Ukuqonda Isichibiyelo Sokuqala Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Nakuba lamalungelo eyizimiso zedemokrasi yaseMelika, awaphelele kuwo wonke umongo. Ikhothalo lokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezimiso zomphakathi nezezomuntu siqu, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini nasezikoleni. Ukuqonda lokhu kuguquguquka kubalulekile ezizisebenzini, kubafundi, nabaqashi ngokufanayo ukuxhumana nsuku zonke kuyilapho kuhlonipha amalungelo abodwa nezidingo zenhlangano.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okujulile ngendlela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala esisebenza ngayo emsebenzini nasezintweni zasesikoleni, sihlanganisa izenzakalo eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho, ukulinganiselwa okusebenzayo, nesiqondiso esisebenzisekayo. Uma uyisisebenzi esizibuza ukuthi ungathini emsebenzini, umfundi ohlola imingcele yokukhuluma, noma imithetho elawulayo, ukwazi imingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma kungakusiza ukuba ugweme izingibe ezingokomthetho futhi uthuthukise isiko elinenhlonipho.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Samalungelo Emisebenzi

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokuvamile silinganisela kuphela uhulumeni . Lokhu kusho ukuthi abaqashi abazimele - kusukela emabhizinisini amancane kuya emabhizinisini amakhulu – ababoshwe ngokuqondile yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nokho, abaqashi basobala[ (isigaba, umbuso, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni wendawo) kumelwe bahloniphe amalungelo ezisebenzi ezikhululekile okukhuluma, ngaphansi kwemingcele ethile. Ukuqonda lomehluko uyisinyathelo sokuqala sokwazi amalungelo akho emsebenzini.

Abaqashi Bomphakathi: Isivikelo Esiqinile

Uma usebenzela indikimba kahulumeni - njengesikole somphakathi, inhlangano kahulumeni, iyunivesithi, noma uhulumeni kamasipala - inkulumo yakho ungathola isivikelo somthetho-mfantu. Ukuhlolwa okuyinhloko okungokomthetho kuvela enkantolo ePhakamileyo [FLT]][FLT]] Plainting v. Ibhodi yemfundo [ [1968] [FLT] [FLT] [v], eyasungula ukuhlolelwa okulinganiselayo: isithakazelo sesisebenzi ekuphenduleni izindaba zomphakathi silinganiswe nesithakazelo somqashi ekulondolozeni impumelelo nesiyalo. Ngokukabili, [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [5] [5] [imposov].[FFFT] [FT] [FT] [6] [6] [iK] [iglate] [ig] [i] [ist], njengoba kuvikiwe isikhulu semvume somphakathi, futhi ingenakunyelelwa yesihle, futhi ingenakuhlulo, njengoba kuviselwa kwesikhulu.

Izibonelo zenkulumo evikelekile yezisebenzi zomphakathi zihlanganisa: ukubika imfucumfucu noma ukukhwabanisa emithonjeni yezindaba, ukukhuluma emhlanganweni wedolobha ngendaba yesimiso, noma ukuhlanganyela ekumangalelweni kwezombangazwe ngesikhathi sokungasebenzi. Nokho, inkulumo ephazamisa imisebenzi yomsebenzi, ibhidliza ubuhlobo bezisebenzi, noma iphazamisa ikhono lesisebenzi lokwenza imisebenzi ingavinjelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisebenzi zomphakathi zingajeziswa ngenkulumo engcolile, ehlazisayo, ehlazisayo, noma ephula imfihlo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ngisho nezisebenzi zomphakathi azinaso isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala sokuziphatha kokungalawuleki, inhlebo embi, noma inkulumo ephazamisa ukudluliselwa kahle kwezinkonzo zomphakathi.

Abaqashi Abangabodwa: Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Esilinganiselwe

Izisebenzi eziningi zaseMelika ziqashwe izinkampani ezizimele. Kulezi zisebenzi, iSichibiyelo sokuqala asizilinganiseli ngokuqondile izenzo zabaqashi. Umqashi angadubula, athobe, noma ajezise isisebenzi esiveza imibono engokombangazwe, izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, noma ukukhulumela kwezenhlalo - uma nje umqashi engayephuli eminye imithetho (njengemithetho emelene nokungavumelani nemithetho, isivikelo sempepho, noma imithetho yemisebenzi). Umsebenzi-wodwa ungakhipha imfundiso ethanda, ebusa imisebenzi eminingi eyimfihlo eU.S., kusho ukuthi umqashi angamgweba izisebenzi ngenxa yanoma isiphi isizathu esinganqatshelwe umthetho, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwenkulumo yabo.

Kusho ukuthi, izisebenzi ezizimele zinesivikelo esithile. INational Labor Relations Act ivikela izisebenzi ezingasebenzisi i-NLRA ezihlanganyela “emsebenzini owenzelwayo” ukuze zisizene noma zivikeleke – njengokuxoxa ngenkokhelo, izimo zokusebenza, noma ukuhlela inyunyana, ngisho noma umqashi eyimfihlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda eziningi zinemithetho evikela izisebenzi ekuphindiseleni ukuziphatha okungokomthetho (umz., umsebenzi wezombangazwe, ukubhema, ukubhaxaxabhiswa kwemida yomthetho). Imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho yomphakathi nezingamele i-Wtlerlerlerighty evikela izisebenzi ezibika izenzo ezingekho emthethweni noma eziyingozi.

Iseluleko esiwusizo sezisebenzi ezizimele: hlola incwadi yezisebenzi zakho yezimiso zezenhlalo yezokuxhumana, ezezombangazwe, nezokufihla imfihlo. Gwema ukusho amazwi angalimaza idumela lenkampani noma abangele isimo somsebenzi esibi. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uxoshelwe inkulumo evikelekile ngaphansi komthetho weNLRA noma umthetho othile oweqayo, thinta ummeli wezemisebenzi.

Lokho Abaqashi Abangakwenza Nalokho Abangenakukwenza

  • Ungakha futhi uphoqelele izinqubo ezinqabela ukuhlukunyezwa, ubandlululo, nokuphazamiseka emsebenzini, ngisho noma izinkambiso ezinjalo zilinganisela inkulumo ethile ngokuzenzakalelayo.
  • Ikhona: Izisebenzi eziyalayo ngokukhuluma okuphula umthetho wenkampani – umz., ukusebenzisa amahlazo, ukudalula izimfihlo zezohwebo, noma ukusongela.
  • Ungaziphindiseli izisebenzi zomphakathi ngokukhuluma okuvikelekile ezindabeni zomphakathi (uma inkulumo ingeyona ingxenye yemisebenzi yomsebenzi futhi ingaphazamisanga imisebenzi ngokungafanele).

Abaqashi bavame ukwenza izinqubo ezihlobene nokukhuluma eziklanywe ngokungemthetho ukuze bafeze izithakazelo zebhizinisi ezingokomthetho. Gwema imingcele engacacile noma eminingi kakhulu engabangela ukugodola umsebenzi ovikelekile. Abaphathi abaqeqeshayo ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kokuphindisela okungokomthetho nokungekho emthethweni nabo babalulekile.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Samalungelo Ezikole

Abafundi abafunda ezikoleni zomphakathi balondoloza amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala kodwa kumelwe bawasebenzise ngendlela eqondene nomsebenzi wemfundo. Icala eliyingqophamlando [FLT]] [FLT]]Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [ [1969] lithole ukuthi abafundi abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omthetho “enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole.” Nokho, iNkanto eqaphela ukuthi izikhulu zesikole zingalawula inkulumo eyokufundisa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi iphazamise kakhulu noma ihlasele amalungelo abanye.

Iziphambeko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathuthukisa amalungelo abafundi okukhuluma ngemibandela ehlukahlukene:

  • Tinker v. Des Moines (1969): [ Abafundi babefake izibopho ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi isikole asinakunqabela ukukhuluma okungokomfanekiso ngaphandle kokuba kubangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu. “Ukuhlolwa kwe-Tinker” kuhlala kusesisekelo: izikole kumelwe zibonise isibikezelo esinengqondo sokuphazamiseka kwenkulumo yomfundi.
  • Isigodi saseBethel School No. 403 v. Fraser (1986): Umfundi wanikeza inkulumo engcolile nenenhlamba phakathi nomhlangano wesikole. INkantolo yavumela izikole ukuba zijezise inkulumo ecasulayo elulaza umsebenzi wemfundo, ikakhulukazi inkulumo ecasulayo, elulaza ngobulili, noma engcolile.
  • [INkantolo] IHazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier [1988] Isikole esiyinhloko esicubungula izihloko zesikole ezimayelana nokukhulelwa kwentsha nesehlukaniso. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi isikole sinezimo ezibonisa imidlalo (njengemaphephandaba, imidlalo, nezincwadi zonyaka) zingabekwa imingcele uma isikole sinesizathu esingokomthetho se-paggiogi. Izikole azidingenwa ukubekezelela inkulumo ehambisana ne-rimrim yesikole uma ingqubuzana nemigomo yemfundo.
  • [FOLT:1] Morse v. Frederick [2007] yaziwa ngokuthi i-“Bong Bet 4 Jesus" icala, umfundi wavula ibhanile esekela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungekho emthethweni esikoleni-sontweni. Inkantolo yathi izikole zingavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezikhuthaza abafundi.

Lezi zimo zibonisa isisekelo esivamile: Inkulumo yabafundi ephazamisayo, engcolile, ekhuthaza isikole esingekho emthethweni ingalinganiselwa. Inkulumo eyisici esizimele nengaphazamisani (njengokugqoka iT-shirt yezombangazwe, ukuveza imibono ngesikhathi esingesona esingokomthetho, noma ukusakaza amapheshana akhishwe ngaphandle kwe-campus) ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo esikhudlwana.

Izinkinga Zamanje: Imithombo Yezindaba, I - Cyberbulish, Nolimi Olungasaphathwa

Izinselele zanamuhla ziphakama lapho abafundi besebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana namathuluzi ezokuxhumana ukuze baveze imizwa yabo, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwesikole noma ngemva kwamahora. INkantolo Ephakeme yathatha lendaba [FLT]] [[Fooy Areat School District v. B.L.] [201] [203]. Umfundi wesikole esiphakeme ufaka umyalezo owendeleka kakhulu owesiko entweni yokukhononda ngokuthi akavusileli iqembu leqembu lesikole. Isikole samgwema. Inkantolo yanquma ngokuvuna umfundi, igcizelela ukuthi izikole zinegunya elincane lokulawula i-ampluyaluyaluza esikoleni. Isikole singasaqaphele ukuthi izikole noma ukusongela kakhulu, kodwa isikole sisuke sifake isigwebo esinzima.

Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna izikole zilungise i-inthanethi, ngisho noma ivela emakolishi, uma idala isimo esingesihle esikoleni. Izifunda zidinga ukwenza imithetho elinganisela izimpawu zabafundi nesibopho sokunikeza indawo ephephile yokufunda. Kubafundi, ukuqaphela ukuthi izigqebhezelo zesikole ezingase ziholele emiphumeleni yesikole uma befuna ukuhlasela ofunda nabo noma izisebenzi.

Imithetho Yokugqoka, Ukubonisa Inkolo Nenzondo

Izikole zingagunyaza imithetho yokugqoka nezimiso ezilawula izinhlobo ezithile zezingubo noma izimpawu, uma nje imithetho iwumbono owe-i-intelligence futhi ihlobene ngokunengqondo nemigomo engokomthetho yemfundo. Nokho, izikole azinakuhlasela umbono othile – ngokwesibonelo, zivimbele amahembe kuphela ngemiyalezo yezombangazwe kuyilapho zivumela abanye. Ngokufanayo, abafundi ngokuvamile banelungelo lokuveza izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo (umzk., befake isiphambano, bexoxa ngokholo) uma nje zingaphazamisa imisebenzi yesikole noma becindezela abanye abafundi. Izikole kumelwe zivumelane ne-Ult Act ye-Unimeal Act, evumela abafundi ukuba bahlangane esikoleni uma ezinye izikhundla zezenkolo ezingangeni ezingekho ezikolweni zivunyelwe.

Inkulumo yenzondo - echazwa njengenkulumo ehlasela umuntu noma iqembu elisekelwe ezimfanelweni ezinjengohlanga, inkolo, umsuka wobuzwe, indlela yobulili, noma ubulili - inselele. Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela izinhlobo eziningi zenkulumo yenzondo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yavumela izikole ukuba zingenele lapho inkulumo enjalo iphakama ngezinga lokuhlukunyezwa, idala isimo esingesihle, noma isongela abantu abathile. Imithetho yasesikoleni enqabela ukuhlukunyezwa nokuqinelwa iwumthetho uma nje ingasetshenziswa ngendlela egxekayo esekelwe embonweni.

Izinto Eziyinhloko Okumelwe Bonke Bazicabangele

  • Public vs. Private Context: Isichibiyeli sokuqala sibopha kuphela abadlali bakahulumeni. Abaqashi bomuntu siqu nezikole zangasese bangabeka imingcele emikhulu enkulu enkulumweni, izihloko ezibekwa kuphela ezivikelweni zemithetho.
  • Ukuphikisana. Ukuphikisana: Kokubili izinhlelo zemisebenzi nesikole kuvumela imingcele yokukhuluma okubangela ukuphazamiseka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo noma okuphazamisa umsebenzi oyinhloko (isizinda noma imfundo). Impikiswano engokweziqu zivame ukuvikelwa, kodwa ukugconwa, ukusongelwa, nokuhlanjalazwa okuqhubekayo.
  • [ Isivikelo sobuzwe:[ Izisebenzi zomphakathi nabafundi bayavikelwa ekuphindiseleni inkulumo evikelwe. Uma ubhekene nesenzo esinzima ngemva kokukhuluma, thintana nommeli wamalungelo abantu noma inhlangano yosizo olusemthethweni.
  • Imithetho ephakanyisiwe: njengomthetho weNational Labor Relations Act, imithetho yokufutha ikhwelo, futhi ikhiphe imithetho yokuziphatha okuxegayo inikeza ezinye izivikelo ngisho naseqenjini lakho. Qondani ukuthi yini esebenzayo ekulawuleni kwakho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhomba: Njalo ufunda izinqubo zomqashi wakho noma isikole ngenkulumo, imithombo yezindaba, nokuziphatha. Lemiyalo ingabeka imingcele ngokomthetho ngezindlela iSichibiyelo sokuqala sodwa esingadingi ngazo.
  • Ikhonthi yeNkcubeko yenzondo:[ [[[FLT]] Nakuba inkulumo yenzondo ivame ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho-sisekelo, ingaba isisekelo sokuyala uma iphula isimiso esinengqondo sokulwa nokuhlukunyezwa noma ubandlululo. Umngcele phakathi kombono owenyanyekayo nowenqabela ukuhlukunyezwa ungoweqiniso.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Abaqashi

  • Ngaphambi kokuba ukhulume, thola ukuthi uyisisebenzi somphakathi noma uyisisebenzi somuntu siqu, izisebenzi zomphakathi zinezivikelo ezingcono kakhulu zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kodwa kumelwe ziqaphele ukukhuluma njengezakhamuzi ezizimele ezindabeni ezikhathaza umphakathi.
  • Kufanele kube nobufakazi obubalulekile uma kudingeka ufakazele ukuthi kufanele uziphindiselele.
  • Ezinye izinqubo zingase zibe ezingekho emthethweni uma zingekho kakhulu noma ziwubandlululo.
  • Bhekana nommeli osebenzayo ngaphambi kokushaya ikhwelo ngomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni noma ukhulume kabi.
  • Qala ngokusebenzisa iziteshi zangaphakathi (njengokubika ku - HR noma kumqondisi) lapho kungenzeka, njengoba lokhu kungabonisa ukholo oluhle futhi kungase kubangele ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile yokushaya ikhwelo.

Abafundi

Isiphetho

The First Amendment remains a cornerstone of American liberty,kodwa ukusebenza kwazo emsebenzini nasezikoleni kudinga isenzo esicophelelayo. Izisebenzi zomphakathi nabafundi bajabulela izivikelo ezinengqondo zokukhuluma ngezindaba ezithinta umphakathi futhi ezingaphazamiseki emsebenzini noma imfundo. Izisebenzi zomuntu siqu kumelwe zithembele emithethweni yemisebenzi kahulumeni neyombuso kunoMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Kuzo zonke izimo, izimiso ezicacile, ezinengqondo, nezingathathi hlangothini, nosizo lokungathathi hlangothi olugcina indawo enenhlonipho kuyilapho zilondoloza inkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulungiselela ukukhuluma ngempikiswano ephikisanayo noma ukwenza inkambiso yokulawula inkulumo, ukuhlala waziwa nge-mthetho kubalulekile. Bona imithombo ethembekile yomthetho – njenge Cornell Law Information Institute noma [[FLT:]] iziqondiso zenkululeko yokukhuluma [[FLT] ALLU] - ukuze uhlaziye ngokujulile. Futhi khumbula: ngenkululeko yokukhuluma ihambisana nomthetho weSikole sokwaziswa [iSiko seSiko] [FLT]] noma [FLT] ALLU] iziqondiso zokukhuluma [[FLT: 3] – ukuhlaziya ngokujulile. futhi khumbula: ngenkululeko yokuyisebenzisa ngezindlela ezihlonipha amalungelo nesithunzi sabanye.