe-veto kamongameli, idinga ama-3-3 emagumbini womabili.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Umthetho we-Public – A umthetho osayinwe nguMongameli noma odluliswe nge-veto futhi ube umthetho.
  • Ikhodi lika mfundisi-lunya - Iqoqo elingokomthetho lemithetho yase-U.S. elihlelwe ngesihloko (U.S. Code).

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nemithombo

Ukuze ujulise ukuqonda kwakho inqubo yokushaya umthetho, hlola le mithombo enegunya:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Inqubo ye-Conmot.gov – Inqubo ye-Legislative
  • [[IQUL:0]ISigeqe sase-U.S. – Inqubo yomthetho
  • GovTrack.us - umthetho weNgoma kanye nemibhalo yokuvota
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izinqolobane zesizwe – Inqubo yomthetho [[Umthetho: 1]
  • [[UMTL:0]C-SPAN Ikilasi le-room – Imithombo yegatsha e-Legislative