Isifungo Esingcwele: Uhambo LweOath Lomongameli LweMede Nezombangazwe

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu komthetho-sisekelo. Siwukuvuma obala kokwethembeka ekubuseni komthetho, isiko eliphawula ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwegunya, nomzuzwana ohlanganisa umholi omusha ezimpikiswaneni eziphakeme kakhulu zesizwe. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lokhu kuqanjwa okufushane kuye kwaba nokubaluleka okukhulu okungokophawulo. Nokho, eMelika yanamuhla, isifungo sesithathe ukuphila kwesibili (necebo eliyikhowe ezithombeni ze Hollywood, i-lupinpin emidlalo yethelevishini, nezikhali eziwubalayo ezingxabalweni zezombangazwe. Inkulumo ethandwayo nezombangazwe zibonisa futhi zixoxe ngezifungo zasobala zegunya lesimiso somthetho, ukuthembeka komthetho wentando yentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebanzi yombusweni kamongameli, i - profestname, ilandelanisa izigilaye yeminde yayo yezo yezomthetho yezomthetho - zombangazwe, idramaption, i - dratiotiod.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Se - Oath Engumongameli

Umbhalo Nokuzimisela

Isifungo sigunyazwe eSiphakamisweni II, iSiqeshana 1, u-Claus 8 soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.: “Ngiyafunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizimisele ukufinyelela izinga elingcono kakhulu lekhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.” Ukufinyela kombhalo kuphikisa injongo yawo ejulile. Abasunguli, besanda kulwa ukulwa nombusi, bafuna icebo lokubopha isikhulu somthetho kunokuba sifune ukuvelela. Ngokufuna umongameli ukuba afunge ngaphambi kokuthatha amandla, badala isithembiso esiphoqelelwa obala ngokungagunyazwa nokulahlwa obala.

Izazimlando ziphawula ukuthi lolu limi lwakhethwa ngokucophelela. Igama elithi “ngokuthembekile” liveza umsebenzi womthetho ovamile we-partheary, kuyilapho“ uvikela, uvikele futhi uvikele” liphoqelela isibopho esiqondile sokuqapha uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba isazi somthetho-sisekelo uMichael Gerhardt echaze[, isifungo asisona nje isifungo esingokwesiko, kodwa sisenza isimiso sokuthi akukho muntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unamandla kangakanani, simi ngaphezu komthetho.

Ukuziphendukela Kwegama Le - oth Ceremian

Nakuba umbhalo ungashintshiwe, umkhosi ophathelene nesifungo uye washintsha ngokuphawulekayo. UGeorge Washington wanezela amazwi athi “ngisize kakhulu uNkulunkulu” ngemva kokuphindaphinda isifungo, isiko elalandelwa kamuva amongameli kodwa alifunwa ngokomthetho ngokomthetho. Indawo iye yasuka kumkhosi wokuqala wangaphandle eFederal Hall entshonalanga ye-Capitol, futhi muva nje, ukuhlanganisa izinto eziqheleleneyo noma ezingokwendawo. Imininingwane yemikhosi iveza izindinganiso nezinselele zenkathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama’s 2009 waphinde wamiswa ngenxa ye-frieb eholweni le-prand, iveza ukuphakama kwempucuko ebekwe ekuphindaphindeni okuqondileyo. Lemicimbiso imikhosi ivame ukuphinda isifungo.

Isihlahla Sezindaba Ezithandwayo: Izimpawu Nokulandisa

Izithombe zebhayisikobho: Kusukela ku “Mongameli waseMelika” Kuya ‘ Kusinde Owawuyibekile”

I-Hollywood iqaphela isikhathi eside ukuvunywa okukhulu kwesifungo sobumongameli. Ku-Rob Reiner ka-1995 spening comedy uMongameli waseMelika , umbhikishi we-progano usho isifungo esikude, kodwa ifilimu yakha ukulandisa kwayo phakathi kokucindezeleka kokuziphatha komuntu siqu nomsebenzi womphakathi, [1] ukuvala ngokuqondile isithembiso sesithembiso sokuthi “yaya kuphumeza” ihhovisi. Ngokucacile, izihloko zethelevishini zisho ngokulandelana ngecala i-Sindela soMdansolo yakha incazelo yayo yonke ebhekeneyo phakathi kwesifungo: ngemva kokuhlasela wonke umugqa wokulandelana, ilungu eliphansi lekhodiwe futhi libe umongameli. I-mlingi iphinde ibonise uphawu lokuqhubeka kwezimpawu, njengoba isenza ngokuqinisekisa isimo sikahulumeni.

Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ifilimu ka-2013 [[FLT: 0] Kaputeni, lapho isifungo singaveli khona kodwa umqondo wegunya lobumongameli usetshenziswa ngokushintshana komphathi-nhloko, kanye nefilimu ka-2018 i-Post, egxile ekuxazululeni kwelungelo lesikhulu nelomthetho-sisekelo. Esimweni ngasinye, isifungo sisebenza njengengxenye emfushane yemisebe yokuhola. Umfanekiso wesandla eBhayibhelini (noma incwadi yomthetho) namazwi akhulunywayo enza isikhathi sophawu lwe-ctralotss asebenzisa uphawu lwesibopho noma ubuzenzisi.

Ithelevishini Nezithombe Ezingcolile

Ithelevishini ebanzi mhlawumbe inobuhlobo obungcono kakhulu nesifungo. Kuyi-West Wing, isifungo siyasetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe , kuMongameli uJosiya Bartelet ukuphindaphinda kokuqala kudala lapho umongameli uGlenallen Walkeren ethatha isifungo ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile. U-Shorn Aaron Sorkin wasebenzisa isifungo sokusekela ukuchaza kwakhe i-Profective. Umfanekiso lapho uBarttell esho isifungo ngemva kokwembula i-scletry House emhlophe uyilungu le-temforts esebenzisa ulimi olusemthethweni ukuze afake isifungo esimweni esingavamile sokulandisa.

Muva nje, Indlu yamakhadi yachitha ubungcwele besifungo. Frank Underwood, isifungo seMachiavellian, sisho isifungo ngokugcwele lapho sizimisele ukusikhaphela. Izibuko ezibonisayo zabangela izibukeli ukuba zingangabaze ukuthi isifungo sodwa singawunqanda yini umzila omisiwe we-autocratat. Ngokufanayo, uchungechunge lwe-Netflix [[FLLM:2] uDiplomat [ uhlola isifungo ngomqondo ogcwele wokusikhathaza ekulawuleni kwezwe lonke, kubonisa indlela ukuzimisela kukamongameli ukuba “ulonde, uvikele, futhi uvikele” okungaphikisana ngayo nezibopho ze-miyadiant.

Izincwadi Nezinti Zommbila

Izincwadi eziqanjiwe nezingathathi mbumbulu zihlangene nesifungo. UNovels njengoPhilip Roth’s Umthetho omelene neMelika cabanga ngesenzakalo lapho isifungo sikamongameli sisontwa khona ukuze asebenzise iziphetho ze-athorist. URot usebenzisa u-Lindbergh depansius ukuze abonise ukuthi umholi angadumisa kanjani uhlamvu lwesifungo kuyilapho ephula umoya wakhe, futhi efaka indikimba ephikisa izimpikiswano zamanje ngesikhulu esikhohlakala. Ezweni elihlukile, uHarry Turtultleve usebenzise izigwegwe ezingoko zezomlando [FLD [FFFF:] [FLD] [FLT] [3] uhlanganisa izigcawu lapho umongameli efunga khona umoya wakhe ohlukile, ukuvezela indlela evumelana ngayo nomthetho wezombangazwe.

Izincwadi zivame ukucubungula ngasese ngaphambi kwesifungo somphakathi. Izincwadi ezinjenge [[FLT: 0] Jeffrey Shapiro’s i-Oath ihlola isisindo sengqondo kumongameli njengoba belungiselela ukukhuluma amagama. Imisebenzi enjalo igcizelela ukuthi isifungo asisona nje inqubo kodwa isifungo somuntu siqu esiye saguqula isinqumo somongameli kuwo wonke umlando.

I - oath Njengethuluzi Elingathandeki Enkulumweni Yezombangazwe

Ukuba Isekela Lomthetho Nokwethembeka

Enkulumweni yezombangazwe, isifungo somongameli sivame ukukhonjwa ukuze kumiswe noma kuvinjelwe ukufaneleka komholi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nomphumela wokhetho lwama-2020, amalungu eSishayamthetho acela isifungo lapho ephikisana ngokuthi aqinisekise amavoti angovoti. UMmeli uLiz Cheney washo phansi ukuthi ukuvota kwakhe kuMongameli uTrump wathathwa “ukusekela isifungo engafunga kuso kuMthethweni.” Isifungo saba yinqaba: ngokusilawula, abezombangazwe bamisa izenzo zabo hhayi njengezinqumo ezivunayo kodwa njengezibophopho zomthetho.

Ngokufanayo, abakhonzi be-presidenti bavame ukuthembisa “ukubuyisela isifungo” noma“ ukuphila ngesifungo,” besikisela ukuthi abaphikisi babo baphambukile. Lokhu kufaka ukhambi kulindele obala ukuthi isifungo siyisivumelwano esiqinile sokuziphatha. Uma umongameli ebhekwa njengowephula isifungo qhawe, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuyala uhlelo olungekho emthethweni lokuhlola noma ngokunqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho. Abaphikisi bamapolitiki basebenzisa isifungo njengezizathu zokungagunyazi. I-House Judiciary Committee yokungamela uMongameli u-Trump ngo-201 waveza ngokucacile ukwehluleka kwakhe“ ukubulala ihhovisi ngokwethembeka,” ukudweba ngokuqondile ngolimi lwezifungo.

Inkundla Yemikhankaso Nezimpikiswano

Phakathi nezimpikiswano zomkhankaso, abazohlolwa bangase babekelane inselele ukuthembeka kwesifungo. Izimpikiswano zika-1960 Kennedy-Nixon zaveza izikhombo ezicacile esifungweni lapho uKennedy ephikisa ngokuthi umongameli kumelwe abe “inceku ethembekile yomthetho-sisekelo.” Muva nje, izimpikiswano ezingu-2020 zabona uJoe Biden zinxusa isifungo ngokuphindaphindiwe njengendinganiso okufanele izenzo zikaTrump zihlolwe ngayo. Isifungo sisebenza njengesigqebhezana esidlula imigqa yeqembu; akukho sikhulumi sezombangazwe esisiphika obala obala.

Izindaba ezihlanganiswa nemikhankaso zibuye zisize ukuba isifungo sibe sincane. Izinhlelo zezindaba zivame ukusebenzisa ividiyo yomongameli bakudala abafunga phakathi nezindaba eziphathelene nezimfanelo zombhalisa, ziqinisekisisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwesifungo nobungqabavu bomongameli. Lo mthunja obonakalayo ungathonya abavoti abangahloniphi, ikakhulukazi labo ababheka lesifungo njengesithembiso esiqotho.

Izinhlangano Neziphazamiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo siba sivelele kakhulu phakathi nezinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo. Ihlazo lama-Watergate o-1970 labangela ukuphikisana okukhulu ngokuthi uMongameli uNixon wayesonakele isifungo sakhe ngokufihla isehlukaniso. Izazi ezingokomthetho zaphikisa ngokuthi lesifungo sasifuna ukuba avumelane nokuphenywa. Inhlekelele yafinyelela esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme (United States v. Nixon) esaqinisa ngokungaqondile ubukhulu besifungo ngokunqaba iziphakamiso zelungelo eliphelele lokubusa.

Muva nje, ukuhlasela kweCapitol kwaholela ekutheni izifungo zisakazeke kabanzi. Abenzi bomthetho ababebalekile egumbini babuyela ekuqinisekiseni ukhetho, besho ngokucacile ukuthi babekwenza lokhu “ngenxa yokwethembeka esifungweni.” USifungo uNancy Pelosi wakhuluma ngesiqubulo kaningi, futhi ikomiti eyalandela yanikeza ubufakazi obabufaka ubufakazi bezenzakalo zosuku njengokuhlaselwa kobuqotho besifungo. [[FLT: 0] uLegalgi ochwepheshe ezindaweni ezinjengo Just Security waphikisa ngokuthi isifungo singasetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokukhishwa kwezehlakazeko ngaphansi kwe-echile ye-14, nakuba le ncazelo isalokhu iphikisana. [[FLT:]

Ezinye izimpikiswano, njengenkambiso yokuhlukanisa umkhaya emngceleni, zabangela izimpikiswano zezifungo. Abagxeki bathi lesimiso saphula isifungo sikamongameli ‘ sokunakekela ukuba imithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka,” sikhomba emithethweni efuna ukuphathwa kwabantu abafudukayo. Iziphathimandla zaphikisa ngokuthi lesifungo sasifuna ukuba baphoqelele imithetho yokufuduka njengabhaliwe. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isifungo singasetshenziswa kanjani kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ukuze sisekele izikhundla eziphikisanayo, siveza ukuvumelana kwaso njengethuluzi lokuphendula.

Ukusetshenziswa Komphakathi Nemfundo Yesibhamu

Isihibe Nesizwe

Kubantu abaningi baseMelika, isifungo sobumongameli asisona nje isiko lezombangazwe kodwa siwuphawu lwesizwe. Ukuhlolwa kwePew Research Center [ kwathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-89 abantu abahlolile abheka ukudluliswa ngokuthula kukahulumeni (isenzo) sokufungisa okusekelwe esifungweni sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Imikhosi yomphakathi, njengokuphinda isifungo phakathi nokunikezelwa, ukudonsa izigidi zezibukeli. Amazwi esifungo avame ukuvezwa ezincwadini, iminyuziyamu, iminyuziyamu, imbukiso, nezinto zokufundisa ngemfundo yomphakathi.

Nokho, ukuqonda umphakathi wesifungo somthetho akucacile. Izakhamuzi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi lesi sifungo sihlanganisa “ukungisiza mina nguNkulunkulu” njengemfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi zimbalwa ezingawukhumbula umbhalo oqondile. Leligebe phakathi kwenhlonipho engokomfanekiso nolwazi olungokoqobo lingasetshenziswa kabi izazi zezombangazwe ezicela isifungo ngaphandle kokuchaza incazelo yaso engokomthetho. Izinhlelo zemfundo zemfundo zigcizelela incazelo yangempela yesifungo. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yeMelika ye-Melika [ inikeza imithombo yosizo olusiza abafundisi kanye nabafundi ukuba bahlaziye isifungo njengesifungo esingokomthetho.

Ithonya Lemithombo Yezindaba Lokuqonda

Imithombo yezindaba ethandwayo ihlela ngokuqondile indlela umphakathi osiqonda ngayo isifungo. Uma ibhayisikobho evusa amadlingozi ibonisa umongameli ophindaphinda isifungo ngesandla eBhayibhelini, iqinisa isifungo esingokwenkolo, ngisho noma uMthetho-sisekelo uvumela ukuvuma ngaphandle kweBhayibheli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umboniso wethelevishini obonisa umongameli owephula isithembiso ungenza ukuba izibukeli ziqaphele inqubo yokuziphendulela njengokungaqondi. I-Netflix uchungechunge ihlanganisa i-pillary [ eyisifungo somfungo nezingxoxo ezixoxa ngemiphumela yayo e-Clinton’s Priciece, ihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezigilayezolwazi lokufundisa.

Izethulo zezokuxhumana zifeza indima ekhulayo. Ukuthatha izifungo kuhlanganyelwa kabanzi phakathi nezinkinga, ngokuvamile ngokukhulumela okuthi ukudumisa noma ukulahla ukunamathela kukamongameli emagameni. Imicu ehlaziywayo ihlola ukuthi inqubo iwukwephula isifungo ingaba yigciwane yini, idalula izigidi zabasebenzisi ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho. Lokhu kuchazwa kwencazelo ye-democratication kuzo zombili izinzuzo (ukuhlanganisa kwesizwe) nezingozi (ukuchaza ngesilinganiso sesifungo).

Isiphetho

Isifungo sikamongameli sisalokhu siyisisekelo sempucuko yezombangazwe yaseMelika, amazwi ayo alula athwele amakhulu eminyaka engokomthetho, ukuqina okungokomzwelo, kanye nokulandisa. Ezezindaba ezidumile, isifungo sisebenza njengesici esiphawulekayo esibonisa izimpawu zezimpawu, inhlekelele, noma ukuqhubeka. Enkulumweni yezombangazwe, sisebenza njengesisekelo esingekho sisekelo, esilula, noma esishukumisayo. Njengoba isizwe sithatha inkathi yokudumisa kakhulu nezinselele zentando yeningi, indima yesifungo njengesithembiso somphakathi, impikiswano ngezindaba zezindaba, nokuhlaziywa kwezindaba zesikole ngisho nakusetshenziswa kakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela isifungo esiboniswa ngayo futhi sisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde lapho zidumisa futhi zifaka igama lazo kuphela.