Ukuqonda Isisekelo Sesichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni. Sisho ukuthi abantu banelungelo lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, nokuthi imvume ngeke ivele ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekile, isekelwe ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ichaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi ithathwe izinto. Lesivikelo sisebenza kubenzi bemidlalo kahulumeni − umasteral, State, nomthetho wendawo. I-amendicement’s iklanywe amakhulu eminyaka umthetho, futhi ihlala ihlola amandla kahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo sesine silinganisela amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngokumelene nezidingo zomthetho ongokomthetho. Akudingeki konke ukuphenya kugunyazwe; indinganiso enengqondo ilawula izimo eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphenya okufushane okusekelwe ekusoleni okunengqondo kuyavunyelwa, futhi ukuphenya okungenasizathu kuyavunyelwa ngokwehlukile. Ukuqonda uma lokhu kusebenza kungakusiza wazi ukuthi ukuphenywa kungokomthetho yini futhi kungasabela kanjani uma kusizwa amaphoyisa.

Ukuze ungene ngokujule kakhulu embhalweni nasemlandweni wokulungisa, bheka Cornell Legal Information Institute ka-Specience yeSichibiyelo sesine [.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko: Ukucabangela, Abaphangayo, Nabahlukile

ISichibiyelo sesine asikwenqabeli ukuseshwa nokuquleka, qha ukuquleka okungacabangeli. Ukuseshwa okugunyazwayo kunengqondo. Ukuze kutholakale isiqinisekiso, izikhulu kumelwe zinike imantshi ongathathi hlangothi imvume ebonisa imbangela. Imvume kumelwe ichaze indawo ekhethekile okumelwe iphenywe futhi izinto zithathwe. Uma izikhulu zithola imvume, zingangena futhi ziseshe ngapha nangapha kwayo.

Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ihlukene kakhulu evumela ukuphenywa okungenasizathu uma kunengqondo ngaphansi kwalezo zimo.

  • [ Consis [ - umuntu uvuma ngokuzithandela ukusesha.
  • Umbono woPlato - izikhulu zibona ubufakazi busobala endaweni esemthethweni.
  • [ Izimo eziguquguqukayo[ – isimo esiphuthumayo, njengokuphishekela ngokushesha noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi okuseduze, kudinga isinyathelo esisheshayo.
  • Isenzakalo sokufuna ukubopha [ – ngemva kokuboshwa ngokomthetho, izikhulu zingase zihlole umuntu nendawo efinyeleleka ngokushesha kulezozikhali noma ubufakazi.
  • Ukuhamba ngemoto okuzenzekelayo [ – uma kungenzeka ukuthi kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imoto iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu, izikhulu zingase zisesha yonke imoto nanoma yiziphi izitsha zokuphatha ezingaphakathi ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Uphendlo lwe-Border - ukucwaninga okuvamile emingceleni yomhlaba wonke futhi okufana nakho akudingi indinganiso noma imbangela okungenzeka.
  • Izidingo ezihlukene[ – ukusesha kokuphatha (umzk., izindawo zokuhlola ukuqabuleka, ukuphepha kwesikhumulo sezindiza) zingaba ezinengqondo ngaphandle kokusola okungasolwa muntu.

I-parele ngayinye inemingcele. Ngokwesibonelo, imfundiso ecacile isebenza kuphela uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi isimo sokusola into sisobala ngokushesha. Ukuvuma kumelwe kunikezwe ngokuzithandela, hhayi ukuphoqelelwa, kungeke kuthiwe uyavuma uma uthula.

Izibonelo Zezwe Zangempela Zezimemezelo Zesichibiyelo Sesine

Ukuhlola Ikhaya

Ikhaya lithola isivikelo esiphakeme kakhulu seSichibiyelo sesine. Abaphathi ngokuvamile badinga imvume yokungena ekhaya, ngaphandle kokuba ingasebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa enesizathu esilindelekile futhi ekholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi buyabhujiswa, bangangena ngokungena ngokungena ngokomthetho ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaziwa. Brigham City v. Stuart[FLD:1] (2006), iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa angangena ekhaya ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso lapho ebona ingxabano enobudlova iphakathi futhi idinga ukuvikela ukuphila. Ngesinye isandla, ukungena ekhaya ukuze nje kuvinjelwe ubufakazi obungakhombangasizwanga ngempela.

Isibonelo:[ isikhulu singqongqoza emnyango wakho sicele ukungena ukuze sifune impahla eyebiwe. Uma uthi cha, abanakungena ngaphandle kokuba benemvume noma bangakhomba engaphandle njengokuzingela ngokushisa noma usongo olusheshayo. Uma bengena, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakele bungabekwa ngaphansi komthetho wokuxoshwa.

Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe ezibonelweni zokufuna ekhaya, ACLU’s sazi umqondisi wamalungelo akho [ unikeza izimo eziwusizo.

Ukuhlola I - Vehicle

Ukusesha kwe-Vehicle kulawulwa yizimoto ezingekho kanye neminye imithetho. Ngenxa yokuthi izimoto zihamba kancane futhi zingaphansi kokulindela okuncane, izikhulu ezingase zifune yonke imoto, kuhlanganise namabhokisi avalayo ngaphakathi, ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, ukuma okulula kwezimoto akuzinikezi izikhulu ngengozi imbangela yokufuna. Kudingeka zibangele, zivume, noma zisole ngokunengqondo ukuthi uhlome futhi uyingozi (ukuvumela i-frasisk elinganiselwe).

Isibonelo: Udonswa ukuze usheshise. Isikhulu siyabuza, “Unakho yini okungekho emthethweni emotweni?" Uma uthi cha bese ufuna ukusesha isiqu sakho, unganqaba. Uma beqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume, kungenzeka ukuthi kubangelwa, noma uvuma, ukuphenyiswa akuvunyelwe. Kodwa uma isikhulu sihogela insangu noma sibona isikhali esibonakalayo esicacile, kungenzeka ukuba sikhona ngenxa yokufuna ngokugcwele.

Rodriguez v. United States (2015]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi amaphoyisa awanakukwazi ukumisa izimoto ngalé kwesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze afeze injongo yayo (umz., abhale ithikithi) ukuze nje aphathe ukuhogela imoto, ngaphandle kokuba abe nokungabaza okunengqondo ngomunye umsebenzi wobugebengu.

Imishini Yezobuchwepheshe Nezobuchwepheshe

ISichibiyelo sesine sisebenza emniningwaneni yezibalo. Riley v. California [2014] (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi izikhulu zingakwazi ukuphenya ucingo lwamakhalekhukhwini olubanjwayo phakathi nokuboshwa ngaphandle kwemvume, ngisho nangaphansi “kuhlola isenzakalo sokubopha” ngoba ucingo lwanamuhla luqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi komuntu. Ngokufanayo, ukulandelela imvume yendawo yomuntu nge-GPS emotweni kudinga isiqinisekiso ([] v. United States. Jones[FL:3]], 2012]).

Isibonelo: Uma uboshelwe ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, amaphoyisa angakubamba athathe ucingo lwakho, kodwa angakwazi ukuhlela ngezithombe, imibhalo, noma ukushayela i-log ngaphandle kwemvume. Uma bekwenza, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakele (umz., izithombe zobugebengu) zingacishwa.

Ukuze ifunde okwengeziwe ngezindaba zomuntu siqu, i-Electronic Frontinery’s Know Your Rights pheji imboza izinsimbi zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqapha.

Ukuhlola Imingcele

Umngcele uyindawo ehlukile. Uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu lokuhlola abantu ngaphandle kogunyazwa kanye nendawo engena e-United States − kuhlanganise nokuseshwa kwama-laptop nocingo. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikalixazululi ngokugcwele izinga lokuhlola okuvunyelwe kwemisebe emngceleni, kodwa izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zahlukana ngokuthi ingabe ukusola okunengqondo kuyadingeka yini ekuhlolweni. I-Routine, njengokuhlola okungenamthetho kanye nokuhlola izimpahla, akudingi kusola. Ukuphenya okuqinile.

Isibonelo: endaweni yokuhlola izikhululo zezindiza, umthumeli angakucela ukuba uvule izikhwama zakho futhi angahlola ucingo lwakho ukuze uthole izithombe ezingekho ngokomthetho. Nokho, uma befuna igama lakho lokungena futhi bechitha amahora amaningi bekopisha ukwaziswa, ezinye izinkantolo ziye zakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kudlula ukuphenywa komngcele okuvamile futhi kudinga ukusola komuntu ngamunye.

Ukuhlola Isikole

Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi baye banciphisa amathemba okwethulwa. Ngaphansi New Jersey v. T.L.O.[[FL:1] (1985), izikhulu zesikole zingase zifune umfundi uma zinokungabaza okunengqondo kokuthi ukuphenya kuzovumbulula ubufakazi bokwephulwa kwemithetho yesikole noma imithetho. Alukho umthetho odingekayo. Ukuhlola kumele kube nengqondo futhi kungaphazanyiswa kakhulu ubudala bomfundi nohlobo lobunjalo besikhathi okusolwa ukuba kube yize.

Isibonelo: Uthisha uhogela insangu ephasishini futhi abone umfundi enamehlo abomvu. Uthisha angacela umfundi ukuba akhiphe amasheke noma afune isikhwama esikhwama. Kodwa uma efuna ngephakethi elifiphele, kungaba okungenangqondo.

Amacebiso Awusizo Okuvikela Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nokuhlangana Kwamaphoyisa

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kungenza umehluko ekuqondeni ukuthi ukubhekana nesenzakalo kuyoba ngcono kanjani. La macebiso awusizo awazona izeluleko ezingokomthetho, kodwa ayiziqondiso ezivamile.

Hlala Uzolile Futhi Uwabeke Kahle Amalungelo Akho

  • [[[IFLT:0] Buza uma ukhululekile ukuhamba. Uma isikhulu sithi yebo, ungahamba ngokuzola. Uma bethi cha, uyaboshelwa.
  • [ Unelungelo lokuthula. Awudingi ukuphendula imibuzo ngemisebenzi yakho, indawo oya kuyo, noma uma wazi ukuthi kungani umisiwe. Uma ukhetha ukuthula, sho ngokuzwakalayo: “Ngiyalisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula.”
  • Ungavumi ukusesha. Ungathi: “Angivumi ukusesha.” Ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi awunalutho ongalufihla, ungasho ukuthi awuwagcini amalungelo akho angokomthetho. Uma isikhulu sinomthetho, sizosesha noma kunjalo kodwa asidingi ukuvuma.
  • Ungaphiki ngokomzimba. Uma uhlola naphezu kokuphikisa kwakho, ungalwi. Kamuva, ummeli wakho angabekela inselele ngokomthetho wokufuna enkantolo. Melana kamuva, hhayi ngokomzimba.

Ukuhlangana Nomthetho: Ongakwenza

Ematheni emoto: Chofoza ngokuphephile, zima injini, qengqela ifasitela lakho kancane, futhi ugcine izandla zakho zibonakala. Uma ucelwa ilayisense futhi ubhalise, yazisa isikhulu ukuthi sikuphi (umz., “Imali yami isemgoqweni wami wemuva wemoto, ngizoyifinyelela”. Kudingeka ukuba unikeze ilayisense yakho, ukubhalisa, nobufakazi be-mshuwalense. Akudingedinge ukuphendula imibuzo efana nokuthi “Uvelaphi?” noma “Uyazi ukuthi kungani ngima?” Ngenqaba ukuphendula.

Uma isikhulu sicela ukusesha imoto yakho, sithi: “Mphathi, angivumi ukusesha.” Uma beqhubeka, ungaphazamisi. Qaphela imininingwane `inombolo(badge, inombolo yemoto, imoto yokuhlola, amagama ofakazi), futhi ubiza ummeli ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Emgwaqweni: Uma isikhulu sisondela kuwe ukuze sibuze imibuzo, sibuze: “Ngiboshiwe, noma ngikhululekile ukuya?” Uma ungaboshwa, ungahamba. Uma bekuvimbela (ukusola okunengqondo), ungahlala uthule. Uma unikeza igama lakho kuphela uma kufunwa umthetho wezwe (ezinye izizwe zifuna ukuba uzibone ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile). Ngaphandle kwalokho, yithi: “Ngikhetha ukuhlala ngithule futhi ngithanda ukukhuluma kummeli.”

Ukuze uthole iziqondiso eziningiliziwe mayelana nokuthi yini ongayenza phakathi namameyi, bheka incwajana ethi National Association of Criminal Defense Lavers’s Know Affairs ques ques ques ques .

Uma Amaphoyisa Efuna Ukufuna Ikhaya Lakho

  • Cela ukubona isiqinisekiso. Uma benesiqinisekiso, ungasifunda. Qiniseka ukuthi sihlanganisa nekheli lakho elilungile, sisayinwe yijaji, futhi sihlele izindawo eziqondile okumelwe zihlolwe futhi kufuneke izinto.
  • Uma imvume ifanelekile, kumelwe uvumele ukungena, akudingeki ukuba ubasize bafune, kodwa ungakwazi ukubavimbela ngokomzimba.
  • Uma bengenalo isiqinisekiso, ungakwenqaba ukungena ngokuthi: “Anginamvume yami ukungena.” Vala umnyango ngomoya ophansi. Ungaphikisi noma umemeze.

Ukubhala Ukuhlangana

Uma kungenzeka, ukuxhumana komthetho okubhaliwe nokugcinwa kwemithetho, kodwa yenza kanjalo ngendlela engaphazamisani nomsebenzi wabo. Ezizweni eziningi, unelungelo lokuqopha amaphoyisa ezindaweni zomphakathi. Nokho, imithetho iyahlukahluka, ngakho qaphela. Uma uqopha, yazise isikhulu: “Ngiqopha lokhu kuxhumana ukuze ngiphephe.”

Ngemva kokuhlangana, bhala konke okukhumbulayo: isikhathi, indawo, amagama ezikhulu, izinombolo zamabheji, okwashiwo, okwaseshwa, nokuthi uvumeni. Gcina amarisidi, izithombe, noma amavidiyo. Lencwadi ingabaluleka kakhulu uma kamuva ufaka isikhalo noma ummeli wakho ekhalaza ukuseshwa.

Isikhathi Sokuxhumana Ne - Attorney

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesine aye onikiwe, ngokwesibonelo, amaphoyisa ahlola ikhaya lakho noma imoto ngaphandle kwemvume noma imvume engekho futhi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa, ungakhuluma nommeli wezegebengu ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ummeli angalihlola icala lakho, anqume ukuthi ukuphenywa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho yini, futhi afake isinyathelo sokuvimbela noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho. Umthetho wokuzijezisa ngokuvamile wenza ubufakazi obunjalo bungamukeleki enkantolo.

Ngisho noma ungamangalelwanga, ukwephula umthetho kungase kukunikeze izizathu zokumangalela amalungelo omphakathi ngaphansi kuka - 42 U.S.C. ngo - 1983. Ummeli angakululeka ngokuthi ukumangalelwa okunjalo kufanelekile.

Umthetho Oyingcaca Nemingcele Yawo

Umthetho wokuhlukanisa uyikhambi elivimbela ubufakazi obutholakalayo bempoqo yeSichibiyelo sesine ukuba busetshenziswe ngokumelene nommangalelwa lapho kuqulwa icala. Injongo yawo iwukuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa. Umthetho usebenza emacaleni amaningi obugebengu, kodwa kunezinto ezihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhulu zithembele okholweni oluhle eluqinisekisini kamuva oluye lwabonakala lungasebenzi, ubufakazi bungase bungaphinde bungasetshenziswa ngaphansi “kokholo oluhle oluhlukile” ( United States v., 1984]), ngokufanayo, uma ubufakazi bebungatholakala ngokungenakugwenywa ngokomthetho, bungavunywa.

Umthetho wokuhlukanisa awusebenzi ekudingisweni kwezindlebe zomphakathi noma ekuvinjweni kwezindlebe zomphakathi. Futhi awusebenzi uma uphenywa umuntu ozimele ongasiqondi isiqondiso sikahulumeni. Ukuqonda lemingcele kubalulekile uma ukhuluma ngesenzo sikahulumeni esingabangeli ubugebengu noma ukuseshwa umqashi ozimele.

Ukuze uthole incazelo ebanzi yomthetho ohlukanisayo, hlola Isethulo soMahluleli esiphethe umthetho ohlukanisayo.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlala Unolwazi Futhi Uthumbile

ISichibiyelo sesine siyisivikelo esiphilayo esizivumelanisa nobuchwepheshe obusha nezenzo zamaphoyisa ezihlanganisayo. Ngokuqonda izimiso zaso eziyisisekelo kanye nezivamile, ungavikela amathuba akho ezindaba zomuntu siqu futhi uphendule ngokuphumelelayo lapho umthetho usebenzelana nawe. Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo akho ngenhlonipho. Ngokubuza ukuthi ukhululekile yini, ukwenqaba ukuphenya, futhi ngokuthula ugcine ikhono lakho lokubekela inselele izenzo ezingekho emthethweni kamuva. Uma usola ukuthi amalungelo akho aphulwe, bhala ukuhlangana nokuthintana nommeli. Ulwazi lwe-Gajimende lesine lungenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu onawo ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho omthetho.