Table of Contents

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zisebenza njengezinsika eziyinhloko zokubusa kwanamuhla, ziveza igebe phakathi kwemithetho engokomthetho ebanzi namaqiniso asebenzayo okumisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene. Kusukela ekuvikelekeni kwendawo ezungezile kuya ezimakethe zezezimali, kusukela ekulondekeni kokudla kuya ekuxhumaneni nocingo, lezi zinkampani zakha cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke eUnited States. Ukuqonda uhlelo olungokomthetho olubusa lezi zinhlangano ezinamandla kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini, emabhizinisini, nakochwepheshe bezomthetho ngokufanayo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola isimiso somthetho esiyinkimbinkimbi esingemva kwezinhlangano ezilawulayo, sichaza ngolimi olucacile indlela ezithola ngayo igunya lazo, ziveza ngayo imithetho, zivumelanisa, futhi zihlala zinecala ezinkantolo zomphakathi.

Ziyini Izimo Eziphuthumayo Futhi Kungani Zikhona?

Umthetho ophethe uhlanganisa imithetho nezimiso zomthetho ezilawula ukuphatha nomthetho wezinhlangano zikahulumeni (zombili zombuso nombuso). Ngokuvamile, izinhlangano eziqondisayo zenzelwe ukuvikela isithakazelo somphakathi kunokulwela amalungelo abantu. Lezi zikhungo zikhona ngoba ukubusa kwanamuhla kuye kwaba okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kwahlongozwa ngokukhethekile ukuba izishaya-mthetho zisingathe yonke imininingwane yokusetshenziswa nokugcinwa.

Ngempela, ngenxa yokuthi iSishaya - mthetho asinakumisa futhi sinikeze wonke umthetho omisiwe, kumelwe sithembele ezinhlanganweni ukuba zisebenzise, ziqikelele, futhi ngezinye izindlela zilawule imithetho ehlukahlukene kahulumeni emiswe uMkhandlu. Umthamo nobuchwepheshe obuningi bemithetho yesimanje (ukusukela ezindinganisweni zokuphepha zenuzi zokuthaka imithi kuya ekwakheni imithetho yokuhweba ngemithi) futhi igcine ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile izinhlangano ezingabuthuthukisa futhi zibulondoloze ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinhlobo Zezimo Zokuqondisa

Ezinye zezinhlangano ezivelele ziyizinkampani ezivelele njenge - Department of Justice ne - Department of Defense. Lezi zinkampani zisebenza ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqondile komongameli futhi abaholi bazo bakhonza ngenjabulo kaMongameli.

Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa izinhlangano ezizimele njenge Federal Trade Commission, iSecurity and Exchange Commission, kanye ne-Evironmental Protection Agency, zonke ezizimele zingalawulwa ngokuqondile nguMongameli. Izinhlangano ezizimele zivame ukukhokha izikhomishane ezinezinombolo eziningi ezinyakazisayo nezivikela ezisuswayo, eziklanyelwe ukuzivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi ziqinisekise ukuqhubekela phambili phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Ukumiswa Kwegunya

Izimo eziphuthumayo ziphathiswa amandla yi-Congress (noma endabeni yenhlangano kazwelonke, isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni), ukuba zithathe umthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza amalungelo athile avela eSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kuphathiswa kwegunya kumelela enye yezindlela eziyisisekelo kakhulu (_futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuphikisana ) izimpawu zomthetho wokuphatha.

Indlela Izinhlangano Ezinikeza Ngayo Igunya Ngomthetho Oweqisayo

Izimo eziphuthumayo zakhiwa ngemithetho yazo siqu ephilayo, emisa imithetho emisha, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, idala izinhlangano ezizimele ukuze zichaze, ziqondise, futhi zisebenzise leyomithetho emisha. Lemithetho ephilayo, ebizwa nangokuthi umthetho owenza kube khona, isebenza njengomthetho - sisekelo womthetho - sisekelo wenhlangano ngayinye, uchaza ukuthunywa kwayo, isimo, namandla.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zinikezwa igunya lokwakha umthetho wokuphatha ngemithetho emiswe yiKhongolose. ISishaya-mthetho esinikeza amandla avamile naqondile ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene zeFederal ngokunikeza umthetho kanye nemithetho ebanzi yokuphatha kwazo okulungile nokuhlelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-Congress idlulisa i-Cease Air Act, yasungula i-Evironmental Protection evikelayo futhi yayinika igunya elikhethekile lokumisa izinga eliphezulu lomoya, ukukhipha igesi, nokuthobela okuphoqeqelelwe.

Imfundiso Engaphili Ngokusekelwe Kuhulumeni Nemingcele Yayo

Kuyisimiso somthetho-sisekelo esisho ukuthi igatsha lemithetho likahulumeni wase-U.S. (Conrent) alinakuphathisa igatsha eliphethe (uMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni) igunya lokushaya umthetho. Lesisimiso, esaziwa njengemfundiso engagunyazi, sisuka eSiphakamini I soMthetho-sisekelo, esibeka wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya - mthetho eSishaya - mthetho.

Ezinye izazi zezomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi izinhlangano zokuphatha azivumelani nemithetho, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungavumelani kwemithetho engokomthetho yokuphatha. Noma kunjalo, ukubekwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kwamanje kubheka izinhlangano zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi kudingekile ngomqondo osebenzayo nohamba phambili. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela iziphathi zegunya uma nje iSishaya-mthetho sinikeza iziqondiso zezenqubo, nakuba izimpikiswano eziphathelene nezinga elifanele lezithunywa ziqhubeka ezikhungweni ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe.

UMongameli angagcwalisa kuphela izikhala ezilawulayo ngokusebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu lapho igunya lomthetho weSishaya - mthetho seliqedile indima yalo ekwenzeni imithetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe abameleli abakhethiwe kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuvumelana nezimo okudingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yezobuchwepheshe nezimiso.

UMthetho Wombuso: I - Foundation of Agency Operations

Isabela ekusungulweni okusheshayo kwezinhlangano ezintsha ezizimele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili (bheka ingxoxo ngezansi), iSishaya - mthetho samisa i - Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ngo - 1946. i - APA imelela isisekelo somthetho wokuqondisa kahulumeni, imisa izinqubo ezifanayo izinhlangano okumelwe zilandele lapho zenza imithetho futhi ziqeda izingxabano.

I-APA ingumthetho wokulungisa oklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubufana nobukhululekile ezinqubweni ezisetshenziswa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. UMthetho uyizimiso zokulawula ezibanzi, izifuno, nokumisa imithetho ngokwezimo ezivamile. I-APA iwumthombo oyinhloko womthetho wenhlangano yezombuso kahulumeni, kuyilapho ukuqondisa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nokuqondisa kulawulwa ngezenzo zikahulumeni ezifanayo.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Nezinjongo

Ngenxa yokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States awubeki mingcele kulegunya lezinhlangano zokuphatha ezihambayo, i-APA yamisa izinqubo zomthetho wokuphatha ezilungile ukuze ivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho wenqubo efanele. I-APA ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi: iqinisekisa ukuba sobala kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, inikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela komphakathi, imisa izindinganiso zokuhlola, futhi ivikele amalungelo abantu ekusebenzelaneni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Izinqubo zobu-arhente zithathwa emithonjeni emine yegunya: i-APA, imithetho ephilayo, imithetho yezinhlangano, nokusetshenziswa kwenhlangano ngokwethukela. Izimo zingasebenza kuphela phakathi kwegunya elinikezwe ngenhlangano, futhi zivumelane nezimfuneko ze-APA. Lesi sakhiwo esinemifantu eminingi siqinisekisa ukuthi amanxusa ahlala enesibopho sokulandisa kuyilapho alondoloza ukuvumelana nezimo ukuze afeze izithumo zawo ze-statory.

Izenzo Zokuqondisa KoMbuso

Kulelozinga lombuso, inguquko yokuqala yeModel State Administrative Procedure Act yasakazwa futhi yakhishwa ngo-1946 yi-Uniformal Law Commission (ULC), ngonyaka i-Federal Administrative Procedure Act eyabunjwa ngawo. Ihlanganisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ngolwazi oluningi ngokwanele ukuze isekele izici ezibalulekile, ngakho iyi "umboniso", futhi ayishicilelwe "uniform", . Amazwe aye amukela izindlela zawo siqu zenqubo yokuphatha, akha izimiso ezifanayo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni kuyilapho evumelanisa izidingo namasiko endawo.

Umthetho wokuphatha ukhona kuzo zonke izimiso zikahulumeni ezingu-50 ezihlukene futhi usebenza ngokufanayo kumthetho we-paradigm kazwelonke, izifunda zezwe ezihlukene ekusebenziseni kwazo amagama, izinhlangano nezakhiwo zezinhlangano, nokubeka imithetho. Ukuqonda izimfuneko zombuso wombuso nowombuso kubalulekile kunoma ubani osingatha izindaba zokuqondisa, njengoba izimboni eziningi zibhekene nomthetho emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni.

Inqubo Yokubusa: Indlela Izinhlangano Ezikha Imithetho

Ukubusa kuyinqubo esetshenziswa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ekukhiqizeni, ekulungiseni, noma ekulungiseni. IziKhomishane zinikeza igunya lokubusa ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ukuze kusetshenziswe imithetho. Lenqubo iguqula imiyalo ebanzi yemithetho ibe izimfuneko eziqondile, eziphoqelelweyo ezibusa yonke into kusukela ekulondekeni emsebenzini kuya ezindinganisweni zendawo ezungezile.

Iyini Imithetho?

Imithetho yokuphatha esezingeni likahulumeni ibizwa ngokuthi imithetho (noma imithetho). Imithetho imenyezelwa ukuba isebenzise, ichaze, noma inikeze umthetho noma isimiso. Amagama "imithetho" kanye "nemithetho" asho into efanayo emongweni womthetho wokuphatha kahulumeni futhi asetshenziswa ngokufana. Imithetho ye-Administrative, ebizwa nangokuthi iyavumelana njengemithetho, ithathwa yizinhlangano futhi ithathwa njengegunya elingokomthetho eliyinhloko.

Umthetho uvela ngemithetho, imithetho, izinqubo, iziyalezo, nezinqumo. Imithetho enikezwayo kulobu mbuso inamandla nomphumela womthetho futhi ingaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo yokusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Uma isetshenziswa ngokufanelekile, imithetho yezinhlangano iba nethonya elingokomthetho eliqinile njengoba iMiyalo idluliswa, yenza inqubo yokubusa ibe yinqubo egxekayo yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni.

Ukwenza ukubusa ngokwethukela: Inqubo yokwazisa- kanye- ne-Comment

Imininingwane ye-APA inqubo engavamile ukusetshenziswa yemithetho ehleliwe kanye nezimfuneko zokushaya imithetho ngokwethukela, lapho kukhishwa khona imithetho eminingi kakhulu yezinhlangano. Ukushaya imithetho ngokwethukela, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuqamba isaziso, kumelela indlela evame kakhulu izinhlangano ezimisa ngayo imithetho.

Ukubusa kulawulwa kakhulu izindinganiso ezibekwe kuMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (5 U.S.C. . . . . . Le nqubo ilandela uhlelo oluhlelwe ngendlela eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba sobala nokuhlanganyela komphakathi:

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Phawula Ukubuswa Okuhlongozwayo

Ngokwesiko, inxusa kumelwe linikeze isaziso somphakathi somthetho ohlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba usebenze (5.C. ISAYA 553(b). Ukuqaphela kufezwa ngokukhipha umthetho ohlongozwayo kuyi-Federal Register. Inhlangano ikhipha isaziso somthetho owenziwe ngePropased (NPR), enyatheliswa kuyiFederal Register, ukuchaza nokuphenya komphakathi ngesenzo sokulawula esihlongoniswayo. Uma ikomiti ifaka umthetho, kumelwe inikeze isaziso ku-Federal Register yomthetho ohlongozwayo futhi ibone igunya elingokomthetho elinikezwayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Isaziso kumelwe sihlanganise umbhalo womthetho ohlongozwayo, incazelo yezinjongo zawo nesisekelo esingokomthetho, nokwaziswa okuphathelene nokuthi umphakathi unganikeza kanjani ukukhulumela. Lokhu kubonakala kuvumela abantu abathintekile ukuba baqonde lokho okushiwo yinhlangano nokuthi kungani.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Inkathi Yokuphendula Kwasobala

Ngemva kokuba umthetho ohlongozwayo usukhishiwe, umphakathi unikezwa ithuba lokunikeza izinkulumo ngomthetho ohlongozwayo (5.S.C. sa 553). Inhlangano ingase icabangele ukukhulumela ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe umthetho wokugcina futhi ifeze. Lenkathi yokukhulumela ivame ukuba izinsuku ezingu - 30 kuya kwezingu - 60, nakuba izinhlangano zinganikeza izikhathi ezithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu zemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi noma ebalulekile.

Phakathi nalenkathi, noma ubani anganikeza ukukhulumela kwezinkulungwane noma amakhulu ezinkulungwane zokukhulumela ngemithetho emikhulu, futhi kumelwe abukeze futhi acabangele konke ukukhulumela okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukwembulwa Kokugcina Kombuso

Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwe-APA kahulumeni nencazelo yokwahlulela ye-APA, izinhlangano ezithi zihlanganyela emsebenzini wokwenza umthetho kumelwe zinikeze isaziso sokushaya umthetho ohlongozwayo ngaphambi kokwamukela umthetho wokugcina. Umthetho wokugcina kumelwe ulandele ukukhula okunengqondo komthetho ohlongozwayo futhi kumelwe ubonise ukucatshangelwa kwezinhlangano kwakho konke ukukhulumela okuthathiwe futhi okubukeziwe.

Lapho kukhishwa umthetho wokugcina, izinhlangano kumelwe zihlanganise namazwi achaza isisekelo nenjongo yomthetho, aphendula amazwi abalulekile futhi achaze ukuthi kungani le nhlangano yamukela noma yalahla izinguquko ezisikiselwe. Yonke imithetho kumelwe ikhishwe. Uma imithetho ehlala njalo evela ezinhlanganoni ivela eFederal Register, iyaphumelela. Umthetho wokugcina uba ophumelelayo ezinsukwini ezingu - 30 ngemva kokunyatheliswa, unikeza amaqembu isikhathi esiqondiswayo sokulungiselela ukuthobela.

Yonke le nqubo ivame ukubhekiselwa kuyo njengesaziso & ukuphawula ukushaya umthetho noma ukushaya umthetho ngokwethukela. Lenqubo ilinganisela ukuphumelela nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, ivumela izinhlangano ukuba zizuze ekufakeni komphakathi kuyilapho zilondoloza ikhono lokusebenza ngejubane elilinganiselwe.

Ukushaya Umthetho: Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kwenzeka lapho imithetho idingeka ngemvume ukuba yenziwe ngemva kwethuba lokuqulwa kwecala lenhlangano; lenqubo yenzeka kaningi kakhulu kunokwenza imithetho ngokwethukela. Uma uMkhandlu ufuna ukubuswa okusemthethweni kwenhlangano ekwaziyo, lenqubo iba yenziwa ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ixazululeke isikhathi.

Njengasekubekeni umthetho ngokwethukela, inqubo engokomthetho yokwenza imithetho iqala ngokukhishwa komthetho ohlongozwayo kuyiFederal Register, ngencazelo yendlela ewumthetho kanye nemininingwane yokuthi izenzakalo ziyokwenziwa nini nokuthi kuphi. Esikhundleni senkathi yokukhulumela, inqubo yokushaya umthetho idinga ukuqulwa kohlobo lokwahlulela ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi umthetho umelwe udluliswe yini.

Kulelo cala, uMahluleli woMthetho ophethe noma omunye ummeleli wenhlangano owengamele unamandla amakhulu okusiza izenzakalo, kuhlanganise nokukhipha ompoqo, ukubusa ezindabeni ezisobala nokufuna amaqembu ukuba azame ukuxazulula noma yiziphi izimpikiswano ngokusebenzisa esinye isinqumo. Icala linelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi obudluliselwa ngomlomo noma ngezincwadi ukuze kuqiniselwe icala labo noma ukusekela ubufakazi obungahambisani nobufakazi obubodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ukubekwa kwemithetho kungokomthombo wemithombo, amaKhomisha akuvamile ukubufuna, futhi izinhlangano ziyabugwema uma kungenzeka.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokubukisa

Lombiko unikeza ukucaciswa okufushane okungokomthetho kwezindlela izinhlangano ezingase zifake ngazo imithetho e-promulgate, ehlanganisa ukwenza imithetho esemthethweni, ngokwethukela (i-panece ne-compane noma 8853) ukubekwa kwemithetho exubile, ukumiswa kwemithetho exubile, ukubekwa kokugcina kwemithetho, nokuhlelwa kwemithetho okuqondisweneyo. Indlela ngayinye ifeza izinjongo nezimo ezihlukene.

Ukubekwa kwemithetho okuhlangene kumelela isithasiselo ezinhlelweni ezingokwesiko zokushaya umthetho ezivumela amanxusa ukuba athintane nabantu abathakazelayo namaqembu anesithakazelo ezingeni lokuthuthuka kwenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Lapho kuxoxwa, inxusa lihlanganisa ikomiti yabagcini bemithetho ukuze isungule icebo ngaphambi kokukhipha isaziso sokushaya umthetho ohlongozwayo. Lendlela yokubambisana inganciphisa ukuphikiswa nokuphikiswa, nakuba isebenza kangcono kakhulu uma inani lezithakazelo ezithintekile ziphathwa futhi amaqembu ezimisele ukuhle.

Ukubekwa komthetho kokugcina kuvumela izinhlangano ukuba ziveze imithetho ezenzakalelayo ngaphandle kokuba kutholakale amazwi anzima. Lenqubo elandelanayo isebenza kahle ngokwenqubo, imithetho engekho ngokomthetho lapho inkampani ilindele ukuphikiswa okuncane noma ukwenqaba.

Ezihlukanisiwe Ukwezwa-fushanisela-phawula Izimfuneko

Akuzona zonke izinqumo zezimiso ezenziwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifuna ukuba uhulumeni angenele ekubekeni imithetho ngokwethukela. Imithetho ephathelene nokuhlelwa kwenhlangano, inqubo noma umkhuba akudingeki ukuba ilandele isaziso kanye namalungiselelo okuphendula e-APA. Lezi zingamane nje zamukelwe ngesaziso emphakathini. Nokho, uma umthetho we-procedtura noma izimemezelo zesimiso zithinta ilungelo elingokomthetho elingaphansi, ukukhulula akusebenzi, futhi inxusa lingadingeka ukuba lilandele inqubo yokushaya umthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lombiko uqokomisa izimfuneko eziningi ezihlukile ezisemqoka zika-APA, kuhlanganise "imbangela elungile" nemithetho ephathelene ne-'i-ace' isho ngokusemthethweni izimemezelo zenqubo, imithetho echazayo, nemithetho yenqubo ye-oceal system. "imbangela elungile" ivumela izinhlangano ukuba zivale ukuqaphela futhi zibambezele uma zingangaqiniseki, zingadingekile, noma ziphambene nesithakazelo somphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni eziphuthumayo noma lapho zenza izinguquko ezincane zezobuchwepheshe.

Lapho Ungathola Khona Imithetho Yesifunda: IBhayiselo Lesizwe neCFR

Ukuqonda lezi zincwadi ezimbili kubalulekile kunoma ubani ocwaningayo noma ovumelana nemithetho kahulumeni.

Imvume YamaFederal: Ukuvuselelwa Kwansuku Zonke

I-Federal Register (FR) iyincwadi engokomthetho yansuku zonke yemithetho, imithetho ehlongozwayo, kanye nezaziso zezinhlangano ze-Federal, kanye neziyalo zezikhulu nezinye izincwadi zomongameli. I-FR ihlelwa kabusha nsuku zonke futhi ikhishwa ngoMsombuluko kuze kube ngoLwesihlanu, ngaphandle kwamaholide e-Federal. I-Federal Register isebenza njengomagazini ongokomthetho kahulumeni, inikeza ukulandisa kohlelo lwazo zonke izinqubo zokubusa.

Inqubo yokwenza isaziso sokuqala sezezimali sokuqondisa sokuthola isithakazelo senhlangano kuya ekuthatheni umthetho wokugcina kufakazelwe esimisweni sokunyathelisa iFederal Register. Izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zalesimiso yiFederal Register ne-Codect of Federal Regional Regional. Abacwaningi bangalandelela yonke i-Pycle yokulawula ngokulandela ukuqhubekeka kwayo kusuka ku-Federal Register.

Umthetho Wemithetho Yesifunda: Uhlelwe Yindaba

I-Code of Federal Reformation (CFR) iyisivumelwano semithetho evamile nehlala njalo ekhishwa eFederal Register yiminyango ephethe nezinhlangano zikaHulumeni ophethe. Ihlukaniswa ngezihloko ezingu-50 ezimelela izihloko ezibanzi zezihloko zezihloko ze-Federal. Isihloko ngasinye sihlukaniswa ngokwezahluko, ngokuvamile ezinegama lenhlangano ekhiphayo. Isiqephu ngasinye sinezingxenye ezingaphansi ezihlanganisa izingxenye ezihlanganisa izindawo eziqondile.

Umqulu ngamunye we-CFR uvuselelwa kanye ngonyaka wekhalenda futhi ukhishwa ngokwengxenye eyodwa kwezine. I-CFR inikeza iqoqo lezimiso elihlelwe ngokwemininingwane okwamanje, yenza kube lula ukuthola yonke imithetho ngesihloko esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Sihlokwana 21 sihlanganisa ukudla nezidakamizwa, iSihlokwana 26 sihlanganisa inzuzo yangaphakathi, futhi i-340 ihlanganisa ukuvikela indawo ezungezile.

Kokubili i-Federal Register ne-CFR zitholakala kuyi - Internet ukuze zitholakale ngesihle ngamawebhusayithi kahulumeni asemthethweni, okwenza ukwaziswa okulawulayo kutholakale emphakathini. Izindawo zokudayisa izimali zezentengiselwano zinikeza le mithombo ngamakhono athuthukisiwe okuhlola nangamathuluzi okucwaninga engeziwe.

Ukunqatshelwa Kwezigwebo Zombuso: Indlela Izingxabano Zezimo Eziphuthumayo Ezixazulula Ngayo

Nakuba ukwenza imithetho kudala imithetho esetshenziswa ezigabani ezibanzi zabantu noma izinhlangano, ukufushaniswa kuhilela ukusebenzisa imithetho nezimiso ezinhlangothini ezithile ezisezimweni ezithile. Ukubeka imithetho kuyinqubo "yokusheshisa ukuhlelwa, ukupholisa, noma ukukhipha umthetho," futhi ukufushaniswa kuyisimo sokugcina senhlangano ngaphandle kokumisa imithetho.

Umsebenzi Wezinhlangano Zokuthutha Imali

Lapho kwakhiwa le "mithetho," inhlangano isebenza njengenhlangano ehlanganisa i-quasi-judicial, i-quasi-legislative. Izinhlangano zezombuso zisebenza njengesikhundla sokulawula lapho zikhipha imithetho nezimiso. Izinhlangano zisebenza njengesikhundla sokwahlulela lapho ziphatha ukuqulwa kwecala futhi zikhipha izinqumo ezindabeni ezithile.

Eziningi zezinhlangano ezizimele zisebenza njengezinguqulo ezincane zikahulumeni kahulumeni we-trartite, ezinegunya loku "i-legiste" (ngokushaya umthetho; bheka i-Federal Register ne-Codel Code of Federal Regional), "ngezikhulu zezikhulu), kanye "Izinhloso zokuphatha (ngezisebenzi zezezenhlangano). Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamandla enhlangano eyodwa kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo, leyo i-APA abhekise kuyo ngezindlela zokuvikela nokuhlola i-procedational.

AbaHluleli Bomthetho Abaphethe Nezinqubo Zokulalela

Emisebenzini yayo yokuzinqumela, izinhlangano ngokuvamile zinendikimba yazo yokwahlulela, eyaziwa ngokuthi iMahluleli woMthetho Ophethe, oyingxenye yenhlangano yazo, kodwa kumelwe zingahlangani nezikhulu zezinhlangano ezihilelekile ezenzweni ezithile. Abaphathi boMthetho (ALJ) bakhonza njengabenzi bezinqumo ezingokomthetho ezimelene nemithetho, bephethe izikhalo ezifana nokuqulwa kwenkantolo.

I-ALJs inezivikelo eziphawulekayo zokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwayo, kuhlanganise nesivikelo senkonzo yomphakathi ekususweni nasekuhlolweni okwenziwa yi-Office of Movement Management kunokuba iqashelwe i-operation. Lezi zinsizalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi i-ALJs ingenza izinqumo ezingakhethi ezisekelwe ebufakazini nasemthetho, ngisho nalapho lezo zinqumo zingathandeki kubaphathi benhlangano.

Icala lomphathi lihlanganisa izivikelo eziningi ezifana nezinkantolo: ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi be-astampane, imelelwe ngeseluleko, futhi ithole isinqumo esibhaliwe esichaza isisekelo somphumela. Nokho, ukuqulwa kwecala ngokuvamile akuyona imithetho engokomthetho kunezocawa zenkantolo, ezinemithetho evumelana kakhulu nobufakazi nenqubo.

Izinhlobo Zokunqandwa Kwesimiso Sokuphatha

Ukukhipha imvume yokuphatha kunezici eziningi kuye ngohlobo lwe-athom. Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Imicimbi ephoqelelwayo:[ Uma inhlangano ikholelwa ukuthi umkhakha othile weqe imithetho, ingaqala isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa, iholele equlweni lapho osolwayo ophulayo angaphikisana khona namacala.
  • ifaka imvume futhi ivumele izinqumo: Izinhlangano eziningi ezimisa izisebenziso zelayisense, imvume, noma ezinye izimvume, ukunquma ukuthi abafaka isicelo bahlangabezana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho nomthetho.
  • Izinqumo ze-Benefit:[ Imishini enikeza izinhlelo ezizuzisayo ezifuna izinzuzo, njengokuzimisela ukukhubazeka kwe-social Security noma izinzuzo zomuntu onokuhlangenwe nakho.
  • Imicimbi yokuhlela: Ezinye izinhlangano, ikakhulukazi lezo eziqondisayo ezisebenzisa amagesi ahlukahlukene, ziqhuba inqubo yokufushanisa ukuze zihlele amazinga angakhokhwa izinhlangano ezilawulwayo.

Izinqubo eziqondile ziyahluka kuye ngokuthi i-aspansia ihlelwe (ifuna ukuzwa ngerekhodi) noma ngokwethukela, nangezimfuneko zenhlangano ezenza umthetho nezimiso.

Amandla Aphoqelelwayo: Indlela Izinhlangano Eziqinisekisa Ngayo Ukubambisana

Ukumisa imithetho kuncane ngaphandle kwezimiso ezisebenzayo. Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zinamathuluzi ahlukahlukene okuqinisekisa ukuthi zilalela imithetho nezimiso ezizenzayo. Lamandla okuqinisekisa umthetho kumelwe abekwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yegunya elingokomthetho nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlola Nokuhlola

Izinhlangano eziningi zinegunya lokuhlola izakhiwo ezilawulwayo nemisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, iOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ihlola izindawo zemisebenzi lapho kuphulwa khona ukuphepha, iFoood and Drug Administration (FDA) ihlola izindawo zokulungisa ukudla nezindawo zokukhiqiza izidakamizwa, kanye ne - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yokuhlola izindawo zokuthobela indawo ezungezile.

Lokhu kuhlola kungase kube yinqubo futhi kuhlelelwe, noma kungase kubangelwe ukukhononda, izingozi, noma ukukhetha okungahleliwe. ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni kuyasebenza ekuhloleni kokuphatha, nakuba izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi izimboni ezilawulayo zingase zinciphise izifiso zomuntu siqu. Izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlola zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe noma izimiso ezisekelwe ekuvumeni.

Izinhlangano futhi zihlola lapho zisola ukwephulwa kwemithetho. Lokhu kuhlola kungahlanganisa izicelo zezincwadi, izingxoxo, izimpoqo ukuze kunikezwe ubufakazi noma amarekhodi, kanye nezinye izindlela zophengululo. Izinhlangano kumelwe zihloniphe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo phakathi nophengululo, kuhlanganise nesivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuzichaseni.

Ukujeziswa Kwabantu Bangaphakathi Nokuhle

Elinye lamathuluzi avamile okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho isijeziso semali yomphakathi. Uma izinhlangano zithola ukwephulwa, zingathola intela esukela emakhulwini kuya ezigidini zamaRandi, kuye ngobukhulu bokwephulwa, ukulimala okubangelwa, namalungiselelo okujezisa.

Izilinganiso zemali ezibolelwe zivame ukubekwa ngokwemithetho, izinhlangano ezinolwazi olusemthethweni phakathi kwezinhlu zemithetho. Imithetho eminingi inikeza izijeziso ngosuku noma ngehora ngalinye, ezinganqwabelana ngenani elikhulu ngokwephulwa okuqhubekayo noma okuphindwayo. Izinhlangano zivame ukusakaza izimiso zesijeziso ezichaza ukuthi ziwabala kanjani amahlawuli, zicabangela izici ezifana nokukhokhwa komephula umthetho, umlando wokukhokha, ikhono lokukhokha, nemizamo yokulungisa ukwephulwa.

Ukucela Ilayisense Nokuyilahla

Izimboni ezifuna amalayisense noma imvume yokusebenza, usongo lokuchithwa kwelayisense noma ukukhishwa kweposi luyithuluzi elinamandla. Izimo zempi zingamisa amalayisense okwesikhashana noma ziwachithe unomphela ngenxa yokwephulwa okukhulu noma okuphindaphindiwe. Lo mbuso unikeza izinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise izinhlangano ezilawulayo, njengoba ukulahlekelwa yimvume kungase kusho ukungakwazi ukuqhuba ibhizinisi.

Ngaphambi kokuba inciphe noma imise ilayisense, izinhlangano kumelwe zinikeze isaziso nethuba lokuqulwa kwecala, okuvumelana nezimfuneko ezifanelekile. Ubuqatha balemvume busho ukuhlolisisa lezizenzo ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zisekelwa ngobufakazi futhi zivumelana nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho.

Imithetho Engavunyelwani Nezivumelwano Zokuhlala

Izindaba eziningi zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa zixazululwa ngokuxoxisana esikhundleni sokufushaniswa okungokomthetho. Izimo zikahulumeni nababethiwe abaphula umthetho bangase bangene ezivumelweni zemvume noma balungise izivumelwano ezixazulula izenzo zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa. Lezi zivumelwano ngokuvamile zifuna ukuba umphula umthetho akhokhe isijeziso, aphule ngokufanelekile, asebenzise izinhlelo zokulalela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi benze imisebenzi yendawo ezungezile noma yomphakathi.

Ukuhlala kunikeza izinzuzo kubo bobabili abantu: izinhlangano zithola ukuthotshelwa nokujeziswa ngaphandle kwesikhathi nezindleko zokukhipha isigwebo, kuyilapho abaphula umthetho begwema ukungaqiniseki nezindleko ezingase zincintiswe izenzakalo. Nokho, izindawo zokuhlala kusamelwe zinikeze isithakazelo somphakathi futhi zivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho.

Abamangaleli Bobugebengu

Izinhlangano zingabhekisela izindaba eMnyangweni Wezobugebengu lapho ukuphambana kwemithetho kuhilela ukuziphatha okubi ngamabomu, ukukhwabanisa, noma ezinye izigebengu. Ukuquliswa kwecala kudinga ubufakazi obungenakungabaza okunengqondo futhi kunikeze abamangalelwa isivikelo esiphelele sobugebengu.

Ubugebengu bendawo ezungezile, ukukhwabanisa kwezikweletu, ukudla nokuphulwa kwezidakamizwa, nokuphulwa kwezokulondeka emsebenzini okuphumela ekufeni kuphakathi kwezindawo lapho ukumangalelwa ngecala kungaphishekelwa khona.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Njengenhlolo - vo Embusweni Wamandla Ombuso

Lemibuso emikhulu ivame ukucubungula i-legislative emvelweni (imithetho nezimiso ezisebenza esigabeni sabantu noma ezinhlanganweni) noma ekwakheni izakhiwo (ama-digia, izifungo nezinqumo ezihilela abantu abathile noma izinhlangano). Imibuso enikeziwe ibuye ihlolwe futhi ichazwe. Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kusebenza njengesehlo esibucayi emandleni enhlangano, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya lazo elingokomthetho futhi zilandele izinqubo ezifanele.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Lapho zihlola izenzo zezinhlangano, izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene kuye ngohlobo lwendaba ehilelekile. i-APA imisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuhlola kokwahlulela, iqondisa izinkantolo ukuba zibeke eceleni izivumelwano zezinhlangano:

  • Arbitria, ishwankathela, noma ukusebenzisa kabi ukuqonda: Lendinganiso isebenza ezinqumweni eziningi zenqubo yezinhlangano futhi idinga amanxusa ukuba ahlole imininingwane ethintanayo, acabangele izici ezibalulekile zenkinga, futhi anikeze incazelo enengqondo yezinqumo zawo.
  • [Ngokuphambene nelungelo lomthetho-mthetho, amandla, ilungelo, noma ukugonyelwa: Izinkantolo zibukeza izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo ezithatheni zezenzo zezinhlangano, nakuba izinhlangano zingatholi ukubekezelelwa okukhethekile emibuzweni engokomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa izinhlangano ukuba zithathe imingcele yegunya lazo lemithetho, igunya, noma imingcele:
  • ngaphandle kokugcina inqubo efunwa umthetho: Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zilandela izinqubo ezidingekayo, njengokubekwa kwezaziso kanye nokuhlelwa kwemithetho.
  • Abusekelwa ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda: Ekwenzeni okungokomthetho, ukutholwa kwamaphuzu ayiqiniso kumelwe kusekelwe ubufakazi obuqinile embhalweni.

Ukuziphendukela Kwezimfundiso Eziphikisanayo

Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, izinkantolo zasebenzisa izimfundiso zokuhleba ezihlukahlukene lapho zihlola izincazelo zezinhlangano zezimiso nezimiso. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyiChevron devance, okwakufuna ukuba izinkantolo zilalele izincazelo ezinengqondo zezimiso ezicacile. Nokho, lesisimo sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngo - 2024.

ELoper Bright, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iChevron becleence yedlula iziqondiso ezibekwe eMthethweni we-Administrative Procedire. Uma iqhubekela phambili, izinkantolo akumelwe zinikeze ukuhlonipheka okungaqondakaliyo ezincazelweni zezinhlangano zokuqondisa, kodwa kunalokho kumelwe "kuchaze ngokuzimele umthetho futhi kufeze intando yeSishaya-Mkhandlu engaphansi kwemingcele yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo."

Lokhu kushintshwa okuphawulekayo kusho izinkantolo manje ziyosebenzisa isahlulelo esizimele lapho zihlola izincazelo zezinhlangano zemithetho, kunokuba zibhekisele ezinhlanganweni lapho imithetho ingaqondakali. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinhlangano kusekhona, izinkantolo ziyokwenza izinqumo zazo ngokuphathelene nencazelo yemithetho. Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni eziphumelelayo ezinqubeni zokuhlela imithetho nezichazayo, ezivimbela ukuzikhethela kwezinhlangano.

Izinga Lokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Uma izinkantolo zihlola imithetho yenhlangano noma ezinye izenzo, i-accepted inikezwa inxusa ngaphandle kokuba lithathele eceleni kwegunya eligunya eligunyazwe ngokufanelekile yiKhongolo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zihlola umbhalo wokuphatha(izincwadi, ukukhulumela, ukuhlola, nezinye izinto izinhlangano ezizicabangelayo lapho zenza isinqumo sazo. Izinkantolo aziphathi qiniso elisha noma zicabangele ubufakazi obungaphandle komlando wokuphatha.

Isenzo sokugcina sokudlulisa umthetho wokuqondisa ukufuna ikhambi lokwahlulela enkantolo kahulumeni. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi isenzo senhlangano asisebenzi ngokusemthethweni noma ngokwesiko, kumelwe silahle umthetho njengongavunyelwe. Okunye, izinkantolo zingalibuyisela icala enkabeni ukuze ziphinde zicabangele noma yiziphi izici ezingokomthetho zomthetho, ezinika inhlangano ithuba lokulungisa nokuthatha umthetho futhi zisebenzise izindlela ezingokomthetho.

Qaphela ukuthi nakuba izinkantolo zingahlola izinqumo zezinhlangano zokuvumelana nezinqubo ze-APA, izinkantolo zingase zingabekeli izimfuneko ezengeziwe ezisemithethweni yokushaya izinqubo ngaphandle kwalezo ezigunyazwe yi-APA. Isizathu salokhu kulinganiselwa siqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zinezindlela ezicacile nezingahlulelwa. Inkinga iwukuthi uma izinhlangano zilindele ukuba izinqubo ezengeziwe zibekwe yizinkantolo, izinhlangano zingathambekela ekubekeni izinqubo zokwahlulela eziningi ezibanzi, zenza ukuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingaphumeleli kahle.

Ukuma Nesikhathi Esimisiwe

Akubona bonke abantu abangabekela inselele izenzo zezinhlangano enkantolo. AmaPlaintiff kumelwe abe "imi"" --a igxathu elanele empikiswaneni ukuze afake i-stivo. Lokhu kuvame ukubonisa ukuthi isenzo se-ace sibangele noma siyokwenza ukulimala kokhonkolo okungagcinwa kuthathelwe esinyatheloni esiphikiswayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka kubuyiselwe ngesinqumo esilungile senkantolo.

Izinselele zemithetho yezinhlangano kumelwe zilethwe phakathi nesikhathi esithile ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu - 60 ngemva kokukhishwa komthetho. Izinselele ezilethwa kusasele kakhulu (ngaphambi kokuba inkampani ithathe isinyathelo sokugcina) noma ngemva kwenkathi ezimisiwe zizoqedwa.

Ukubonisa Imbonakalo Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Umthetho wanamuhla wokuqondisa ugcizelela ukuba sobala nokuhlanganyela komphakathi njengezinto ezibalulekile zokubusa okungokomthetho. Izinqubo eziningi zomthetho zisebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yezinhlangano ihlale ivulekele ukuhlolwa nokwaziswa komphakathi.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Senkululeko Yokwaziswa

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inikeza umphakathi ilungelo lokucela ukufinyelela amarekhodi enhlangano kahulumeni. Ngaphandle kokuba amarekhodi awela ekukhululweni okukhethekile kwenkululeko (njengokwaziswa okuhlukanisa ukuphepha kwesizwe, izimfihlo, noma ukwaziswa komuntu siqu), izinhlangano kumelwe ziwathulule uma kucelwa. I-FAIA isebenza njengethuluzi elinamandla kubacosheli bezintatheli, abacwaningi, amaqembu okuphatha izigebengu, nezakhamuzi ukuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni futhi igcine izinhlangano zinecala.

Izicelo ze-FOIA kumele ziphendule izicelo ezikhona phakathi nemithetho emisiwe futhi zingabiza izindleko ezinengqondo zokufuna nokukopisha amarekhodi. Uma izinhlangano ziphika izicelo, abafaki-zicelo banganxusa ngokuqondisa futhi ekugcineni bafune ukubukezwa kokwahlulela. I-FOIA iye yaba wusizo ekudaluleni ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni, ukumemezela impikiswano yomphakathi, nokuqinisekisa ukuba sobala ezinqubweni zokuzinzisa.

Imihlangano Evulekile Nokutholakala Komphakathi

I-Government in the Sunshine Act ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinamalungu amaningi ziqhube imihlangano yazo obala, ngaphandle kwezindaba ezibucayi njengezinqumo zezisebenzi noma ukuphenya okuqhubekayo. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi ungaqaphela ukuhlolwa kwezinhlangano nokwenza izinqumo.

Izinhlangano kumelwe zinikeze isaziso kusengaphambili semihlangano, kuhlanganise nesikhathi, indawo, nendaba.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwemithetho.gov Nemishini

Uhulumeni kahulumeni usungule futhi imithetho.gov, indawo yeWeb site yezincwadi zomthetho zezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nemithetho ehlongozwayo kanye nemibhalo yezinkulumo zomphakathi. Le webhusayithi ephakathi iye yaguqula ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekubuseni, yenza kube lula nganoma ubani okwaziyo ukuthola imithetho ehlongozwayo, afunde izincwadi ezisekelayo, futhi anikeze izinkulumo ngomshini.

Imithetho.gov inikeza i-memone ecwaningwayo yokwenza imithetho e-docket, ivumela abayisebenzisayo ukuba balandele imithetho kusukela ekuhlolweni kuya ekuhlolweni. Ingosi ibonisa zonke izimpendulo zomphakathi ezingenisiwe, ikhuthaza ukuvela kwemisebe futhi ivumela abashoyo ukuba babone lokho abanye abakushilo. Le simiso sobuchwepheshe siye sandisa kakhulu ukungenela komphakathi ekubekeni i-gasmestrion, ngemithetho emikhulu ethola amakhulu ezinkulungwane zokukhulumela.

Izindlela Zokulandisa Ngaphandle Kwezinkantolo

Nakuba ukubukeza kokwahlulela kunikeza ukuhlola okubalulekile emandleni ezinhlangano, ezinye izimiso zokulandisa zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza ngendlela efanele nangaphansi kwegunya lazo.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

ISishaya - mthetho siyaqhubeka siqondisa izinhlangano ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. amakomiti eSishaya - mthetho anezikhalo lapho izikhulu zezinhlangano zifaka khona ubufakazi ngemisebenzi yazo, izimiso, nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezimali. Lezi zimemezelo zingaqokomisa izinkinga, izinhlangano ezicindezelayo ukuba zishintshe futhi zizise izinguquko zemithetho.

I-Congress ilawula futhi izinhlangano ezixhasa ngemali ngenqubo yokubhula, inikeza amandla aphawulekayo emishini nezinto eziza kuqala nemisebenzi. Izimo ezingezinhle iziKhomishane zingabhekana nokunqanyulwa kwemali noma imingcele yendlela ezingayisebenzisa ngayo imali yazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ze-Intervement zinganikeza imithetho ekwazi ukwandisa, ukwenza isivumelwano, noma ukuthumela izinhlangano.

I-Congressional Review Act inikeza i-Congress Act indlela yokugumbuqela imithetho yenhlangano ekhishwe muva nje ngesinqumo sokungavunyelwa. Uma zombili izindlu zomkhandlu zidlulisa isinqumo esinjalo futhi uMongameli ewuphawula (noma uKhongolo luyidlulisa i-veto), umthetho awusebenzi futhi inhlangano ayinakukhipha umthetho ofanayo ngaphandle kokugunyaza okusha.

Ukulawula Kwama - Presidenti

UMongameli ulawula izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe ngezinqubo eziningana. UMongameli umisa iziphathi zezinhlangano (ezizithobela ukuqinisekiswa kwezikhundla eziningi) futhi angasusa iziphathi eziningi zezinhlangano eziphethe. Ukumiswa nokususwa kwamandla kunikeza uMongameli ithonya elikhulu ngesiqondiso senqubo yezezimali.

Iziqondiso eziqondiswe ukuthi izinhlangano kufanele zikwazi kanjani ukusingatha imithwalo yazo yemfanelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zezomthetho ziye zafuna ukuba izinhlangano ziqondise izindleko zemithetho emikhulu, zicabangele izindlela zokuqondisa, futhi zibukeze izimiso ezikhona zokuguqula izakhi. I-Office of Management and Balation (OMB), ikakhulukazi i-Office of Information and Reguralgatation Affairs (OIRA), zibukeze imithetho ephawulekayo yezinhlangano ngaphambi kokuba zikhishwe, ziqinisekise ukuvumelana kwezinto eziza kuqala nomthetho kamongameli.

Izinhlangano ezizimele zinethonya elikhulu elivela ekulawuleni umongameli, nezinhloko zezinhlangano ezisebenzisa izinqumo ezimisiwe futhi ezikwazi ukususwa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu. Nokho, ngisho nezinhlangano ezizimele kumelwe zixhumane noMongameli ngezindaba zokuhlelwa kwemali futhi zingabhekana nokucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuze zivumelane nezinto eziza kuqala ekuqondiseni.

Ukugada Okuvamile

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinesikhulu esizimele esiphethe ukuhlola nokuhlola imisebenzi yezinhlangano. IGs zihlola ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhaphaza, nokuphatha kabi ezinhlanganweni, zikhipha imibiko yomphakathi ngalokho ezikutholile. Lemibiko ivame ukuholela ekuguquleni inguquko, ezenzweni zokujezisa, noma ekumangalelweni ngezenzo zobugebengu.

I-IGs isebenza ngenkululeko enkulu, ibika kokubili inhloko yenhlangano ne-Congress. Lokhu kuhlangana okubili okubikayo kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela ye-IG ithola ukunakekela ngisho nalapho iveza kabi ukuhola kwezinhlangano. IG ibika ukuthi inikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile kuKhongolo, imithombo yezindaba, nomphakathi ngezenzo zezinhlangano nezinkinga.

Ukubukeza Ihhovisi Elinecala Likahulumeni

I-Governmentability Office (GAO), i-Congress’s heart, i-congress ukucwaninga nokuhlola izinhlelo zezinhlangano nemisebenzi. Imibiko yeGAO ihlola ukuthi amanxusa afeza imisebenzi yawo ngokuphumelelayo futhi aphumelela, ahambisana nemithetho, futhi asebenzisa imithombo ngendlela efanele. Lemibiko yazisa ukuqondisa kwenhlangano futhi itusa ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano noma izinguquko ezisemikhakheni.

Umthetho Obusayo WoMbuso: Izimiso Ezifanayo

Nakuba lesiqondiso siye sagxila ngokuyinhloko emthethweni kahulumeni wokuqondisa, umthetho kahulumeni usebenza ezimisweni ezifanayo futhi uthinta izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Izenzo Zokuqondisa KoMbuso

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamukela inqubo yokuqondisa efana ne-APA kazwelonke noma i-Model State Administrative Procediture Act. Lemithetho imisa izinqubo zomthetho wezezisekelo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, nakuba izimfuneko ezithile zihlukahluka ngokwezwe nombuso. Ezinye izimfuneko zinezici eziqinile kune-APA kazwelonke, njengokufuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ethile noma ukunikezwa ukubukezwa okukhulu kokwahlulela.

Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda eziningi zinezimiso zokuphatha okumelwe zicatshangelwe lapho kucwaningwa ngendaba yokuqondisa. Ukuqonda izimfuneko eziqondile zenqubo yokuqondisa ehambelanayo kahulumeni kubaluleke kunoma ubani osingatha izindaba zokuqondisa zikahulumeni.

Ukuthola Imithetho KaHulumeni

Izimiso zikahulumeni zikhishwa kakhulu emithethweni yokuphatha kahulumeni, ehlelwe ngendlela efanayo nemithetho ye-Federal. Izifundazwe eziningi zinyathelisa futhi izincwadi ezibhaliwe ezisebenza njenge-Federal Register, zinikeza isaziso semithetho ehlongozwayo neyokugcina. Ngokwandayo, izifundazwe zenza imithetho yazo itholakale ngewebhusayithi yombuso esemthethweni, nakuba izinga nokutholakala kwale mithombo kuhlukahluka.

Imithetho yeWisconsin ibizwa ngokuthi imithetho. Amazwe ngokuvamile akhetha igama elilodwa, kodwa "isibambiso" ne "rule" ngezinye izikhathi zisetshenziswa ngokufana. Lokhu kuhluka-hluka kwamagama kungadala ukudideka, kukwenze kubaluleke ukuqonda amagama akhethekile asetshenziswa ezweni ngalinye.

Umthetho Wasendaweni Olawulayo

Isifunda, idolobha, idolobha, nezindawo zigunyazwe ngemithetho yezwe nemithetho-mthetho futhi zingabhekwa njengohlobo lomthetho wokulawula. Njengezifunda-zwe ezingu-50, iziqu nomasipala zisebenza ngeminyango neminyango enjengezezinhlangano. Izinhlangano zendawo zingalawula ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, imithetho yokwakha, impilo nokuphepha, ukufakwa kwebhizinisi nezinye izindaba eziningi ezithinta imiphakathi yendawo.

Ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni wendawo zinemithetho yezimiso negunya lokufushanisa – ngokwesibonelo, uMiyaukee unekhomishane yenkonzo kamasipala yezinkinga zemisebenzi. Umthetho wokuqondisa wendawo ungabaluleke kakhulu emabhizinisini nakubantu ngabanye, njengoba imithetho yendawo ngokuvamile ithinta ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa kwempahla, imisebenzi yebhizinisi, nemisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zamanje EMthethweni Olawulayo

Umthetho olawulayo uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, nezezenhlalo.

Izinga Legunya Le - agency

Izimpikiswano ngokuthi iMikhandlu ingaphathisa izinhlangano igunya elingakanani, nokuthi izinhlangano zingawuchaza kabanzi kangakanani umyalo wazo ongokomthetho, zihlala zisemqoka emthethweni wokubusa. Igatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni wase-U.S. linendima futhi. Icelwa ukuba linqume ukuthi izinhlangano eziqondisayo ziwuphula nini umthetho futhi izenzo zazo zidinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho.

Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zabonisa ukungabaza okukhulu ekugomelani izinhlangano, ikakhulukazi uma izinhlangano zithi zinamandla okuphendula imibuzo emikhulu ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile yenhlangano. Le "imfundiso yemibuzo" idinga imvume ecacile yezezimali yezenzo zezentengiselwano ezinkulu zezezomnotho nezezombangazwe, okungavimbela ukuvumelana kwezinhlangano ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezisanda kuvela.

Ukushintsha Nokuphumelela Okuqondisayo

Izinkinga zokulawula imithwalo emabhizinisini nasezomnotho ziye zaholela emizamweni eqhubekayo yokulungisa inqubo yokuqondisa. Lemizamo ihlanganisa izimfuneko zokuhlaziya izindleko nezinzuzo zezimiso, ukubukeza izimiso ezikhona zokuqeda noma ukuguqula, kanye nezinqubo zokuvumela. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zinciphisa izindleko ezingadingekile futhi zithuthukise ukukhula kwezomnotho, kuyilapho abagxeki bekhathazekile ngokuthi zingase ziphazamise impilo ebalulekile, ukuphepha, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zinikezwa ithuba lokusuka ezikhundleni ezimisiwe ngaphambili ngokushintsha noma ukuguqula imithetho noma ezinye izimemezelo. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo kanye nezindawo ezintsha eziza kuqala, kodwa futhi kungadala ukungaqiniseki ngemicimbi elawulwayo futhi kuphakamise imibuzo ngokuzinziswa kwenqubo yokulawula.

Ubuchwepheshe Nohulumeni Wanamuhla

Ushintsho olusheshayo lwezobuchwepheshe lunikeza amathuba nezinselele zomthetho wokulawula. Ama-digital athuthukisa ukungenela komphakathi ekubuseni imibuso futhi athuthukisa ukutholakala kokwaziswa okulawulayo. Nokho, izinhlangano futhi zizama ukulawula ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo obunjengokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, ukufihla, kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa izisekelo ze-othothory zokwenza izinto ezingalindelekile.

Imibuzo ephathelene nendlela yokusebenzisa imithetho ekhona kwezobuchwepheshe obusha, ukuthi kudingeka yini izindlela ezintsha zokuqondisa, nokuthi kungalinganiswa kanjani ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo nesivikelo sezithakazelo zomphakathi kuyoqhubeka kubekela izinhlangano nezinkantolo inselele eminyakeni ezayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nenkululeko Yommeli

Ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe kuye kwathinta umthetho wokuphatha, ngezinye izikhathi izinhlangano ziba izikhungo zokulwa nezingxabano ezihlukanisayo. Izinguquko ezisezinhlanganweni zobumongameli zingaholela ekushintsheni okukhulu kwezimiso zokuqondisa, kubangele izinselele zokungaqiniseki nokulalela. Izingxoxo eziphathelene nesilinganiso esifanele sokuzimela kwezinhlangano ekulawuleni kwezombangazwe, nokuthi izinhlangano kufanele zisabele kakhulu yini ekukhetheni izikhulu noma zithonywe kakhulu ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, zingaphenduli.

Imibuzo Ewusizo: Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Umthetho Oqondisayo

Ukuqonda umthetho wokuphatha kubalulekile kubantu abahlukahlukene emphakathini. Isimiso sokuqondisa sithinta amabhizinisi, abantu ngabanye, amaqembu ezisebenzi zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni ngezindlela eziningi.

Ezebhizinisini Neziyalezo

Amabhizinisi kumelwe aqonde izimfuneko zokuqondisa ezisebenza emikhankasweni yawo futhi ahlale ewazisiwe ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yokushaya umthetho kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuba anikeze ukufakwa ezimisweni eziyowathinta, okungase kuthonye imithetho yokugcina ukuba isebenze kakhulu noma ingabi nzima kakhulu. Ukubambisana nemithetho akuyona isijeziso esizikhethelayo, ukukhipha ilayisense, noma ngisho nokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuqonda umthetho wezokuphathwa kwezwe kusiza amabhizinisi ukuba azi amalungelo awo lapho esebenzelana nezinhlangano. Izinkampani zingabekela inselele izenzo zezinhlangano akholelwa ukuthi azivunyelwe ngokomthetho, zicele ukwaziswa ngeFOIA, futhi zihlanganyele ekuqulweni kwecala lapho kubhekiswa ezindinganisweni zokugcinwa kwemithetho. Iseluleko somthetho esisemthethweni esikhona ehhovisi singasiza amabhizinisi ukuba asebenzise izimfuneko zokuqondisa futhi azimelele ekusebenzelaneni nezinhlangano.

Ngamaqembu Abantu Ngabodwa Nabaqondisi

Abantu bayazuza ezivikelweni ezilawulwa ngezindlela eziningi, ezidlayo eziphephile nasemithini, ezimotweni ezihlanzekile nasemanzini kuya ezimakethe ezimakethe ezingokwezimali.

Amaqembu abusayo afeza izindima ezibalulekile emthethweni wokuqondisa, amelela izithakazelo zomphakathi ekubuseni, ekuhloleni izinhlangano, ekubekeni izinselele ezingokomthetho ezingekho ngokomthetho ezithatha izivumelwano ezifanele noma ezingekho emthethweni, nasekufundiseni umphakathi ngezindaba eziwumthetho. Kukhona iziphetho eziningi ezibalulekile ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu abusayo akhuthaza izinhlangano ukuba zenze noma zibeke inselele ukuhluleka kwezinhlangano ezinkantolo.

Ochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Umthetho ophethe umelela ingxenye enkulu yenqubo engokomthetho. Abaqondisi bemithetho baluleka amakhasimende ngokulalela imithetho, bawamele ekuphoqeleleni inqubo nasemacaleni okuqondisa, ekubekeni inselele noma ekuvikeleni imithetho yezinhlangano enkantolo, futhi basize amakhasimende ukuba ahlanganyele ezinqubweni zokubusa. Ukuqonda umthetho wokuphatha kubalulekile kubameli abasebenza ezindaweni ezinjengezendawo ezungezile, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imithetho yezimali, ukuxhumana, amandla, ukusebenza, kanye nezinye eziningi.

Abameli bakahulumeni abasebenzela izinhlangano kumelwe baqonde umthetho olawulayo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano zabo zithatha isinyathelo ngokomthetho futhi zingavikela izenzo zazo enkantolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zivumelana nezinqubo ze-APA, ukuthuthukisa izincazelo ezingekho ngokomthetho zezimiso, nokwakha imibhalo eqinile yokuqondisa ukuze kusekelwe izinqumo zezinhlangano.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngomthetho wokuqondisa nezinhlangano eziqondisayo, kunemithombo eminingi:

Imithombo Kahulumeni Engokomthetho

  • Imithetho.gov: Isango eliyinhloko lokuthola nokukhulumela ngemithetho kahulumeni ehlongozwayo
  • Register: Izincwadi ezisemthethweni zansuku zonke zezenzo zenhlangano kahulumeni, ezitholakala eFederalRegister.gov
  • Iqoqo lemithetho ye-Federal: Iqoqo elihleliwe lezimiso zikahulumeni, elitholakala nge Office yokunyathelisa kaHulumeni kahulumeni
  • USA.gov: Isiqondiso esibanzi sezinhlangano zikahulumeni nemisebenzi yazo
  • Ingqungquthela yokuphatha yase-United States:[ Inhlangano ezimele ehlola izinqubo zokuphatha futhi itusa intuthuko

Imicebo Yemfundo Nengokomthetho

  • [[NT.:0] Isikhungo solwazi lwezomthetho se-Cornell: Inikeza ukufinyelela kwangaphandle kwe-APA, imithetho, kanye nezinto ezichazayo e-.Cornell.edu[
  • amalayibrari esikole somthetho: izikole eziningi zomthetho zigcina iziqondiso zokucwaninga kuwe-inthanethi zomthetho wokulawula
  • Izincwadi ze-Legal kanye nezincwadi: izincwadi eziphikisiwe zomthetho wokulawula zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okujule kwezimfundiso zomthetho nezinqubo
  • Iwebhusayithi zomthetho:[ Amawebhusayithi enhlangano ngayinye anikeza ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi yawo, imithetho, imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa, namathuba okuhlanganyela komphakathi

Ukuhlala Ukhona

Umthetho ophethe ushintsha njalo ngezimiso ezintsha, izinqumo zenkantolo, nezinguquko zemithetho. Ukuhlala unolwazi kudinga ukugada imithombo ehlobene nalezi:

  • Izaziso zemithetho ehlongozwayo neyokugcina ezindaweni ezithakazelisayo
  • Izinqumo zenkantolo ezibukeza izenzo zezinhlangano, ikakhulukazi izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezimayelana nezindaba zomthetho wokuphatha
  • Ukuqulwa kwamacala ezinhlangano zebandla kanye nomthetho othinta izinhlangano
  • Imithombo yezindaba engokomthetho nezincwadi ezikhethekile ezihlanganisa izenzakalo eziqondisayo
  • Amaphephandaba, uhlu lwe - email, nama - akhawunti ezokuxhumana

Isiphetho

Isimiso somthetho esingemva kwezinhlangano eziqondisayo simelela uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kodwa olubalulekile lokubusa kwanamuhla. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zingamalungiselelo okuhlela asungulwe yi-Congress ukuze zifeze umthetho nesimiso. Izimiso zinikeza imithetho nesiqondiso esinemininingwane ukuze zicacise futhi zisebenzise imithetho ngokufanele. Ngezithunywa zegunya ezivela eMkhandlwini, izinhlangano zisebenzisa amandla okuveza izikhundla ngokubeka imithetho nangokwenza i-quantiance ngokusebenzisa i-projective, zonke zinikeza imithetho nezimiso zokuqondisa, kuyilapho zihlala zingaphansi kwezindlela eziningi zokwengamela nokulandisa.

I-Administrative Procedura Act nemithetho ehlobene nayo imisa izinqubo eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala, ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi, nokulunga eminyangweni yezinhlangano. Ukuhlola kwezehlulelo kunikeza i-ace egxekayo egunyani lezinhlangano, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza ngegunya lazo lemithetho futhi zilandela izinqubo ezidingekayo. Ukuphathwa kwe-Congresssion, ukulawulwa kukamongameli, ukuhlola okuvamile, nokuhlola umphakathi nge-FOIA kanye nezinye izinqubo zokuveza i-operation kwakha izingqi ze-mendulo.

Ukuqonda lesi simiso somthetho kusiza ekucaciseni indlela izinhlangano eziqondisayo ezisebenza ngayo, indlela ezisebenzisa futhi zisebenzise ngayo igunya lazo, nendlela ababambi bezigebengu abangazihlanganyela futhi bathonye ngayo izinqubo zokuqondisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnini webhizinisi oqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa, isakhamuzi esikhathalela isimiso somphakathi, ummeleli olwela isivikelo esiqine ngokwengeziwe, noma amakhasimende angochwepheshe bezomthetho, ulwazi lomthetho wokuqondisa lunikeza amathuluzi abalulekile okuthembisa isibopho nesimiso sokuqondisa.

Njengoba izinselele ezilawulayo ziqala ngokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, intuthuko yezomnotho, nokushintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala kwezombangazwe, umthetho wokuphatha uzoqhubeka uvumelana nenqubo yamuva nje njengokugumbuqelwa kwe-Chevron devance kubonisa ukuthi izici eziyisisekelo zomthetho wokuqondisa zihlala zisezohlolwa futhi zishintshe. Ukuhlala wazisiwe ngalezi zenzakalo nokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho wokuqondisa kuyohlala kubalulekile kunoma ubani othintekayo noma onesithakazelo ekulawuleni.

Isimiso sokuqondisa sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla, kusukela ekulondekeni kokudla esikudlayo kuze kube sekuhlanzekeni komoya esiwuphefumulayo, kusukela ekulondekeni kwemali yethu kuya ekulinganiseni imisebenzi yethu. Isimiso somthetho esilawula izinhlangano eziqondisayo, kuyilapho ekugcineni sisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lobubu hulumeni obukhulu busetshenziswa ngokomthetho, ngokusobala, nangokungadazululeki. Ngokuqonda indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kangcono ekubuseni kwentando yeningi futhi zigcine uhulumeni wazo unecala ekubuseni komthetho.