Izimiso ezingokomthetho zokulandela amaphoyisa angokomthetho zisemnqamdeni wokuphepha komphakathi, ukugcinwa komthetho kuphumelela, futhi kubekelwe isibopho somphakathi. Nsuku zonke, izikhulu eUnited States zinquma ukuthi zingaqala noma ziqhubeke nokuxosha okunemikhawulo ephakeme / izinqindi ezingabangela imiphumela ephazamisa ukuphila kwabasolwayo, abaphathi, nezibukeli ezingenacala. Ukuqonda lesi simo kubalulekile kubaphathi bomthetho, abenzi bemithetho, nemiphakathi abakhonzayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imithetho, umthetho, nemithetho elawula imithetho yanamuhla, inikeza umbono obanzi wezinga elidingekile lokulinganisela ukuthi isibopho sokugweba nezisulu zokusolwa nemisebenzi emikhulu.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesimiso Semithetho Samaphoyisa

Ukuphishekela amaphoyisa kuhilela izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo eziningana, ikakhulukazi ukwenqabela kweSichibiyelo sesine okungalingani nokuqinisekisa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane kwenqubo efanele. INkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. imise izimpawu eziyinhloko ezithonya uhulumeni nezimiso zendawo. uHarris [iSichibiyelo seSine] (2007]), iNkanto ekholelwa ukuthi umzamo wephoyisaphoyisa lokuqeda inqubo eyingozi esongela ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ezingenacala eziwuphulanga iSiphenduku sesine, ngisho nalapho kubangela ukuba imoto esodwa ukuba iphahlaze. Lesi sinqumo siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuba nengqondo kokuphunyuka kuxhomeke ezimweni, kuhlanganise nobukhulu bobugebengu obuhambisana nengozi.

Imithetho elandelayo, enjenge Plumhoff v. Rickard (2014 kanye Kisela v. Hughes (2018), icacisa ngokwengeziwe imingcele yokuvikelwa okufanelekayo kokulandela amalungelo omphakathi ahlobene nawo. Lezi zimo zigcizelela ukuthi izikhulu zivikelekile ekubekeni iziphakamiso uma zisebenza ngokunengqondo ekwahluleleni kwazo, ngisho noma izinkantolo kamuva zingavumelani nokwahlulela kwazo. Nokho, izishaya - mthetho zesifundazwe azishiyanga insimu ngokuphelele ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho. Izinkulumo eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho elandela imithetho ebeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe noma izikhulu.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Igcwele Yonke Indawo

Awukho umthetho ofanayo kahulumeni olawula imisebenzi yamaphoyisa; kunalokho, izakhiwo ezithile zezwe zihlela izinqubo zazo zomthetho. Njenge California, ezinye izifundazwe, zinemithetho yokulandela enemininingwane eminingi efuna izinhlangano ezibhaliwe ukuba zithathe izimiso ezizozihlela, zikwazi ukuqondisa, zikhiphe ukunqanda, futhi zibike. California Vehicle Code Department 1.14.7, ngokwesibonelo, zinikeza isivikelo ezimelelo ezithatha futhi zivumelane nenqubo yokuzilandela. Amanye amazwe, njengeTexas, abeka imingcele encike kakhulu eqeshisweni esemthethweni futhi athembele kakhulu ekuqondiseni imithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni.

Okungenani izifunda-ma-30 zinemithetho esingatha ngokuqondile imisebenzi yamaphoyisa, ehlanganisa izindawo ezinjenge: (1) izinhlobo zobugebengu ezithethelela ukuxoshwa (ngokuvamile zilinganisela ukuphishekela izigebengu zobudlova noma lezo ezihlanganisa usongo oluseduze); (2) izikhulu ezilawulayo ezidingayo (umz., umphathi kumelwe avumele ukuqhubekela phambili ngalé kweqophelo elithile); (3) futhi (3) ukubika okugunyaziwe nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa. Lemithetho yenza umsebenzi ombaxakile wemithetho izinhlangano okumelwe zihambe, ngokuvamile ifuna izikhulu ukuba zisebenzise izindinganiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho ezinqumweni ezihlukene.

Indima Yomthetho Wezomnyango Nesiko

Ngisho nalapho umthetho kahulumeni uthule, izimiso ezibhaliwe zomnyango zisebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko wesiqondiso esingokomthetho kubaphathi. Izinkantolo zivame ukubheka kulezimiso ukuze zinqume indinganiso yokunakekelwa kwamacala omphakathi. Ukwehluleka kwenhlangano ukwamukela noma ukulandela isimiso sokuzilandela esinengqondo kungaholela esikwenzweni sikamasipala ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. .643, uma ukwehluleka kulingana nokunganaki ngamabomu amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlangano eziningi zomthetho zilondoloza izimiso ezibanzi ezinikeza iziqondiso zenkulumo, izinqubo zokushayela, imithetho yokuxhumana, imigaqo yokuxhumana, imikhawulo, kanye nemikhawulo yezokuqeda.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zemithetho: Ukucabangela, Ukudinga Nokuthembeka

Ukuhlaziywa okungokomthetho kwanoma ikuphi ukuphishekela kwamaphoyisa ekugcineni kuyashintsha ukuthi izenzo zesikhulu zazinengqondo yini ngaphansi kwezimo. Lendinganiso, ethathwe eSimisweni sesine, idinga ukulinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuthola abasolwayo ngokumelene nemvelo kanye nobungako belungelo lomuntu ngamunye. Izinkantolo zicabangela izici ezinjengobukhulu bobubi obungaphansi, ukuziphatha, ukuba khona kwamaqembu amathathu angenacala, nokuthi kungaba mbalwa okungekho mkhondo owenziwe (njengobalwa nomgwaqo we-GPS noma ukuma) kwakukhona.

Okudingekile Nesabelo

Ukuphishekela kumelwe kube okufunekayo, okusho ukuthi, iphoyisa kumelwe libe nenjongo engokomthetho yokugcinwa komthetho okungenakufezwa ngezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuxosha umuntu ohluleka ukuphawula ushintsho lomzila akuvamile ukulingana nengozi yokulimala ekuphishekeleni okukhulu. Izimiso eziningi manje zibopha ukufakwa ngokucacile ebugebengwini okuhilela ubudlova, ukusebenzisa isikhali esibulalayo, noma inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi isisodwa sibangela usongo oluseduze kwabanye. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zamukela izimiso ezibonisa ingozi ezilinganisa lezizici ngaphambi kokuba zigunyaze ukuxoshwa.

Ukuvikela Ukholo Okufanelekayo Nokufanele

Izikhulu eziqapha umthetho zivikelekile ekulimaleni kwemithetho ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokuvikeleka komphakathi, uma ukuziphatha kwazo kungaphuli amalungelo amisiwe angokomthetho noma omthetho-sisekelo. Ngomongo wemisebenzi, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphandle kokuba isinqumo senkantolo sangaphambili (esivela eNkantolo Ephakeme noma enkantolo ejikelezayo) sibeke ukuziphatha okuqondile okungasayinwa, izikhulu zivame ukuvikelwa. Imithetho yoMbuso ngokuvamile inikeza ukugoma okwengeziwe kokuvikela, njengomthetho kaHulumeni waseCalifornia Code demon 93 845.8, okuvikela izinhlangano zomphakathi ekuzibekeleni izingozi ezibangelwa ukubalekela abasoleki ngaphandle kokuba isisebenzi senhlangano sisebenza ngenonya noma ngokunganaki.

Nokho, lezisivikelo azikho ngokuphelele. Uma isikhulu sephula ngamabomu isimiso esicacile (isinye, siqhubeka nokuphishekela ukuqedwa kwemiyalo yomphathi) noma sihileleke ekuziphatheni okungafanele (isibonelo, sisebenzisa iPIT ukunyakazisa ijubane elingaphezu kwezwe eligcwele), isihlangu singabhobozwa. Umthetho we-Federal uyaqhubeka uguqula, futhi izinhlangano kumelwe zithuthukise njalo ukuqeqeshwa ukuze zibonise imingcele yamuva engokomthetho.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Ezifakazelwa Empilweni Yanamuhla

Isivikelo esingokomthetho esingcono kakhulu sokuvimbela ukubekeka kwecala yinqubo ehlelwa kahle nephoqelelwe kakhulu ebeka ukuphepha phambili. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezisebenzayo, ngokuvamile zithonywe ukucwaninga okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge Inhlangano yesizwe yeJaji[ ne ICP[[FLT]].]

Ukufakwa Kwengozi Kwangaphambi Kobupursuit

Ngaphambi kokuba aphishekele okuthile, izikhulu ziqeqeshelwa ukuhlola uhlu lwezici eziyingozi, ezihlanganisa:

  • Imvelo nonya lobugebengu obusolwayo (izigebengu ezinobudlova ziphikisana nezingakhi)
  • Isikhathi sosuku, isimo sezulu, nokuphakama kwezimoto
  • Ijubane lokujaha nokuziphatha komsoli
  • Ukutholakala kwezinye izindlela zokwesaba (isib., ukusekela umoya, imishini yokususa ukungcola, iGPS)
  • Ukuba khona kwenani labantu abasengozini (izindawo zesikole, izindawo zokwakha, abahamba ngezinyawo)

Amanxusa amaningi manje asebenzisa i-trisk-versus-matrix engokomthetho efuna isikhulu ukuba sinqume ukuthi isidingo esisheshayo sokubamba esisolwa sidlula ingozi engenzeka emphakathini. Uma izihloko zokulinganisela eziqondene nengozi, uhlelo lugunyaza ukunqandwa kokuphishekela.

Imithetho Yokuqondisa Okunamandla Neyokuqondisa

Izimiso zanamuhla zidinga umqondisi wensimu ukuba aziswe ngokushesha lapho umzabalazo uqala nokuhlola intuthuko yawo ngokuxhumana ngomsakazo nangesikhathi sangempela sokulandelelana kwe-GPS. Umphathi unagunya (nesikhathi esingokoqobo) futhi ngokuvamile umsebenzi ogunyaziwe − ukuthuthwa uma izimo ziwohloka. Izimpawu ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukungakwazi ukuxhumana nemoto esolekayo
  • Ijubane elidlula ngokungenangqondo imingcele ephephile enikezwa umgwaqo nezimo zezimoto
  • Ukungena ezindaweni ezinezintambo ezinkulu njengemigwaqo eminyene noma izindawo zokwakha
  • Lapho isisulu saso saziwa futhi singabanjwa kamuva

Eminye iminyango, kuhlanganise ne Umnyango wamaphoyisa aseLos Angeles , uye wathatha isifanekiso “somphicothi ukuya ephishekeleni” lapho abaphathi abathile abagunyaziwe kuphela abangathatha khona izintambo eziphezulu eziluhlaza. Lokhu kwenza izinqumo kuvimbela izenzo ezicatshangelwe ngokusuka ku-adrenaline kunokuba kuhlongozwe ukwahlulela.

Izimfuneko Zokuqeqesha Nezindlela Eziphumelelayo

Imisebenzi yokuzilandela ephephile ixhomeke ekuqeqesheni okuqhubekayo okusekelwe ezibonelweni. Izikhulu eziningi ziyala ukuba izikhulu ziqede i-Emergency Vehicle Operations Course (EVOC) ehlanganisa kokubili imfundo yasekilasini nokuqeqeshelwa ukushayela okusebenzayo. Izembozo zokuqeqesha:

  • Amasu okufaka amagumbi aphakeme kanye namabhuleki
  • Ukusebenzisa inqubo yokuzimisa ngokunembile (PIT) ngejubane elivunyelwe
  • Ukuxhumana nomsakazo okuphumelelayo nokubambisana okuhlukahlukene
  • Lungisa ngokomthetho emacaleni nakushintsho lwemithetho

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano eziningi manje zihlanganisa ukuqeqesha okune-special ukuze zilandelele isikole sesikole, zigcizelela ukuthi ukuxosha kuyisimo esikhudlwana ngokwemvelo futhi izikhulu kumelwe ziphinde zihlole ukuthi ukuqhubeka kuseyikho yini okungaphepheki kakhulu. Ezinye izitimela ezithumela ukuqaphela ukuthi isimo esingokomzwelo somshayeli singase sithathe indiva futhi zikhumbuze izikhulu ngenqubo ngesikhathi sangempela.

Amathuluzi Okuphepha Obuchwepheshe-Okhelwe

Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe iye yanikeza izindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa izingozi zemisebenzi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Imishini yokulandelela imishini engathunyelwa isuka emotweni egadayo ukuze ilandele imoto ebalekayo emabangeni aphephile
  • Indawo yemoto ezenzekelayo (AVL) izimiso[[FL:1] ezivumela abaqondisi ukuba babheke ijubane lokulandela nezindawo ebalazweni lenombolo
  • kumakhamera asebhodini (amadashcam namakhamera omzimba) aqopha sonke isenzakalo ukuze kubukezwe kamuva futhi kucaciswe izinjongo ezisobala
  • Imishini ye-transflation (izinhlamvu ze-spike) engabekwa ngokuhlelekile ukuze kukhishwe imoto ebalekayo ngaphandle kokushayisana

La mathuluzi awathuthukisi nje kuphela isikhulu sebutho nokulondeka komphakathi kodwa futhi aveza umbhalo oqotho ongasetshenziswa emacaleni angokomthetho ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi lokhu kulandela kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nesimiso.

Ukuqoqwa Kwemininingwane, Ukulandisa Nokushintsha

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuqashelwa komphakathi okwandayo kwemigomo yamaphoyisa kuye kwabangela ukuba kube nezinguquko ezinkulu ezisekuqondisweni kanye nokukhishwa kwemininingwane. Izifundazwe eziningi manje zidinga ukuba izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho zithumele imibiko yokulandelana ngokuningiliziwe endikimbeni ephakathi, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa ngesizathu sokuxosha, ijubane elikhulu, isikhathi, ukulimala, nokulimala kwempahla. Le mininingwane isetshenziselwa ukuveza izindlela, ukuhlola ukuhlolwa kwenqubo, kanye nezinguquko eziqondisa umthetho.

Izindinganiso Zesizwe Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Nakuba kungekho indinganiso eyodwa yezwe, izinhlangano eziningana zinikeza izimiso zokulingisa. Internationaloperand Association of Shills of Police (IACP) inikeza isimiso sokuphishekela esithandwa kabanzi. Itusa ukulinganisela imigomo ezimweni lapho umcabangi enikeza khona usongo olusheshayo ekulondekeni komphakathi, idinga imvume yokulawula, futhi iphindo lesikhathi lokulandela ngalinye. Ngokufanayo, izibambo zokulawula izifo nokwenqanda i- zinyathelise ukwaziswa okuxhumanisa ukuphishekela amaphoyisa ukuxhumana nokubulala okuhlobene nezingozi ezithile, okuthi ngokushintsha ukutusa ukuphepha okuhleliwe.

Imishini Engalandisa

Izimiso zobuphekula zingcono kakhulu uma zisebenza. Imishini ivame ukusebenzisa inqubo ebekelwe izikhala zecala:

  • Ukubukeza okuphakathi:[ Umphicotho ngamunye ubukezwa umphathi futhi, ezinhlanganweni eziningi, ngebhodi yokuhlola eyakhiwe izisebenzi zokuyala nabaqondisi bomthetho.
  • Izimiso zesixwayiso zokuqala:[ Iphinda-phinda ukuhlanganyela emigomweni (ikakhulukazi leyo ephumela emiphumeleni emibi) ibangela ukubukeza kohlelo nokuqeqesha okungase kuqaliswe.
  • umqondisi we-Civilian:[ Amanye ama-ovement anezikhundla ezizimele zokubukeza ezingekho emthethweni ezihlola izenzakalo ezilandelayo futhi zitusa izinguquko zenqubo.
  • Public umbiko: Ifushaniso yaminyaka yonke yokwaziswa okulandelelwayo ithunyelwa ukuthuthukisa ukwethembana komphakathi nokunikeza izimpikiswano zesimiso.

Ukuhlanganisa Izindaba Ezingokomthetho Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimpikiswano eziningana ezivelayo cishe ziyohlela izimiso nemithetho yesikhathi esizayo:

Izigubhu Nobuchwepheshe Obukude

Izimiso zezindiza ezingalawulwa zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekulandeleni abasolwayo ababalekayo, zinikeza enye indlela evimbela ukuxoshwa kwezimoto okuyingozi. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuphakamisa imibuzo yeSichibiyelo sesine ngokuphathelene nokuhlola indiza kanye nesikhathi sokulandelana. Izinkantolo kuyodingeka zilinganisele izithakazelo zomuntu siqu zabasolwayo ngokumelene nezinzuzo zokuhlola komphakathi. Ezinye izifunda zinikeze imithetho evumela ukusetshenziswa okungenasizathu ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi.

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Nezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi ukuphishekela amaphoyisa kuhilela ukusolwa kwedlanzana futhi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezimpofu, okuphumela emazingeni aphakeme okulimala nokuzisholo okungokomthetho. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekutheni kwenziwe izinguquko ezibonisa ubandlululo olusobala ekulandeleni nasekusebenziseni izinqumo zokuphoqelela. Izinselele ezingokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-Exct Protection Claus azivamile kodwa zingakhula njengoba ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kuthuthuka.

Umphumela Womshuwalense Oneqiniso

Inani elandayo lamacala amacala liphumele ekumangalelweni kwezindawo ezinkulu noma ezinqumweni ezimelene nezinhlangano ezilimazayo ezihambisana nokulandela. Abanye omasipala manje bafuna ukuba iminyango yabo yamaphoyisa ithwale umshuwalense okhokhela ukunamathela ezimisweni ezivunyelwe. Abakhonzi bangafaka izibalo zezikhathi ezithile futhi balahle uma iminyango ingafinyeleli izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuphepha. Lomfutho wezentengiselwano ungaqhubekisela ukusebenzisa izindlela ezilinganayo zokufaka engozini.

Isiphetho

Isimiso esingokomthetho sezimiso zokulandela amaphoyisa kahulumeni siwukuhlelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi komthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yeminyango, nezimiso ezisebenza kahle. Ngaphakathi, kufuna ukuba izikhulu zomthetho zenze izahlulelo ezihlukene ezibonisa ukuthi zihlonipha kokubili umsebenzi wokuthola izisulu eziyingozi nesibopho sokuvikela ukuphila kwabantu. Ngokuzinzisa izimiso ezicacile zokuqalisa, ukuqondisa okuqinile, ukuqondisa, nokuthatha indinganiso, izinhlangano zingafeza umsebenzi wazo kuyilapho zinciphisa imiphumela edabukisayo ephakamayo lapho ukuxosha kuphakama. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho ziqhubeka nokuguqula ukuphila kwabantu, kanjalo kumelwe ukuba izimiso eziqondisayo zikwazi ukuqashela iziqondiso, ukuthatha indiva, nokuzingathsaba okukhulu, izimpawu, kuyilapho izinhlangano zingafeza imiphumela eyingozi engenzeka lapho kuqhubekeka.