Isichibiyelo Sokuqala Nemithombo Yezenhlalo: Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho Kwanamuhla

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, nesicelo. Kodwa ukusebenza kwayo enkathini ye-athom ("kakhulukazi kuyi-techm") kumasiteji ezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana"asemkhakheni wezokuxhumana"awudingida kakhulu. Izembu jikelele zishintshe indlela esixhumana ngayo, sihlele futhi sisebenzise ukwaziswa, kodwa imithetho elawula ukukhuluma kulezindawo ihluke kakhulu kulezo ezivamile ezingokwesiko. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okucubungulayo ngendlela iziNguquko Zokuqala ezihlangene nemithombo yezokuxhumana, ihlola ngayo amapulani angokomthetho akha isimo senkulumo engositho, futhi inikeza isiqondiso esiwusizo kubasebenzisi abahambisa le ndawo ethinta i-pase.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Imvelaphi Nezimiso Zomthetho

Ngo-1791 yamiswa njengengxenye yeSikhalo Samalungelo Abantu, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sithi "Ikhomputhi ngeke yenze mthetho owenqabela... ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yamaphephandaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo." Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, izinkantolo zase-U.S. ziye zachaza lo mthetho ukuba ungasebenzi nje eMkhandlwini kodwa kuwo wonke amagatsha ohulumeni. Imvume imisa ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuveza imibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nguhulumeni, ngisho nalelo elingathandeki, elididelwayo, noma elihlazisayo.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme siye sachaza izinga lokukhuluma okuvikelweyo. [[FLT:] Brandenburg v.O. [1969], iNkantolo yathi inkulumo eyisidlakela ingabekwa imingcele kuphela uma ikhuthaza "isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiqinile". New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964], iNkanto evimbela ukuvikelwa kwezibalo zomphakathi. Futhi [FLT:] i-Citns v[FLD][FFLT][20] [20] isivikelo sokuqala sezentengiselwano ezisetshenziswayo zezombangazwe. Lokhu kumisa isivikelo esiqinile kuhulumeni ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kwezembubhiyo. Kodwa kuviswa isivikelo sezekethi.

Imithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi Njengendawo Yomphakathi Yanamuhla

Amasiteji ezokuxhumana anjenge-Facebook, X (eyayiyi-Twitter), i-Youtube, ne-Tik Tok afana nezindawo zanamuhla zasedolobheni, lapho izigidi zihlangana khona ukuze zihlanganyele izinhloso, izindaba, nemibono. Lokhu kufana kuye kwacelwa yi-omastructures ukuze bavikeleke kakhulu ngokukhululekile kuwe-i-inthanethi nakulabo abaphikisa ukuthi amapulatifomu kufanele abeke isilinganiso esiyingozi. Nokho, iqiniso elingokomthetho liwukuthi lamapulatifomu awazona izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Umehluko phakathi kwabadlali bomphakathi nabazimele unzima. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela kuphela isenzo sikahulumeni esinqanda ukukhuluma. Uma inkampani yezokuxhumana isusa iposi, imisa umsebenzisi, noma ilungisa amanani ayo ukuze yandise noma icindezele okuqukethwe okuthile, asikona ukwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala . ngoba inkampani ayiwona uhulumeni. ISigungu Sezinkantolo Esiphakeme siye saqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe lesi simiso. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] [i-Mantat Community Accession Corp. v. Halleck[FLD] [20]), inkantolo yanquma ukuthi umsizi womphakathi umnyango wokungenisa igemsakazo womphakathi akawugunyazi umdlali, nakuba ilungiselela i-um yenkulumo. Lokhu kusebenza ngokuqondile emkhakhelini wezokuxhumana, njengoba kusebenza emphakathini, kunokuba kusebenza emphakathini.

Noma kunjalo, amandla amakhulu asetshenziswa yilezi ziteshi aye abangela ukuba kuqashelwe ukuqashelwa kwemithetho yazo. Abanye bawaqhathanisa nabantu abaphethe izingcingo abavamile, njengezinkampani zocingo, okudingeka zithwale konke okunenzuzo okungokomthetho ngaphandle kokucwaswa. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi kufanele baphathwe njengabamemezeli, abanecala ngemininingwane abayitholileyo. Impikiswano ayikaphenduli, kodwa igcizelela ukungezwani phakathi kokulondoloza inkululeko nge - Internet nokuvumela amapulatifomu ukuba amise imithetho yabo siqu.

I - Platform Paradox: Indlela Ingxenye Ka - 230 Eyithonya Ngayo Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Akukho kuxoxiswa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala nezokuxhumana okuphelele ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kwe-Candelo 230 ye-Communications Deccency Act ka-1996. Lomthetho kahulumeni unikeza isivikelo esiyinhloko ezimbili ezinkonzo zekhomphyutha (kuhlanganise nama-computer communter media): (1) awaphathwa njenge "publisher noma isikhulumi" sokwaziswa okunikezwa amaqembu esithathu, (2) avikelekile ekubekeni icala lomphakathi ngokususa noma ukuvimbela ukufinyelela kokunethezeka okulinganiselwe ekucabangeni kwabo "okungcolileyo, okungcolileyo, okungcolileyo, okungcolileyo, okunonyazayo, okunobudlova, noma okungathandeki nhlobo oluthile. ”

Umthetho wamiswa phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala ze-Internet ukuze ukhuthaze ukukhula kwemiphakathi ye-Intanethi nokuvumela amapulatifomu ukuba athole izinto ezihlasela amaphoyisa ngaphandle kokuba asolwe ngokomthetho ngakho konke abasebenzisi abathunyelweyo. Umphumela uye waba ukuchuma kokusetshenziswa komsebenzisi nokuvela kwemibukiso yezenhlalo. Nokho, icandelo lama-3022 liye lagxekwa futhi ngokunikeza amapulatifomu amandla amakhulu kakhulu okulungisa izinkulumo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokulandisa. Abagxeki bazo bobabili abangakwesobunxele nakwesodla baye babiza inguquko yayo, nakuba ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukene: abanye bafuna amapulatifomu ukuba enze okwengeziwe ukuze balwe i-transportumerition nenkulumo yenzondo, kuyilapho abanye bephikisana ngokungafanele.

Ingxenye 230 ayikukhuphi ukubekwa kwemithetho yezemthetho kahulumeni wobugebengu, ukuthengwa kwempahla, noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho yezemfihlo kahulumeni. Futhi ayibavimbi abasebenzisi ukuba bafaneleke ezinsikeni zabo siqu. Umthetho usebenza kuphela endimani yepulatifomu njengommeleli. Amacala amuva ahlola imikhawulo yesiqephu sama- 230, kuhlanganise Gonzalez v. U-Google LLC[FLC [2023], lapho iNkantolo ePhakathi licabangela ukuthi i-YouTube's algaltialism yakhiwe izimendezime zenkulumo ezivikelwe ngaphansi kwesigaba 230. Inkantolo ekugcineni ilahla umthetho obanzi, ishiya umthetho ungenayo. Nokho, ukucindezela ekushintsheni isigaba esingamayela kuhlala kukhulu, futhi noma yisiphi inguquko esikhulu siguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezezenhlalo.

Ukulinganisela Nokushintsha Ikhono Lokuzigcina Unokuningi Okukuqukethe

Izikhulu zezokuxhumana zimisa izindinganiso zomphakathi ezichaza ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo nokuqukethwe. Lezizimiso zivame ukunqabela ukuhlukunyezwa, ukukhohliswa, ukukhohliswa, ukubhebhethekiswa kobudlova, nemisebenzi engekho emthethweni. Okushiwoyo kuyahluka-hluka kuyi-platfomu, kodwa intambo evamile iwukuthi amapulatifomu agcine ilungelo lokususa okuqukethwe nokumisa noma ukuvimbela ukulandisa okuphula imithetho yawo. Lokhu kulinganisela akuyona indaba yokuzinzisa kuqala ngomqondo ongokomthetho, kodwa kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngendima yezinhlangano ezizimele ekuqondiseni inkulumo yasobala.

Inqubo yokulinganisela okuqukethwe iyaziwa ngokufiphele futhi ayivumelani. Izinhlelo zincike enhlanganiseleni yezimiso ezizisebenzelayo nababukezi babantu ukuze baqaphele ukwephulwa komthetho. Imithetho-mthetho ingaqukethe ifulegi esekelwe emagameni aphezulu, emiklamweni yokuthembisana, noma imibiko yomsebenzisi. Nokho, lezi zimiso aziphelele, ngokuvamile ziholela ekutheni zikhululeke kakhulu ngenkulumo esemthethweni noma ukunqandwa kokungalinyazwa okuyingozi. Isilinganiso sokulinganisela siyashaqisa: Facebookation neInstagram iyodwa isusa amashumi ezigidi zezingxenye zento ezifakiwe ikota ngayinye ngenxa yokwephula imithetho yazo.

Deplatforming .Isenzo sokuvimbela unomphela umsebenzisi noma ikhasi epulatifomu suke sesona isenzo esiphikisanayo. I-leaver-profile i-deplatting, njengaleyo kaMongameli ngaphambili uDonald Trump ngemva kwesiphithiphithi sika-Capitol se 6 kaCapitol, iye yaqala impikiswano eshubile. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi amapulatifomu anelungelo (nesibopho) lokususa abantu abakhuthaza ubudlova noma abasakaza amanga ayingozi. Abaphikisayo baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvala amazwi aphikisana nokuvala imilomo futhi bagxilise amandla amakhulu ezandleni zezinkampani ezimbalwa zezobuchwepheshe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-algolithim kungomunye umkhakha wokulinganisela kokuqukethwe. I-Platforms imklamo yokuhlela ukuthembisana komsebenzisi, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe izimpawu ezivusa inkanuko, ukuhlukanisa, noma ukuphikisana. Lokhu kungaba nomphumela wokwandisa amazwi athile lapho ucindezela amanye, ngisho noma kungekho ukungenela komuntu ngokuqondile. ISichibiyelo sokuqala asilawuli izinqumo zomthetho, kodwa imiphumela yokukhuluma ngenkululeko ingokoqobo. Abacwaningi baye bahlobanisa ukuhlanganisa ukusakazeka kolwazi, ukuguquguquka, ukuguquguquka kwezombangazwe. Njengomphumela, abanye abasunguli bomthetho nabasekeli bezeli-projekthi bahlola ukuthi amapulati kufanele yini akhutshwe noma ashintshwe imithetho yabo ukuze banciphise ukulimala.

Imingcele Engokomthetho: Izimpikiswano Zamanje Namacala Enkantolo

Imithetho ephathelene neSichibiyelo Sokuqala nemithombo yezindaba ishesha ukuxazulula amacala ayinhloko nemizamo yokushaya umthetho ilungisa imingcele yenkulumo etholakala kuyi - Internet.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Eqondisa Ukulinganisela

Ngo-2021, iFlorida neTexas kwamiswa imithetho eyayihloselwe ukunqanda lokho izishaya-mthetho zabo ezazikubheka njengokumelene nobandlululo lwezentengiselwano ngezindawo zomphakathi. I-SB 7072 yaseFlorida yayidinga amapulatifomu ukuze ithole konke okuqukethwe abathelisi bezombangazwe futhi ivimbele abazokuguqula. I-HB 20 yenqabe amapulatifomu ekuhleleni izinto ezikuqukethe ezisekelwe embonweni futhi ifune ukuba zivulwe obala izimiso zayo. Yomibili imithetho yabe ibekelwe inselele amaqembu ezobuchwepheshe ezimboni ezisezingeni lokuHlaziya kokuqala, iphikisa ngokuthi amapulatifomu anelungelo lokuhlanganisa izinto njengabamemezeli.

Ku ne-NetChoice v. Paxton [202]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yavumela umthetho wase-Texas ukuba usebenze ngesikhathi iqhubeka i-ligigation, kodwa kamuva yavumelana ukubukeza icala. [ Moody] v. Netchoice [2024] [2024] [iNkakhulu] [iNkakhulu] [iNkantolo] yakhipha umthetho obalulekile, iphethe ukuthi imithetho elinganisela isilinganiso sesikhulu cishe iphazamisa iSichithi sokuthula. INkanto yagcizelela ukuthi izinqumo zamapulati mayelana nalokho okumelwe ukubukwayo nokuboniswa kwenkulumo eqondile, noma indlela yokuzihlanganisa ngayo.

Ikusasa Lengxenye 230

UKhongolose luye lwacabangela kodwa lwahluleka ukudlulisa i-FLT Ingxenye engu- 230 yenguquko. Izilinganiso zisukela ku- misa i-CSAM Act (ebekwe ezintweni ezixhaphakileyo ngokobulili kwezingane) kuya ku-[ I-ARN ISTIT[[[FLT:]] I-ARTY] I-ART [[[FLT] I-ARTY] I-ART [[[FLT]] I-apartact [ixamestion]] I-out thisting [[ I-ognomet] [ifuna amaqophelo okunga okungadingiswa okungekho emthethweni nokuphoqelelwa kwenkonzo). Impikiswano iyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqhubekayo yi-Redition: noma isigaba esithile se-sethitive i-sethiogletting ingabe i-se-sethiwe i-se-sene.

Amacala Enkantolo Empi Kahulumeni Nemithombo Yezindaba

Indawo ehlukile kodwa ehlobene nomthetho ikhathalela ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zingacindezela amaqonga ezokuxhumana ukuze zisuse okuqukethwe yize kungaphulwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Missouri v. Biden [2023], inkantolo yesifunda yathola ukuthi izikhulu ze House emhlophe zazinyathele amapulatifomu ukuvimbela ukudukiswa kwe-COVID-19 kanye nomjovo wokugomela, ukwephula amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Icala lisesimangalela, futhi ekugcineni iNkanto ephakathi ingaba i-inkulu. Umbuzo uhulumeni uweqa umngcele osuka ekuhlonisweni kwemvume yokungagunyazwa. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi iSimemezelo sokuqala [FF:] [FFF] usebenzisa amandla asemthethweni embusweni kahulumeni.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kulabo Abasebenzisayo

Ukuqonda uhlelo lwezomthetho kubalulekile, kodwa abasebenzisa lona badinga namasu asebenzayo ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo futhi basebenzise imithetho edidayo yezokuxhumana. Nakhu okubalulekile abangakukhumbula:

  • Yazi ukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ayisho ukufinyelela ngokukhululekile emgangathweni. Isichibiyeli sokuqala sikuvikela ekucubungulisweni kukahulumeni, hhayi ezimisweni zobuculi. Uma okungaphakathi kwakho kususiwe noma i-akhawunti yakho ibekwa, i-platform ingaphakathi kwamalungelo ayo uma nje ingasebenzi ngaphansi kwesiqondiso sikahulumeni.
  • Funda futhi uqonde iziyalezo zepulatifomu zenkonzo neziqondiso zomphakathi. Indawo ngayinye inemithetho yayo. Ukungazi lemithetho akuyona isivikelo. Zijwayeze ukuthi yini evimbela inkulumo, ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kaTwitter ngokumelene nokuhlukunyezwa okuhloselwe noma imithetho ka-YouTube ekhuluma kabi ngezokwelapha.
  • Ngaphansi kwamalungelo akho okudlulisa izicelo. Amapulatifomu amaningi anikeza inqubo yezinqumo ezikhangayo zokulinganisela, ukususa, ukushaya, noma uku-akhawunti. Sebenzisa lemishiza uma ukholelwa ukuthi kwenziwe iphutha. Bhala indaba yakho ngezithombe zezithombe zezithombe nezincazelo.
  • Cwangcisa amaplatifomu ahlukile. Uma ungavumelani nokulinganisela kwesikhulumi, ukhululekile ukuthuthela kwenye inkonzo. I-web yezenhlalo ehloniphekile (umz., Mastodon, Blusky) inikeza ezinye izindlela ezinezilinganiso ezihlukene zokubusa.
  • Qaphela ukuqapha kukahulumeni. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo yakho ekunqandeni uhulumeni, asivimbeli uhulumeni ukuba aqaphele izikhundla zomphakathi zomphakathi. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zingasebenzisa izikhundla zakho zomphakathi njengobufakazi ngaphandle kokwephula uMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Gqoka uzazisiwe ngezinguquko ezingokomthetho. Zombili izishaya-mthetho zombuso nombuso ziphikisana ngokukhuthele ngemithetho ethinta inkulumo ye-inthanethi. Ukulandela izinhlangano ezinjenge Extonic Foundation [ ne[FLT]] ACLU[ kungakusiza ukuba uhlale uhlangene endleleni izinguquko ezihlongozwayo ezingathinta ngayo amalungelo akho.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siseyisivikelo esibalulekile kuhulumeni ophathwe ngokuphambana, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kuyimithombo yezokuxhumana kuyaqondwa futhi kushintsha njalo. Amapulatifomu angasese anenkululeko ebanzi yokulinganisela, ngenxa yokuchazwa kokwahlulela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala nesivikelo sengxenye engu - 230. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvela izimpi ezingokomthetho ezimayelana nemithetho kahulumeni yokulinganisela, ukuphoqelelwa kukahulumeni, kanye nokubusa kwemithetho kunciphisa lokho okushiwo yinkathi yezibalo.

Kubantu abasebenzisa i-inthanethi, isihluthulelo siwukuqaphela ukuthi inkulumo esetshenziswa kuyi-website ilawulwa umthetho oxubile womthetho-mthetho, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano ezizimele. Nakuba isimiso esiyinhloko sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sikhona, imithetho eqondile ixhomeke esiteji nasemongweni. Ngokuqonda lamandla, abayisebenzisayo bangakhetha ngolwazi ukuthi bakhuluma kuphi futhi kanjani kuyi-webhusayithi, futhi bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi elawula ikusasa lenkulumo yobuchwepheshe.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[[QULT: 0] i-Cornell Institut yolwazi lomthetho kanye SCOTYMlog[ ukufushanisa emacaleni ahlobene neNkantolo Ephakeme.