Table of Contents

ISichibiyelo sesithupha soMthetho-sisekelo waseMelika singenye yezimpikiswano eziphawuleka kakhulu zamalungelo okuvota emlandweni waseMelika. I-Ratived ngoJuly 1, 1971, ngemva kokuhlongozwa yiSishaya-mthetho ngoMarch 23, 1971, lesisimemezelo somthetho senziwa sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota kusukela eminyakeni engu - 21 kuya kwengu - 18, ngokuyisisekelo siguqula ukuvota nokuthatha imvume, ukuhlanganyela, nokucindezela okusaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Ukuhamba kwe-amenment kwamelela okungaphezu nje kokushintsha kobuchwepheshe ekuvoteni ukuphumelela − kwahlanganisa ushintsho olukhulu endleleni umphakathi waseMelika owawubheka ngayo amandla entsha okubophana kwesizwe kanye nesigxobo sawo ngokubusa kwentando yeningi. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu kufezwa kwengqopha - mlando, amashumi eminyaka alandela ukukhiqizwa kwemidanti aye embula izinselele eziphikelelayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abavoti abasebasha bangawasebenzisa ngokugcwele amalungelo abo omthetho-mthetho, okwenza iSimemezelo seNguqulo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sihobe izingxoxo eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuncintiswa kwevota kanye nokuvota.

Umlando Ogciniwe: Umgwaqo Oya Esichibiyelweni Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha

Ubuciko Bakuqala NeMpi Yezwe II

Ngokuncishiswa kweminyaka yokubuthwa kwempi esukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 ngeMpi Yezwe II, kwaqala iziphakamiso eziningi zomkhandlu ukuze zihambisane nenkathi yokuvota nenkathi yokubuthwa. Ukungabi nabulungisa okuyisisekelo kwakusobala: Izinsizwa zazingaphoqelelwa ukuba zikhonze izwe lazo empini, kodwa zazingenazwi elinamandla ekukhetheni abaholi abanqumayo ngempi nokuthula. Inkulumo yaqala isiqalo sazo ngeMpi Yezwe II, lapho uMongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt enciphisa iminyaka engu-18, adala ukungqubuzana kokuziphatha nezombangazwe okwakuzoqala amashumi eminyaka.

Naphezu kwalokhu kukhuphuka kwasekuqaleni, izikhulu zomphakathi ezihlukahlukene zazisekele ukuthobisa inkathi yokuvota phakathi nekhulu lama - 20, kodwa zazingakwazanga ukuthola amandla okulawula adingekayo ukuze kudluliswe ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo. Lendaba yaqhubeka ichaza ukulandelelana kwezombangazwe zesizwe phakathi kwawo - 1950 nawo - 1960, kanye nezindawo ezimbalwa kuphela ezithatha isinyathelo sokuzimela ukuze zehlise iminyaka yazo yokuvota.

Impi YaseVietnam Njengendawo Yokuhlasela

IMpi yaseVietnam yaguqula impikiswano yenkathi yokuvota yaba imfuneko ephuthumayo yokuziphatha phakathi nawo - 1960. Phakathi nokwehlisa inkathi yokuvota yanda lapho amabutho ahlomile aseU.S. ehileleka ngokuqondile ekuvikeleni i-Vietnam eNyakatho Vietnam nasemikhosini yaseViet Cong guerilla. Njengoba ukuhileleka kwaseMelika kwanda futhi kwabulala kwanda, ukuphikisana kwaba okungenakunakwa.

Cishe amaphesenti angu - 30 amabutho aseVietnam ayengaphansi kuka - 21, futhi acishe abe ngu - 19 000, noma ingxenye, yalabo ababefe belwa empini kwakungaphansi kuka - 21.

"Kudala ngokwanele ukuba kulwe, kudala ngokwanele ukuba kuvote" kwaba yisiqubulo esivamile sabasekeli bokwehlisa inkathi yokuvota. Lokhu kumemeza komhlangano kwazwakala emakolishi, ezinhlanganweni zokubhikisha, futhi ekugcineni emahholo eSishaya-mthetho ngokwaso. Isiqubulo saveza impikiswano elula kodwa enamandla ngezimiso zobulungisa nezobudemokhrasi ezabonakala kunzima kubaphikisi ukumelana nayo.

Izinhlangano Ezinabantu Abahlukahlukene Nezenzo Zobusha

Ukuphoqelelwa kokwehlisa inkathi yokuvota kwakungabhekisi kuphela enkonzweni yezempi. Ukusekela ngokuqhubekayo ukusekela inkathi ephansi yokuvota kuhlanganisa nendima yentsha emzabalazweni wamalungelo omphakathi nezinye izinhlangano zokuguqula izenhlalo nezombangazwe ngawo-1950 nawo 1960. AmaMelika amasha ayebonisa ubuhlakani bezombangazwe nokuzibophezela kwawo ngokuthatha izivumelwano, izimo eziyinselele zokufuna kwawo ukuba yizakhamuzi eziphelele.

Ukwanda kwamazinga okuthweswa iziqu eziphezulu ezikoleni kanye nokuthola kwentsha ukwaziswa okungokombangazwe ngobuchwepheshe obusha nakho kwathonya imibono eqondile ngokulungiselela kwabo ilungelo elibaluleke kakhulu lesizwe. Imfundo yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela lapho kusungulwa iminyaka yokuvota yobu - 21 ubudala, njengoba intsha eningi kakhulu iqeda imfundo yasezikoleni eziphezulu futhi ithola ulwazi lomphakathi.

Uhambo Olungokomthetho Lokuya Ekwakheni Imali

I - Voting Rights Act ka - 1970 no - Oregon v.

Ikhungathekiswe ukusheshiswa kokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlanganisana kwezinhlangano zenguquko yenkathi yokuvota kwathatha indlela ehlukile. Ukuzimisela ukuthatha isinyathelo kulendaba, izinxulumani zenhlangano yamazwe ahlangene zahlanganisa ilungiselelo levoti elineminyaka engu-18 ubudala eyandisa uMthetho we-1970. Lelicebo lomthetho lizama ukufeza lokho okwabonakala kunzima ngomthetho-mthetho ukulungisa.

Ukuphendula izimpikiswano zokuthi labo abadala ngokwanele ukuba babuthwe ukuze basebenze empini kufanele bakwazi ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokuvota, uMkhandlu wehlisa inkathi yokuvota njengengxenye yoMthetho Welungelo Womthetho - sisekelo ka-1970. Nokho, lendlela yabhekana nezinselele ezisheshayo zomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme yagcina ibambe icala lika-Oregon v. Mitchell ukuthi iSishayamthetho sasingeke sinciphise isikhathi sokuvota ngenxa kahulumeni nokhetho lwendawo.

Isinqumo seNkantolo ehlukene sadala inhlekelele yomthetho-mthetho-mthethweni. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho ohlwini lwesihlanu kuya kwengu-4 ekuvoteni ekusebenziseni inkathi ephansi yokuvota kukhetho kuphela. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi amazwe ayeyodinga ukugcina izimiso zokubhalisa ezihlukene futhi enze nokhetho oluhlukanisayo lwezwe nombuso namahhovisi endawo okulawula okungalawuleki.

ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo Esisheshayo

Iqaphela ukudideka nezindleko ezizohilelekile ekulondolozeni imincintiswano yokuvota ehlukene yemincintiswano kahulumeni nombuso, iSishaya - mthetho sahlongoza ngokushesha futhi izifundazwe zagunyaza iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nayisithupha. Ukulungisa kwabangelwa inqubo yokuhlukanisa ngesivinini esikhulu.

Igunyazwe nguCarl Albert waseOklahoma, ukubuyiselwa kwendlu kwadlula ngevoti yabangu-401 kuya ku-197, ngo-March 23, 1971. ISigele sasiyidlulise ngokusekela okunamandla ngendlela efanayo. Sathola ukusekela kwengqungquthela ngoMarch 23, 1971, futhi sagunyazwa yizifundazwe ngoJuly 1, 1971, ukuphawula isikhathi esifushane phakathi kokuvunyelwa kwe-Congregation nokuncishiniswa komlando wase-U.S.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni e-Ohio naseNyakatho Carolina zazingowokugcina ukuvuma ukulungiswa ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukusebenza inqubo yokuhlaziywa kwemithetho ye-othoric esemthethweni ngoJuly 1, 1971. Ukwenziwa kwemigqa esheshayo kwabonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kokuthi lolu shintsho lwaludingeka futhi lulungile. UNixon waqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa ngoJuly 5 eMpumalanga yeHouse emhlophe, phambi kweqembu lentsha eMelika esemthethweni eConcert, futhi waze wakhethwa ngisho nangamalungu amathathu aneminyaka engu-18 ubudala ukuba asayine isiqinisekiso sokusayina imvume njengofakazi.

Umphumela Osheshayo Nokulindela Kwasekuqaleni

Ukwanda Kwe - Electorate

ISichibiyelo Se - 26 sabangela ukuba cishe amaMelika ayizigidi ezingu - 11 avote ngo - 18. Lokhu kwanda okukhulu kwabavoti kwabangela injabulo nokuqagela ngendlela laba abavoti abasha ababeyophinde bashintshe ngayo ezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ukhetho lokuqala lukamongameli lapho abantu abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala babengahlanganyela khona ngokugcwele ezweni lonke kwakungu 1972. Ngo- 1971, ukuncitshiswa kwekhulu lama-26 kwehlisa iminyaka yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18, kuletha inani eliphakeme kakhulu (55%) kuya ku-18 kuya ku-29 ubudala kumavoti aneminyaka emisha) emlandweni waseMelika phakathi nokhetho lwango 1972. Lesi sigaxa sokuqala sasikisela ukuthi abavoti abasebasha babeyoba namandla edemokrati eMelika.

Izibonelo Zakuqala Zokuhlanganyela

Nokho, intshiseko yokuqala yathathelwa indawo amaqiniso ahluphayo. Kusukela eminyakeni engu-18 ubudala yanikezwa ilungelo lokuvota ngo- 1971 ngeSichibiyelo sama-26 soMthetho-sisekelo, intsha iye yamelelwa ekuhloleni kwango 2003, futhi ngo- 1976, omunye wokhetho lokuqala lapho abantu abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala bakwazi khona ukuvota, u-1824 weminyaka yobudala bakha amaphesenti ayi-18 abo bonke abafanelekela ukuvota eMelika, kodwa amaphesenti ayi-13 kuphela alabo abafanelekelayo kanye nokhetho olungaphansi kwe-31.

Lendlela yokuzimela kwentsha ephansi uma iqhathaniswa namaqembu asekhulile aqhubeke kumashumi eminyaka kusukela ekudukisweni. Intsha inethuba eliphansi kakhulu, nakuba njengoba ineminyaka yobudala, ukubuya kwanda kakhulu lapho ineminyaka engu - 50 ubudala bese iphinde yehla futhi. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani leligebe liye laba isisekelo sezingxoxo zokucindezelwa kwevoti nokhetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha Nezimpikiswano Zokucindezelwa Kwezigebengu Zanamuhla

Ukuchaza Ukucindezelwa Kwegesi Emkhakheni Womsindo Wentsha

Ukucindezelwa kweVoter kuhlanganisa uhide lwezindlela, izinqubo, nemikhuba eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ezifanele ukubhalisa ukuvota noma ukuphonsa amavoloti azo. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okuvota angeke aphiwe noma avinjelwe ngenxa yobudala balabo abangu - 18 nangaphezulu, abasha abavoti bayaqhubeka bebhekana nezithiyo ezihlukanisayo ezivimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlanganyela kwabo.

Lemingcele isebenza ngendlela ehlukile kunenguquko ecacile evimbela ukucwasana kweminyaka. Kunalokho, ihlanganisa izimiso ezingathathi hlangothi ebusweni ezithi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa zithinte intsha evotayo, imikhuba yokuphatha ehluleka ukuvumelana nezimo zentsha, kanye nezindawo ezilinganiselwe ezisezingeni zomphakathi ezishiya intsha evoti ingenakusekela ngokwanele ekusebenziseni amalungelo ayo.

Imithetho Yokubhala Nezincwadi Ezincane

Nakuba abasekeli balemithetho bephikisa ukukhwabanisa, abagxeki baveza ithonya labo elingenakulinganiswa emaqenjini athile amanani abantu, kuhlanganise nentsha.

Abavoti abasebasha abavamile ukuba babe nezinhlobo ezithile zokuzichaza ezifunwa yimithetho ye-ID eqinile. Abafundi basekholiji bangase babe namalayisensi okushayela asuka ekhaya labo ukuthi abafanelani nendawo yabo yokuhlala yamanje, noma bangathembela kuma-ID abafundi amanye amazwe angawamukeli njengophawu olusemthethweni. UIdaho uye wanqabela ukusetshenziswa kwama-ID abafundi njengendlela yokukhetha, echaza indlela izimiso ezibonakala zingakha ngayo izithiyo ezithiyo zokuvota abasebasha.

Isimo esifushane sokuphila komuntu omdala sihlanganisa lezinselele. Abafundi abathutha phakathi kwama-dorm, amafulethi, namakhaya emikhaya bangase balwele ukugcina izincwadi zokwaziswa ezinamakheli amanje. Intsha esanda kuhlanganisa iminyaka engu-18 kungenzeka ukuthi ayikawatholi amalayisense okushayela noma amanye ama-ID kahulumeni anezimo zikahulumeni, akha i-odoli 22 lapho befanele ukuvota khona kodwa bentula khona imibhalo yokwenza kanjalo.

Izithiyo Zokubhalisa Nezidumbu

Izinqubo zokubhalisa zingenye isithiyo esibalulekile kwabasebasha abavoti. Izimfuneko zokubhalisa eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukufinyelelwa kwamathuba angaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye namathuba amancane okubhalisa kungakuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlanganyela kwentsha ngisho nalapho intsha ishukumiseleka ukuba ivote.

Ukuhlola kwamuva kwe-CIRCLE's sokhetho lwentsha kwathola ukuthi intsha esezifundeni ngaphandle kokubhalisa nge-inthanethi, ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, noma ukubhalisa usuku olunye ingathi iphelelwe isikhathi noma ilahlekelwe isikhathi sokubhalisa ukuze ivote. Lokhu kugcizelela indlela isisekelo sokubhalisa esithinta ngayo ukuhileleka kwentsha ngokuqondile.

Isikhathi sokubhalisa sivame ukungqubuzana nezigqi zokuphila kwentsha. Kungenzeka ukuthi abafundi abacabangi ngokhetho phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo lapho kuqalwa izingcingo eziningi zokubhalisa, noma bangase bagxile ekuqaleni ikolishi lapho isikhathi sokubhalisa siphela. Abavoti besikhathi sokuqala abanayo imikhuba emisiwe nolwazi olwenza inqubo yokubhalisa kubantu abadala.

Amazwe aye athatha izinqubo zokubhalisa ezisemthethweni kakhulu aye abona intsha ekhuphuka kakhulu. iMichigan, eyayinomphathi wentsha ophakeme kunayo yonke owavela ngo-2022, ivelele njengombuso okwenze kwaba lula ukubhalisa ukuvota eminyakeni yamuva, futhi izwe, elinawo futhi umbhalisi obhaliswe nge-intanethi kanye nosuku olulodwa, lasungula ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo ngo-2019, futhi laba nenani elikhulu kakhulu lentsha (amashumi amahlanu anesine) elibhaliselwe ukuvota phakathi no-201818222.

Indawo Yokungcolisa Nezinkinga Zokuthola Imali

Indawo nokutholakala kwezindawo zokuvota kuthinta kakhulu ikhono lentsha evotayo lokulahla amavoloti. Amakolishi aveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele, ngoba abafundi bangase bangaqiniseki ukuthi kufanele bavote kuphi (egcekeni labo) noma ekhaya labo

Ezinye izifunda ziye zanciphisa inani lezindawo zokuhlola eduze kwamakolishi namayunivesithi, ziphoqelela abafundi ukuba bahambe amabanga aphezulu noma balinde emigqeni emide. Abafundi abangenazimoto babhekene nobunzima obukhethekile obufika ezindaweni zokuhlola ezikude, ikakhulukazi uma izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi zilinganiselwe. Lemingcele ayizenzakaleli; kwezinye izimo, ibonisa izinqumo zamabomu ukuze benze ukuvota kube nzima kakhulu kubafundi.

Ukukhetha kokuqala nokuvota iposi kungasiza ekuxazululeni lezinselele, kodwa ukukwazi ukufinyelela lezi ezinye kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokombuso. Imininingwane ikhona ku-6 kwalezi zindawo ezingu-8 ukuthi ngokuzenzakalela iposi ithunyelwa kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiwe ngo-2022, futhi abathathu kubo .C.Colado, Oregon, noWashington, bonke abaye baba nokhetho lweposi kusukela ngo-2014 noma ngaphambili. Imininingwane ikhona phakathi kwezifunda ezingu-7 eziphezulu ngokuzimo ezisemusha ophezulu kakhulu.

Izimfuneko Zokuhlala Unjalo Nemisebenzi Yabafundi

Izimfuneko zokuzivumelanisa nezindawo zidala izinkinga ezithile kubafundi basekolishi. Abafundi basekholiji babhekene nesinqumo sokuthi kufanele bahlale bebhalisile emadolobheni abo noma babhalise emphakathini abazohlala kuwo. Lokhu kungabangela ukuba kube nemiphumela, kuthinte ukuthi abafundi abakhethayo bangahlanganyela kuphi futhi bavote baphi abazobhalisa.

Amanye amazwe nezindawo ziye zabekela inselele ilungelo labafundi lokubhalisa emakhelini abo esikoleni, ziphikisa ukuthi abazona izakhamuzi zeqiniso emphakathini wasekolishi. Lezi zinselele, nakuba zivame ukungaphumeleli enkantolo, zidala ukudideka nokungaqiniseki okungavimbela ukubhaliswa nokuvota kwabafundi. Usongo lwezinselele ezingokomthetho noma izimangalelo zokukhwabanisa zingaba nomphumela oshaqisayo ekuthatheni abafundi.

ISichibiyelo sehora lama-20 namashumi amabili nayisithupha siye sabhekana nezinselele ezimbalwa ezingokomthetho emashumini eminyaka kusukela sabekwa phansi, nezimpikiswano ezivamile ezisukela endleleni umfundi wasekolishi ovela ngaphandle kwedolobha amelelwa ngayo kuphengululo. Lemibuzo engokomthetho eqhubekayo ibonisa ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo ngendawo yabavoti abasha esimisweni sokukhetha.

Amagebe Okwaziswa Neziyalezo Zokwaziswa

Ngaphandle kwemingcele engokomthetho, abavoti abasebasha babhekene nokwaziswa okubalulekile kanye namagebe ezincwadi avimbela ukuthatha kwabo isinyathelo ngokuphumelelayo. Abavoti besikhathi sokuqala kumelwe basebenzise izimiso zokukhetha eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kolwazi nolwazi ukuthi abavoti abadala baye banqwabelana iminyaka eminingi noma amashumi eminyaka behlanganyela.

Intsha eningi ayinalo ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngendlela yokubhalisa, yokuvota, ukuthi ifuna ukubhalisa kuphi, nokuthi ingaba iziphi izindlela zokuvota. Nakuba lokhu kwaziswa kutholakala, kudinga isikhathi, umzamo, nolwazi ukuthi intsha eningi ayinalo. Izikole nemiphakathi ihluka kakhulu ekulungiseleleni kahle intsha ukuvota, kudala ukungalingani komphakathi.

Ukungabikho kwezakhiwo zomphakathi ezihleliwe zokusekela abavoti abasha kumelela indlela yokucindezela izakhiwo. Ngokungafani namazwe abhalisa izakhamuzi noma anikeze imfundo ebanzi, i-United States ishiya intsha ifuna ukuvota ngokwayo. Le ndlela yokuzivota iphumele ekutheni kunciphe kakhulu ekuthatheleni iqhaza phakathi kwalabo abangenawo umkhaya, umphakathi, noma abaswele ukusekela kwezinhlangano ekuvotelweni.

Izindlela Nemikhuba Yobusha Ekwakheni I - voter Turmout

Izinga Lokubuya Komlando

Umvoti wentsha uye washintshashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuncishisweni kweSichibiyelo sesithupha, namazinga okuhlanganyela ngokuvamile ahlala engaphansi kakhulu kwalawo asebudala. Ngokomlando, umvoti wentsha uye wanda cishe ngamaphesenti angu-20 phakathi nokhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi yokuphela, nakuba iminyaka yokukhetha umongameli ivame ukubona ukuthatha iqhaza okukhulu.

Okhetho bamuva nje luye lwabonisa izimo ezithile ezikhuthazayo. Ngo-2020, amaphesenti angu - 50 entsha, eneminyaka engu - 18 kuya kwengu - 299, yavota kukhetho lomongameli, ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwezindawo eziyi 11 kusukela ngo 2016 (39%) futhi ngokunokwenzeka okungelinye lamazinga aphakeme kakhulu alabo abakhetha intsha kusukela enkathini yokuvota kwehliswa kwehholo lafinyelela ku-18. Lokhu kwasikisela ukuba izivumelwano zezombangazwe zikhule phakathi kwentsha yaseMelika.

Nokho, cishe ingxenye yentsha (ineminyaka engu-47%) engu-18 kuya kwengu-29 yafaka ivoti kukhetho lukamongameli lwango-2024, olubukeza izilinganiso zangaphambili nezindawo zokukhetha kwentsha ngo-2024 cishe ngo-2024 (50%), okwakuwunyaka ophakeme ongokomlando wokuvota. Nakuba kuseyikhomba ngamandla, lokhu kuncipha okuncane kobusha obungu-202020 kubonisa ukuthi ukuhoxa kwentsha ephakeme akuzenzakaleli ngengozi noma akuqinisekisiwe.

Ukwehluka Phakathi Kwezinkulumo Zobusha

Intsha ephenya izibalo ifihla umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwentsha evotayo.

Omvoti omncane kunabo bonke ofanelekayo uhlanganyela ngokomlando ngamazinga aphansi, futhi kwakunjalo futhi ngo-2024, umavoti wentsha ephuma phakathi kwabangu-18-nangu-19 ngonyaka ngo-41%, amaphesenti ayisithupha aphansi kunawo wonke amaphesenti omntwana. Leligebe liqokomisa izinselele ezikhethekile abaqala ukuvota abahamba ngesimiso sokuvota okokuqala.

Ukwehluka kwezinhlanga ebuntsheni kubonisa izindlela ezibanzi zokungalingani kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Umvoti wentsha wasuka ku- 58% phakathi kwabesifazane abamhlophe abasha kuya ku-25% kuleyo engaphansi kwesigamu se-Latino (27%) naphakathi kwezinsizwa ezinsundu (25%), kanye nomvoti wentsha ophansi washiya amaBlack ne-Latino amadoda asemasha, ikakhulukazi, uyaqhubeka nokuthambekela kokhetho lwamuva oluyimbangela eyinhloko yokukhathazeka.

Amagebhugebhu avele abonakala ebaluleke kakhulu. Kwakunegebe elingu-9 lokuhlanganyela ngokobulili ngo-2024: 50% phakathi kwabesifazane abasebasha nangu- 41% phakathi kwezinsizwa. Lokhu kuhluka kuveza okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukene kanye nobuhlobo nesimiso sezombangazwe phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene entsha.

Izinguquko Zesilinganiso Sikahulumeni

Ukuqabuka kwentsha kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundazweni, kubonisa umehluko wemithetho yokukhetha, izakhiwo zomphakathi, kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe. Intsha yasuka enyuka isukela ku-37% kwezinye izindawo kuya ku - 13% kwezinye phakathi nokhetho lwaphakathi kuka-2022, ibonisa ukuthi indaba engokomongo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni kwentsha.

Izwe elinemithetho yokuvota evimbelayo libonisa ukuthi intsha ephansi iyazihambela njalo. ITennessee (13%), i-Alabama (15%), ne-Oklahoma (15%) ayinawo usuku olufanayo, noma i-Oklahoma ayibhalisanga, futhi i-Oklahoma ingenye yezifundazwe eziyishumi kuphela ezweni ngaphandle kokubhaliswa kwe-injini ka-ilayini ye-intanethi; iTennessee inemfuneko eqinile ye-ID yokuphonsa i-bolot evamile; kanti i-Alabama inye yezindawo ezimbalwa ezinganikezi lutho, ezibhalisayo.

Ngokuphambene, ithi izimiso zokuvota ziye zasetshenziswa zibonise ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphakeme ngokungenakulinganiswa. Izwe elinjengeMinnesota, iMaine, iMichigan, neColorado liphakathi kwezifundazwe eziphezulu zombili ezingu-2024 zentsha ezibuyayo futhi ezinhlangothini ze-Facilititive Evolution Laws, zonke izifunda ezine zine-AVR, OVR, SDR, kanye nokubhalisa kwangaphambi kokubhalisa eminyakeni engu-20222, futhi kubonakala sengathi zonke ezine azinakho ukuvota okungekho, futhi iColoradoodo zithumela ngokuzenzaka zonke izivoti zeposi kuvoti ezibhalisiweyo, kanye ne Minnesova, ezathiswe phezulu ngo-2024, ezisanda kusetshenziswa i-AVR kanye nokubhalisa phakathi kohlulwa kwangaphambi kokhetho futhi zibonakala zikhona ngokushesha, futhi ziveza imiphumela ezindaweni zokuvotela eziphakathi kwentsha (18%).).

Izindlela Zokuvimbela Ezibanzi Ezithinta Yonke Imishini

Ukukhishwa kweVoter Roll

Umvoti olwayo ukhipha imikhuba yokukhipha ucingo ethinta bonke ubudala kodwa angathonya ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abasebasha abahamba njalo futhi abangase bangaqapheli ukuthi basusiwe ezinhlabeni zokubhalisa. Abakhokhi ababonakala benenjongo yokulondoloza amaqoqo anembile abavoti ngokususa abantu abafile, abasusiwe, noma abangakwazi ukukhishwa. Nokho, ngokuvamile ukuhlanza kususa abavoti abafanelekayo ngephutha noma ngezimiso ezinonya.

Ukuhamba kwabavoti abasebasha kubenza babe sengozini kakhulu yokukhipha ngokusekelwe ezinguqulweni zekheli noma ukwehluleka ukuvota kukhetho lwamuva. Umfundi obhalisa ekhelini lekholiji kodwa angavoti kukhetho lwendawo angasuswa ngaphambi kokhetho olukhulu olulandelayo. Umuntu ohamba phakathi kwezifundazwe ukuze athole imfundo noma umsebenzi angase asuswe ezirolini zombili, ashiye engakwazi ukuvota kunoma kuphi.

Ukuntuleka kokukhanya ezinyangweni zokuhlanza lezi zinkinga. Abavoti abaningi abatholi ukuthi bakhishwe de bazame ukuvota, lapho kungase kwephuze kakhulu ukuphinde kubhaliswe khona. Nakuba ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasebenzisa izixwayiso ezifana nezimfuneko zezaziso kanye nokubhaliswa kosuku olunye ukuze zinciphise imiphumela yokuhlanza, abanye bayaqhubeka nokukhipha ngonya ngokungaqondi kahle noma ngesivikelo esincane.

Ukuncishiswa Kwamathuba Okuphasa Kuqala

Ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kunikeza abavoti ithuba elibalulekile lokuhlela izingxabano, izinselele zokuhamba, noma ezinye izithiyo zokuvota ngoSuku Lokhetho. Ukuncishiswa kwezinkathi zokuvota zakuqala nezindawo kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kubo bonke abantu kodwa ikakhulukazi kubathinta abasebasha abavotayo okungenzeka banemisebenzi noma izimiso zesigaba ezingaguquki.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zanciphisa izikhathi zokuvota kwasekuqaleni, zaqeda ukuvota kwangempelasonto kwasekuqaleni, noma zanciphisa inani lezindawo zokuvota. Lezinguquko ziphoqelela abavoti abaningi ukuba bavote ngoSuku Lokhetho, lapho imigqa ithatha isikhathi eside futhi ihlela izingxabano. Kubafundi abashaya amakilasi, umsebenzi, nezinye izibopho, ukulahlekelwa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kungasho umehluko phakathi kokuvota nokungavoti.

Uma amayunivesithi eqala ukuvota, ukuthatha isinyathelo kwandisa ngokungenangqondo. Ukususa lezi zindawo ezifanelekayo kuyilapho zigcinwa kwezinye izindawo kumelela indlela yokucindezelwa okuhlaselwa.

Imingcele Ekubhaliseni Ngezimali

Imishini yokubhalisa ivoter, ngokuvamile eqhutshwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi, imikhankaso yezombangazwe, namaqembu abafundi, inendima ebalulekile ekubhaliseni abavoti abasha, kuhlanganise nentsha. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zabeka imingcele kulokhu kubhalisa, zifuna izinhlangano ukuba zibhaliswe nombuso, zilinganisele ukuthi ubani ongaqoqa amafomu okubhalisa, zibeke imingcele eqinile yokuzithoba, futhi zakhe izijeziso ngamaphutha amancane.

Lemithetho ingavimbela izinhlangano ukuba ziqhube izintambo zokubhalisa noma zinciphise ukuphumelela kwazo. Amaqembu abafundi angase abhalise ontanga yawo abhekane nezithiyo zezikhulu zempi nezingozi ezingokomthetho ezidumaza imizamo yazo. Izinhlangano zobuchwepheshe zokubhalisa zingase zigweme amazwe anezimfuneko ezingefani, zishiye abavoti kulezo zindawo abanamathuba amancane okubhalisa.

Kubantu abasebasha abavotayo abangase babhalisa ngokuthanda kwabo, ukwehla kokubhalisa kushintsha ngokuqondile izinga lokubhalisa eliphansi. Imishini esekelwe eCampus ibaluleke kakhulu ekufinyeleleni abafundi lapho behlala khona futhi betadisha, bebeka imingcele kulemisebenzi elimaza ngokukhethekile ekuhlanganyeleni kwentsha.

Ukungavumelani Okuphawulekayo

Imithetho ephambene, evimbela amalungelo okuvota abantu abanezinkolelo zobugebengu, ithinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika.

Ukuhlangana kwecala lokungavumelani nokwehlukana kwezinhlanga esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu kusho ukuthi lemithetho ivimbela ukuvota phakathi kwamadoda amaBlack namaLatino amazinga aphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kunengxenye ezindaweni eziqhelile eziphawulwe okhethweni bamuva futhi kumelela uhlobo lokunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwezakhiwo okuhlanganisa ezinye izithiyo ezibhekene nabasha abavota imibala.

Izwe liyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni zalo zokulahla amalungelo, kusukela ekubuyiselweni okuzenzekelayo kwamalungelo lapho kukhululwa kuya ekudilizweni okuhlala njalo kwamacala athile. Lo msebenzi odiliziwe udala ukudideka futhi ungaholela abanye abavoti abafanelekayo ekukholelweni ngokungeyikho ukuthi abangakwazi ukuvota. Ubunkimbinkimbi bemithetho kanye nehlazo elihlangene nokuhileleka komthetho wobugebengu livimbela enye intsha ukuba ingazami ukubhalisa noma ukuvota ngisho nalapho ifaneleka ngokomthetho.

Indima Yokufundiswa Nokusetshenziswa Kwemithetho

Ukubhalisa i Voter okuzenzakalelayo

Ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kovoti (AVR) kumelela enye yezinguquko ezithembisa kakhulu ekuthatheni indima ekhudlwana kovoti bentsha. Ngaphansi kwezimiso ze-AVR, izakhamuzi ezifanele zibhaliswa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuba zivote lapho zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni njengeminyango yezimoto, ekhetha ngaphandle kwalabo abangafuni ukubhalisa.

I-AVR ikhuluma ngemigoqo eminingi yokubhalisa ecindezela ukuvota kwentsha. Iqeda isidingo sokuba intsha ithathe izinyathelo ezithatha imvume yokubhalisa, isuse ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezindlela zokubhalisa nezikhathi ezimisiwe, futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izinguquko zekheli zibonakala ngokusemthethweni ekubhalisweni kwabavoti. I-AVR eqanjwe yi-AVR iye yabona ukwanda okukhulu kwamazinga okubhaliswa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha namaqembu angaphansi kwaleyo.

Ukuphumelela kwe - AVR ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlanganyela kwentsha kubonisa ukuthi iningi legebe lentsha eliphumayo libangelwa yimingcele yokwakha kunokuba linganaki noma lidideke. Uma isimiso senza ukubhalisa kube lula futhi kuzenzekele, intsha iyabhalisa futhi ivote ngamazinga aphakeme.

Ukubhalisa kosuku olufanayo

Ukubhalisa usuku olulodwa (SDR) kuvumela abavoti abafanele ukuba babhalise futhi bavote ngosuku olufanayo, kuhlanganise noSuku Lokhetho ngokwalo. Lenkambiso idingida inkinga yokugcinwa kwezinsuku ezidlulayo ngaphambi kokuba intsha igxile okhethweni oluzayo.

Abavoti abaqalayo ukuvota abangase bangaqapheli ngezikhathi zokubhalisa noma abahamba njalo, i-SDR inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile. Abafundi abaqaphela ngomzuzu wokugcina ukuthi ababhaliswanga, noma abangaqiniseki ngesimo sabo sokubhaliswa, bangahlanganyela kukhetho. Ukuguquguquka kwe-SDR kuvumelanisa izimo zokuphila kobusha ngezindlela izimiso ezingokwesiko ezingazivumeli.

I-Asmedian ebhalisa usuku olunye ibonisa ukubhalisa kwentsha ngokungaguquki kunaleyo engenayo. Inqubo iphumelela kakhulu uma ihlangene nezinye izinyathelo eziyimfihlo ezinjengokubhalisa i-intanethi kanye nokubhalisa kwangaphambi kokuba kube nonyaka we-16 no-17 ubudala.

Ukubhalisa kwangaphambi kwenkathi ye 16 ne 17 yeminyaka yakudala

Izinhlelo zokubhalisa zangaphambi kokuba zibhalise zivumela abaneminyaka engu - 16 no-17 ukuba babhalise ukuvota kusengaphambili, lapho ukubhalisa kwabo kuba okumatasa lapho beneminyaka engu - 18, lenkambiso isebenzisa ngokunenzuzo iqiniso lokuthi intsha eningi isesesikoleni esiphakeme kuleminyaka, iyenze kube lula ukufinyelela ezikoleni nasemihlelweni yemfundo yomphakathi.

Ukubhalisa kuqala kusiza ekumiseni ukuvota njengengxenye evamile yokufika ebudaleni, ukukuhlanganisa kushintshela ekubeni umuntu omdala kunokuba kuthathwe njengenqubo ehlukile, eyinkimbinkimbi. Intsha ebhalisa ngaphambi kokwenza imvume ivame ukuvota okhethweni lwayo lokuqala olufanele kunalabo okumelwe babhaliswe ngemva kokujika 18.

Izikole eziphezulu zingahlanganisa ukubhalisa kwangaphambi kokuba kubhaliswe emakilasini omphakathi, izimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu, noma izisusa zokubhalisa esikoleni sonke. Lokhu kusekela kunikeza ukuqashwa okudingeka ukuba intsha eningi isebenzise inqubo yokubhalisa ngokuphumelelayo. Amazwe aye aqala ukubhalisa akubona ukwanda okungalungiseki ekubhalisweni kobusha nasekuguqukeni.

Ukubhalisa nge-mamail kanye nokuthumela iposi

Izimiso zeposi kanye nokuvota okungekho kunikeza ukuvumelana okusiza ngokukhethekile abavoti abasebasha. Abafundi bangavota ngaphandle kokuhamba ekhaya noma ukuhamba ngezindawo zokuvota ezingajwayelekile. Intsha enezimiso zomsebenzi eziqinile ingavota uma ifuna ukuvota kunokuba izame ukuvumelana noSuku lokhetho olumatasa.

Izwe elizithumelela amavoti kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiwe libone ukuthunyelwa kwentsha enamandla. Usizo lokwamukela ivoti eposini, ukuba nesikhathi sokucwaninga nababezohlolwa, nokubuyisela ifomu lokuvota ngeposi noma ukulahla ibhokisi kususa eziningi zezithiyo ezivimbela ukuhileleka kwentsha.

Nokho, izimiso zokuvota ngeposi zidinga amakheli aqondile, angayinselele entsheni ehamba njalo. Izimiso zokulandelela nokuthatha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokubuya kwe-bollet zinikeza lezinselele, kodwa amakheli asele kwabavoti abasebasha abathatha isikhathi esifushane kakhulu.

Ukubhalisa nge - Internet

Inqubo yokubhalisa e-inthanethi yenza ukuba ukubhalisa kungeneke futhi kube umngane womsebenzisi, ikakhulukazi entsheni ekwaziyo ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-inthanethi. Izimiso ze-inthanethi zivumela ukubhaliswa noma kuphi nge-inthanethi, noma nini, ngaphandle kokwenza izinhlelo zephepha eliphelele, nokuthumela iposi.

Ikhono lokubhalisa usebenzisa ucingo noma i - computer, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi usemthethweni usemthethweni, lisusa ukuxabana. Ukubhalisa i - Internet kuye kwakhula ngamazinga okubhalisa, futhi imiphumela enamandla kakhulu entsheni.

Ukungabhaliswa kwe - Internet kwezinye izindawo kuwumngcele ongadingekile othinta intsha evotayo.

Imfundo Yamabhande Nokulungiselela Ukusebenza

Indima Yezikole Ekulungiseleleni Imishini

Izikole zinendima ebalulekile ekulungiseleleni intsha ukuba ivote, kodwa izinga lemfundo yomphakathi lihluka kakhulu emazweni nasezifundazweni. Imfundo yomphakathi ehlanganisa ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngokuvota (hhow) ukubhalisa, ukuthi izovota kuphi, ukuthi yini okumelwe ilindelwe kulokhu kuvota (8) ngokuphawulekayo kwandisa amathuba okuba intsha ivote lapho ifaneleka.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasebenzisa izimfuneko zokuba izikole eziphakeme zinikeze amathuba okuvota, zifake ukuvota ezifundweni zesikole, noma zivumela abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele okhethweni.

Nokho, izikole eziningi zinikeza imfundo ephansi yezembutho, futhi zimbalwa kakhulu ezilungiselela ukuvota. Leligebe lishiya intsha eningi ingenalwazi namakhono edingayo ukuze iqondise izinhlelo zokukhetha. Ukungabikho kwemfundo ehleliwe yomphakathi kumelela indlela yokuvimbela izakhiwo, ngoba kuqinisekisa ukuthi intsha eneminye imithombo yolwazi nosizo iyovota ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwemisebe Esekelwe ECampes

Amakholiji namayunivesithi aye aqaphela kakhulu indima yawo ekusekeleni ukuvota kwabafundi. Imizamo esekelwe kuvoti e-Campus ihlanganisa ukubhalisa, izinhlelo zemfundo, usizo ngezicelo ze-oilball ezingekho, kanye nokukhomba izinqubo zokuvota zomfundi.

INKANGANE YEPROFECUMENTE YONKE ECampes Democracy kanye nezinyathelo ezifanayo ziye zakhuthaza amakhulu amakolishi ukuba asungule amasu aphelele okuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlanganyela kwabafundi ekwandiseni ukuvota.

Nokho, ukusekela kwezinhlangano zokuvota kwabafundi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Amanye amayunivesithi enza ukuvota kwabafundi kube yinto yokuqala, anikeze izimali nezisebenzi isikhathi sokuthembisana ukuvota. Ezinye azizisekeli kakhulu, zishiye abafundi bevota imizamo yokuzithandela yezinhlangano zabafundi. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekulahleni ukuhlanganyela kwabafundi ezikhungweni zokhetho.

Ithonya Lomphakathi Nomkhaya

Ukudluliselwa kwemithetho nemikhuba yomphakathi ezizukulwaneni eziningi kunendima ebalulekile ekusunguleni imikhuba yokuvota. Intsha ekhulela emikhayeni lapho kuxoxwa khona ngokuvota futhi kuthuthukiswe khona ulwazi, amakhono, kanye nokuzimisela ukuzivota.

Ngokuphambene, intsha evela emikhayeni nasemiphakathini enezinga eliphansi lokuvota ibhekene neminye imigoqo. Ingase intuleke ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo ngokuvota, ingenamuntu ongaphendukela kuyo ngemibuzo, futhi ingatholi sikhuthazo noma ukusekelwa ukuze ihlanganyele. Lokhu kuhlukana kwemithombo yomphakathi kunengxenye eqhubekayo ezindaweni zokuvota zentsha ezibheke phambili ezinhlalweni zobuhlanga, zobuzwe, nezezomnotho.

Izinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini zingasiza ekugcwaliseni lezindawo ngokunikeza imfundo, usizo lokuvota, nesikhuthazo sokuvota. Nokho, lezizinhlangano azihlukaniswa kahle, futhi intsha eningi ayinakho ukufinyelela ukusekela komphakathi okusekelwe emphakathini.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Abavoti abasebasha basebenzisa i-opera yemininingwane egcwele ukwaziswa okunganembile nokungahambisani nokuvota. Izinkulumo ezingamanga ezimayelana nezimfuneko zokubhalisa, izinqubo zokuvota, nezinsuku zokukhetha zingadida futhi zivimbele abavoti abasebasha. Imikhankaso yokulahla ulwazi ngezinye izikhathi ihlasela intsha evoti ngokwaziswa okunganembile okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuthatha kwayo isinyathelo.

Izindawo zezokuxhumana, lapho intsha eningi ithola khona ukwaziswa ngokuvota, zingandisa kokubili ukwaziswa okunembile nokunganembile. Abavoti abasebasha kumelwe bathuthukise amakhono okufunda okufunda ezokuxhumana ukuze bahlukanise ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa nokungamanga noma okudukisayo. Ukungabikho kwemfundo yezokubhala nokubhala ngezinhlelo zezokuxhumana kushiya intsha eningi isengozini yokuthola ukwaziswa okungangavimba ukuhlanganyela kwayo.

Ukuzethemba Nokuhlukunyezwa

Ukwesatshiswa kwevoter, nakuba kuqhubeka ngokungekho emthethweni, futhi kungathinta ikakhulukazi intsha ekhethayo engase ivote okokuqala futhi ingaqiniseki ngamalungelo ayo. Izinselele kubafundi abavotayo ukuba nengqondo eqinile, ukugada ukuphenya ngonya, nokuziphatha kokuhlasela ezindaweni zokuvota zingavimbela intsha ekuvoteleni.

Usongo lwemiphumela engokomthetho yamaphutha okuvota, ngisho namaphutha angenacala, lungaba nomphumela ohlasimlisayo entsheni. Abavoti abasebasha abangaqiniseki ngezimfuneko zokubhalisa noma imithetho yokuhlola indawo bangakhetha ukungavoti kunokuba bazifake engozini yokwenza okuthile okungalungile. Lokhu kucindezelwa okusekelwe ekwesabeni kuphumelela kakhulu ngokumelene nabavoti abaqalayo abangenalwazi nokungaqiniseki ekuqondiseni isimiso sokukhetha.

Ukucindezelwa Kwezigaba Zobusha

Ukucindezelwa kwentsha evota kuye kwathatha imingcele ehlukene, njengoba abavoti abasebasha baye basekela ngokuqhubekayo abafuna ukuthatha idemocratic okhethweni lwamuva. I-policies eyenza ukuvota kube nzima kakhulu entsheni ngokuvamile kwenziwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezilawulwa yiRepublic Republican, kuyilapho imithetho evumela ukuvota kwentsha ivame kakhulu emazweni alawulwa yidemocratic.

Lendlela yokuhlukanisa iphakamisa imibuzo ngezizathu zezimiso zokuvota ezihlukahlukene. Uma imingcele ekholijini, evuma abafundi, noma ukubhalisa ihlanganisa nokulawula kwabavoti abasha, isikisela ukuthi eminye imizamo yokucinezela ihloselwe ngokufanelekile kunokuba ishukunyiswe ukukhathalela okungokomthetho ngobuqotho bokhetho.

Ukubekwa kwemvume yokuvota kudala izinselele ezengeziwe zemizamo yokuguqula izakhiwo. Izikhulu zesonto ezizokhulisa ukuvota kwentsha zibhekana nokuphikiswa hhayi ngenxa yezimfanelo zazo kodwa ngenxa yemiphumela yazo ebonakala ibalulekile. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukwakha ukuvumelana ngezinguquko eziyogcwalisa isithembiso seSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nayisithupha.

Ukuvikelwa Ngokomthetho Nezinselele

Izinqumo zeSichibiyelo Sesithupha Nesithiyo Sezikhawu Ezingamashumi Ambili

ISichibiyelo sesithupha senqabela ukunqatshelwa noma ukuvinjelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yobudala bezakhamuzi ezingu - 18. Lokhu kwenqabela okucacile kuvimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebudaleni obucacile ekuvoteni. Nokho, ukulungisa akuzihlanganisi izithiyo eziningi ezingaqondile ezivimbela ukuvota kwentsha.

Imithetho eyenza ukuvota kube nzima kakhulu kubo bonke kodwa ngokungenakulinganiswa ithinte abavoti abasebasha abaphule iSichibiyelo sesithupha, ngisho noma ithonya labo liwukuvimbela ukuhlanganyela kwentsha. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zachaza ukuncishiswa, zigxila ekukhetheni ubudala ngokuqondile kunokuba zikhiphe ithonya elihlukanisayo.

Abanye abasekeli baye baphikisa ukuchazwa okubanzi kokuncishiswa kokuvota kwentsha ngokungaqondile njengendlela yokungalawuleki kobudala. Nokho, lezimpikiswano azizange zamukelwe kabanzi ezinkantolo, kushiye izindlela eziningi zokucindezela intsha evotayo zingaphezu kokukwazi ukukuqeda.

Ukukhipha Imithetho Evikelayo Engamalungelo

IVoing Rights Act inikeza ezinye isivikelo ekukhetheni ukuvota, nakuba ubukhulu bayo bulinganiselwe ngezinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ingxenye 2 yoMthetho inqabela imikhuba yokuvota ekhetha izinhlanga, umbala, noma amalungu eqembu elincane lolimi. Lokhu kuvikela kungasiza intsha ekhetha imibala ebhekene nezithiyo ezihlobene nobudala nohlanga ekuvoteleni.

Nokho, iVoing Rights Act ayikwenqabeli ukucwasa okusekelwe ekugugeni, futhi isivikelo sako siye sancitshiswa yizinqumo zenkantolo eziye zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukubekela inselele inqubo yokuvota elahla ubandlululo. Ukuqedwa kwezimfuneko zangaphambi komthetho 5 kuye kwavumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise imithetho yokuvota eqinile ngaphandle kokuqondisa kukahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithetho evimbela ukuvota kwentsha.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Eminye imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni inikeza isivikelo esiqinile samalungelo okuvota kune-Constitution kazwelonke. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezichaza la malungiselelo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zalahla imithetho yokuvota evimbelayo esekelwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lezivikelo zezinga eliphezulu zingazuzisa intsha evoti ngokuvimbela ukuthatha kwayo isinyathelo.

However, state constitutional protections vary widely, and many states provide minimal protection beyond what federal law requires. The patchwork of state-level protections contributes to dramatic variations in youth voting access across states.

Indlela Ephambili: Ukuvikela Nokunweba Amalungelo Intsha

Imithetho Yesifunda

Umthetho kazwelonke ungaxazulula izithiyo eziningi ezicindezela ukuvota kwentsha. Iziphakamiso ezifana nenkululeko yomthetho weVote noMthetho kaJohn Lewis Voting Rights Adment ziyomisa izindinganiso zesizwe zokubhaliswa kwamavoti, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuvota ngeposi, kuyilapho ukubuyisela i-Voting Rights Act kuvikela emikhubeni yokuvota.

Lezi ziphakamiso zazingazuzisa ngokukhethekile abavoti abasebasha ngokufuna ukuba kubhaliswe abavoti, kubhaliswe usuku olulodwa, futhi kuqiniswe isikhathi sokuvota ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Zazingavimbela nemikhuba eminingi evimbelayo ethinta intsha ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, njengemithetho ye-ID eqinile yokuvota kanye nokulinganiselwa kokuvota kwabafundi.

Nokho, umthetho wamalungelo okuvota kahulumeni ubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu zezombangazwe. Ngaphandle kokusekela noma izinguquko zemithetho yeSigele, umthetho kahulumeni obanzi awuzukubalwa mathupha. Lokhu kugcizelela kakhulu izinguquko zezinga likahulumeni nezimpande zotshani ezihlela ukuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo okuvota kwentsha.

Izinguquko Ezisemqoka Kahulumeni

Izinguquko zezwe zinikeza indlela engokoqobo kakhulu yokwandisa ukungenela kwentsha ukuvota endaweni yezombangazwe yamanje. Izwe lingasebenzisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa usuku olunye, ukubhalisa kwangaphambi kwezinsuku eziyi 16 ne 17 zeminyaka, kanye nezimiso zokuvota ngeposi ngaphandle kwesenzo sikahulumeni.

Abasekeli bamalungelo okuvota entsheni baye banqoba kakhulu ezingeni likahulumeni, njengoba amazwe amaningi amukela izimiso zokuvota eziqavile eminyakeni yamuva nje.

Nokho, izinguquko zombuso zakha umsebenzi ombaxa-ke wokuvota ohluka kakhulu ezinhlangothini zikahulumeni. Intsha ezisezweni ezinemithetho yokuvota evimbelayo iyaqhubeka ibhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu, kuyilapho labo abasezifundazweni ezinezimiso zokuvota bejabulela ukuvota kalula kakhulu. Ukungalingani kwezwe emalungelweni okuvota kuyinselele eqhubekayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi.

Izibopho Zezinhlangano

Lezi zibopho zingahlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukubhalisa umvoti ezinqunyweni zokubhalisa, ukunikeza imfundo yabavoti njengengxenye yezifundo zemfundo zangemva kwesikole, ukunikeza isikhathi sokuvota, nokusekela imithetho yokuvota yobuhlobo babafundi.

Nokho, lezizibopho zidinga imithombo, ukusekela abaholi nomzamo oqhubekayo. Izinhlangano eziningi azizange zenze ukuvota kwabafundi kube yinto yokuqala, kushiye amathuba aphawulekayo abalulekile okuhlanganyela kwabentsha ngokuthatha isinyathelo esikhudlwana.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezingane Nokuphiwa Kwezezitho Zomsebenzi

Intsha ngokwayo ihlela ngokuqhubekayo ukufuna ukuba ikwazi ukuvota nokukhuthaza ontanga bayo. Izinhlangano zentsha ziqhuba ukubhalisa, zinikeza imfundo, zisekela izinguquko zezimiso, futhi zibheka izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba ziyolandisa ngokusekela noma ngokuvota kwentsha.

Lesenzo sobusha esishukumisayo simelela amandla amakhulu oshintsho. Uma intsha ihlela ndawonye, inganqoba izithiyo eziningi ezivimbela ukuhlanganyela komuntu ngamunye. Intsha futhi ihlela amakhono nemikhuba yomphakathi enezela ekubopheni izombangazwe ukuphila konke.

Ukusekela ukuhlelwa kwentsha kudinga ingcebo, ubuqeqeshi, nokusekela kwezinhlangano. Izakhiwo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezinhlangano zemfundo zingafeza indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni intsha kuyilapho ihlonipha ubuholi nenkululeko yentsha.

Ukukhuluma Ngezimbangela Eziyinhloko Zokwehla Kwentsha

Nakuba kubalulekile ukususa imingcele ekuvoteni, ukusiqaphela ngokugcwele isithembiso seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nayisithupha kudinga ukuxazulula izimbangela eziyisisekelo zokungatholi mvume yentsha. Lezi zimbangela zihlanganisa imfundo yomphakathi enganele, ukuntuleka kwezombangazwe, ukuphuma ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe, nokubala okunengqondo kokuvota ukuthi ukuvota akuwufanele umzamo onikezwayo ohilelekile.

Ukuthatha izindlela zokuvota okukhuthaza intsha ukuvota kumelwe kuhlanganise ukususwa kwesithiyo nokuthembisa okuhle. Lokhu akusho ukwenza ukuvota kube lula kuphela kodwa futhi kwenza izombangazwe zifanelane kakhulu futhi ziphendule izinkathazo zentsha, zinikeza imfundo enenjongo yomphakathi namathuba okuthembisana, futhi zibonise ukuthi amavoti entsha ayindaba.

Umgomo akumelwe nje ube ophezulu kakhulu okhethweni ngalunye kodwa kufanele kube ukukhula kwemikhuba yokuvota nokuphila konke. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukuvota kuwumkhuba owenziwe ngo-(h__info) abantu abavotayo okhethweni lwabo lokuqala abafanelekelayo bangavota phakathi nokuphila kwabo konke. Ngokuhlukile, intsha engavoti ekuqaleni ayisoze yakha imikhuba yokuvota.

Isiphetho: Isithembiso Esingaphothulwanga SeSichibiyelo Sesithupha Samashumi Amabili

Iminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi amahlanu ngemva kokunqanyulwa kwayo, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu silokhu siyimpumelelo ephawulekayo ekunyuseni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ukulungisa kwaziwa ukuthi intsha ingakwazi ukuba isakhamuzi kanye nesembozo sayo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, okunikeza ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvota.

Kodwa isithembiso sokulungisa asifezeki. Abavoti abasebasha bayaqhubeka bebhekene nezithiyo eziphawulekayo zokuhlanganyela, kusukela emithethweni ye-ID evimbelayo kuya ekunganeni imfundo yomphakathi kuya ekungabini khona kokusekela okuhleliwe kwabavoti bokuqala. Lemingcele icindezela intsha ukuba ivote, idala igebe elingapheliyo phakathi kwelungelo elingokomthetho lentsha lokuvota nekhono layo elisebenzayo lokusebenzisa lelolungelo.

Imiklamo icacile: isho ukuthi ukusebenzisa izimiso zokuvota ezibonisa ukuvota kubheka intsha ephezulu, kuyilapho izifunda ezinemithetho evimbelayo zibona ukuthatha iqhaza eliphansi. Abavoti abasha abanombala ababhekene nezithiyo ezixubile eziphumela emazingeni aphansi kakhulu. Abavoti abambalwa abafanelekayo (-18-ne-19 yeminyaka yonyaka) abavoti-onta abaphansi kakhulu, basikisela ukuthi ushintsho ekuvotelweni alusekelwanga ngokwanele.

Uma izigidi zentsha zivinjelwa ngokuphumelelayo ekuvoteni ngemingcele engase isuswe, ingabe singasho ukuthi sigcwalise isithembiso sokuhlasela yonke indawo?

Ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kwentsha akuhambisani nokulwa nokucindezelwa okukhulu kovoti. Amasu asetshenziselwa ukucindezela ukuvota kwentsha (izimfuneko ze-ID yentsha, imingcele yokubhalisa, indawo yokuvota, ukuvala i-votel colleng ·ayizindlela ezifanayo ezisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuvota phakathi kwemiphakathi yemibala, abavoti abambalwa abahlawulwayo, namanye amaqembu ancishisiwe ngokwezinga eliphansi. Ukwakha imifelandawonye kule miphakathi kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukubhaliswa nokushintshwa.

Ukubheka phambili, ukuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo entsha okuvota kuyodinga umzamo oqhubekayo ezicini eziningi. Umthetho wesizwe ungamisa izindinganiso ezivikela bonke abavoti, kuhlanganise nentsha. Izinguquko zezinga likahulumeni zingandisa ukutholakala kwezivumelwano zezinhlangano ezivela ezikoleni naseyunivesithi zinganikeza ukusekela okubalulekile kwabavoti babafundi. Ukuhlelwa kwentsha kungakhuthaza intsha ukuba ifune amalungelo ayo futhi ibeke izikhulu icala.

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, ukugcwalisa isithembiso seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nasithupha kudinga ushintsho oluyisisekelo endleleni umphakathi waseMelika obheka ngayo abavoti abasebasha. Kunokuba sibheke ukuvota kwentsha njengenkinga okumelwe kuphethwe noma usongo olumelwe luqulwe, kumelwe siqaphele intsha njengezakhamuzi ezigcwele ezihlanganyelayo ziqinisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Kunokuba simise imingcele yokuvota kwentsha, kumelwe sikhe izimiso ezamukelayo nezisekela abavoti abasha.

ISichibiyelo sesithupha samemezela ukuthi intsha inelungelo lokuvota. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kamuva, umsebenzi wokwenza lokho kube yiqiniso kubo bonke abasha uyaqhubeka. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokucindezelwa kovoti, ukutholakala kwe-voti, nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi konke kubuyela emibuzweni eyisisekelo yokuthi ubani okhethayo nokuthi kulula kangakanani ukuvota. Kubantu abasha abavoti, lemibuzo iyaqhubeka iphuthuma futhi ayiphenduli.

Njengoba izizukulwane ezintsha zifika ebudaleni futhi zifuna ilungelo lokuvota, zizuza ifa lempumelelo yeSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nayisithupha nomsebenzi ongakapheli wokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abavoti abafanelekayo bangahlanganyela ngokugcwele embusweni wentando yeningi yaseMelika. Isithembiso sokulungisa inkathi asiyikuba yisithiyo ekuvotelweni. Ukuqeda ukucwaswa kweminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuphela kuphela kodwa nemingcele eminingi engaqondile eqhubeka nokuthatha igalelo lentsha. Kuze kube yilolo suku, impi yokuvota amalungelo okuvota ashukumisa iNguquko yenzelo yenze iqhubeke, isizukulwane ngasinye sibiza ukuba sivikele futhi sandise izimiso zentando yeningi enhliziyweni yesizwe saseMelika.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokuvota kanye namalungelo akho okuvota, vakashela Vate.gov, ikhomu likahulumeni elisemthethweni lomvoti. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngesivumelwano somphakathi somphakathi novoti, hlola umsebenzi we- we-Information & Research on CBIC Learning and Cincmentmentment (CIRCCECULE)[FTY:3] e-Tufts University.