Isiqalo: Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho Okushintshashintshayo Kokuphenya Kwamacala Anomswakama

Izenzakalo zomshoshaphansi − ubugebengu obunobudlova obungaxazululwanga ngemva kokuhola kobuphengululi bokuqala buye baphela − bubeka inselele eyingqayizivele yezinselele ezingokomthetho ezikhona ezinhlanganweni zamaphoyisa zikahulumeni. Ngokungafani nophengululo olusha, izenzakalo ezibandayo zidinga ukuphinde ziphinde zinikeze ubufakazi obungamashumi eminyaka adlule, ukuthola ofakazi abanezinkumbulo ezisha, nokusebenzisa izindlela zobumpoqo zanamuhla zezinto okungenzeka ukuthi zaziqoqwe ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zomthetho zakuqala. Ukuphumelela kwalokhu kuhlola akuxhomekile nje kuphela ekutholakaleni kobuchwepheshe obusha kodwa nasekuqondeni ngokucophelela kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezibusa iqoqo lobufakazi, ukusola, ukusola, nokuqunga. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho, izimfuneko ezingoko zomthetho, nezivezayo okumelwe zivele zitholakale lapho amaphoyisa eqala ukuvula futhi ehlola izindaba ezibandayo.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kwezincwadi Zemithetho ZaseCasemority

Indlela engokomthetho yokusingatha amacala omshoshaphansi iye yashintsha kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule. Phakathi nekhulu lama-1920, iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa yayingenawo ama-poststuation anikezelwe amacala angenamdlandla, futhi imithetho yokulinganiselwa yavimbela ukuqulwa kwemithetho eqinile enqabeni ehlukene ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Ukuvela kwe-DNA yokudwetshwa kwezindlela ezintsha zobudala kuma-1980 kanye nokudalwa kwe-DNA Indacread System (CODIS) eyalandelanayo ngo-1998 kwashintsha indawo. Izinkantolo zaqala ukuphendula imibuzo engokomthetho echaza ukuhluleka komthetho ngobufakazi obungathi sína be-DNA, ukusebenza kabusha kwezindlela ezintsha zokuhlola amasampula e-DNA. Lezi zenzakalo zamandla okuphoqelelwa ukuguqula imithetho emisha, ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ekhona emashumini eminyaka adlulele.

Namuhla, wonke umbuso unohlaka oluvumela ukuqulwa kwamacala okubulala okunganqunywanga nhlobo kanye namanye amacala anobudlova, kuyilapho ama-fensi amancane engase abe nemingcele yesikhathi. Ukuxhasa ngemali ngeNational Institute of Justice (NIJ) kuye kwakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwama-pattion amacala abandayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho elandelwayo esemthethweni. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa isithakazelo esikhulu ekubekeni izabahlukumezi, ngisho nalapho ubulungisa bebekezeliziwe, futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi izindlela zophenya kumelwe zizwa ngokomthetho ukuze zimelane nokuhlolwa enkantolo.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezilawula Ukuhlolwa Kwecala Elingenamshoshaphansi

Amaphoyisa kahulumeni kumelwe asebenze ngaphansi kwemingcele yoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S., imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, nomthetho kahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Siyavikela Futhi Siphenye

ISichibiyelo sesine senqabela ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Ezimweni ezibandayo, abacwaningi ngokuvamile badinga ukuthola izimemezelo ezintsha zokufuna ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Imvume kumelwe ichaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi ithathwe futhi ithathwe. Uma ubufakazi buqoqwe ekuqaleni ngaphansi kwesiqinisekiso esiqinile, ubufakazi bungaphinde buhlolwe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esisha, uma ukuhlola kunganwebi izinga elisha lokufuna kokuqala. Nokho, izinkantolo zikhombisa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu [FL:] i-FP [FOL] i-futhe] kakhulu. [FOT] [FOT] [1]

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Namalungelo Okumelana Nokuziphikisa

Icala elibandayo linikeza ingozi enkulu yokwephula amalungelo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu esisolwayo, ikakhulukazi uma umcabango engakhunjuzwanga ngamalungelo awo eminyakeni eminingi. Abavikeli kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi noma ikuphi ukuphenywa kwemvume kwandulela ukwazi nohlakaniphile [[FLT: 0]]] imanda[[FLT:]] isixwayiso [[[FLT]] [i-av]'a]. Izinkulumo ezenziwa amaphoyisa phambi kokuba asolwe zigcinwe endlweni kodwa ngemva kokuba afake iseluleko sawo sokungatshazwa. Inkantolo ephakeme ayiyivumeli i-'inqumo. [[FTFoct:] [2] [irt:] [irt:] isixwayiso [[FLTLT] [3] ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe isixwayiso esithenjiswe i-omthenwa yi-odvide.[0] Isikhulu se-tompempe, uma kuthenjiswe wonke isikhulu sezwe isikhulu sezwe, futhi singaso, uma kuthenjiwe wonke isikhulu, uma kuthelwe

Imithetho Yokulinganiselwa Nendlela Abahlukile Kubo

Izilinganiso zemingcele ziwumngcele wesikhathi somthetho wokuqalisa ukuqulwa kwecala. Kuwo wonke ama-arenti angathi sína kakhulu ubugebengu. (-/murder, ukubulala, futhi ngokuvamile andisa ukuhlaselwa ngokobulili (izifundazwe eziningi azinawo umthetho wokulinganiselwa, zivumela ukuqulwa kwamacala nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Amanye amafeloni, inkathi yokulinganiselwa isukela eminyakeni emithathu kuya kweyishumi. Nokho, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho engathiya imithetho ehlukanisayo lapho u-DNAMGADI ikhona lapho ubufakazi buveza ukulinganiselwa ngemva kwesikhathi esivamile sesiyaphela. La zinhlelo ziwumthetho zithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu uma zingawenzi ubugebengu obungasetshenziswa ngendlela ephula i-Ex Post Facto Clauslaus. Abaviciso kumelwe baqaphele ukulinganiselwa okukhethekile ezinkathiniwayo futhi noma yimuphi omunye umehluko. Nakuba iwindime, ezinye iziwo zingaba zingekho ezimweni ezikhona lapho zingekho ezimweni ezisolweni ezikhona.

Izimfuneko Zemvelo Zokuqoqwa Nokulondoloza Ubufakazi

Ukubonakala kobufakazi emacaleni angasho lutho ngokuvamile kuphenduka ukuthi abacwaningi bokuqala babelandela izinqubo ezifanelekile yini nokuthi ukuphinde bahlolwe kamuva kulondoloza uchungechunge lwelungelo lokuwina umntwana yini.

Ubukhazikhazi Bokuwinwa Nokubhalwa Kwabo

Izinto zonke zobufakazi obuphathekayo kumelwe ziqongelelwe kusukela esikhathini okuthathwa ngaso kuze kube yilapho sekwakhiwe khona ukuqulwa kwecala. Ezimweni ezibandayo, uhide lokuhlala nabantwana lungaba nezikhala zeminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka, ikakhulukazi uma ubufakazi bugcinwe ezikhungweni ezingalondekile noma bususwe kaningi. Ukuququlwa kwecala kuthwala umthwalo wokumisa okungenangqondo ukuthi ubufakazi abuzange buncitshitshiswe. Ukuhlangabezana nalomthwalo, isifundazwe simelwe sisebenzise izimiso zokuhlukanisa izinto, sigcine izingobo, futhi uma kungenzeka, siqoqe ubufakazi obusemthonjeni wehlwini yakuqala. Uma ukethi lweqembu lokugcinwa kwejele liphukile, ubufakazi bungase bukhishwe ngaphansi kwemithetho efana nemithetho ephakathi ye-Foder 901. Izindlela zanamuhla zihlanganisa ukufakwa kwe-micrometic, i-'informations, i-'ickdiumgame.

Intuthuko Ephambili Nezindinganiso Ezingokomthetho

Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe banamuhla bobumpompola-mfashini kubufakazi obudala − njengokuhlola iminwe, ukuthuthukisa, nokuhlola kwemidwebo ye-minube ye-minube ne-metagita-spects @rectrectus organisa nezindinganiso zesayensi nezomthetho. Indinganiso ye-dabert (ukusetshenziswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nasezinkantolo eziningi zezwelo) kudinga ukuba ubufakazi obungokwesayensi busekelwe ezimisweni ezithembekile nasezindleleni eziye zahlolwayo kanye nezindlela zokuhlola izithombe ze-ontanga. I-DNA, i-DNA, i-Younityhefectionation irectives kanye ne-active religistrationssss, uma ingenziwangakho ubufakazi obusha obukhona noma obusanda kuvunywa.

Ukucwaninga Okukhulu Kwempi YaseJury Nezinhlayiya Ezingaphansi Kwezwe

Uphenyo olushubile luvame ukusebenzisa amajaji amakhulu asemajaji ukuphoqelela ubufakazi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamaphepha noma ubufakazi obungokoqobo. Amandla amakhulu ahlolayo angasetshenziselwa ukuthola amasampuli e-DNA kubantu abanesithakazelo nge-buccal disbabs uma i-subpoena ingeyabanzi [[[FLT:]] enengqondo futhi hhayi i-panficesss apheances aphecation. Izinkantolo zisekela amasampula anjalo lapho ekhishwa ngokholo oluhle, engabhidliki, futhi engasekelwa yisisekelo esiqinisekile. Ngokufanayo, i-Apricial ngokomthetho yeze-omstuast proces [FLT] [Foctivena] [3] izinselele ezibonisa izicelo ze-Promeas (iphena]) ezisekelwe ezinkoyeni zeminye yeminyango, noma ngocingo, ngokufanayo, izivumelwano zocingo zomphakathi, noma ngomthetho womphakathi, kumelwe kusebenze izivumelwano zomphakathi, noma ngomthetho womphakathi womphakathi, izivumelwano, i

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Ezitholakala Emacalani Angenamizwa

Ngaphandle kwezimpikiswano ezivamile zomthetho - sisekelo, ukuphenya okungenamdlandla kuphakamisa izinkinga eziningana ezihlukile ezingokomthetho ezidinga ukusingathwa ngokucophelela.

Inkumbulo Yofakazi Nelungelo Lokubhekana Nezingxabano

Amashumi eminyaka ngemva kobugebengu, ofakazi bangase bafe, bangabikho, noma babe nezinkumbulo eziye zonakaliswa yizenzakalo ezingenelayo. ISiphakamiso uClaus seSichibiyelo seSihla sesithupha ngokuvamile sivimbela ukuvunywa kwehemuhemu ngaphandle kokuba ideclarant ingekho futhi ummangalelwa ube nethuba langaphambili lokunqamuka kwe-. Ezimweni ezibandayo, izinkulumo ezingaphambili ezivela manje kofakazi abadaliweyo zingaba nezingamukeleka uma nje bewela entweni eyaziwa, njengezimemezelo ezifayo noma izinkulumo ezimelene nenzalo. Inkantolo Ephakeme yabamangalelwayo ingavumela ukuba ibone ukuthi i-Ofice [[FLD:] v.[FLD [FLD:1] [2011] [20]) i-oddioka futhi iqaphele ukuthi amazwi ebekwe umthetho wokuphoqeshelwa kwesizathu esiyinhloko. Ibhukwithi ye-Expoint i-octiveticentium, i-ographytice i-ographyle i-option i-e

Amalungelo Okuqulwa Kwecala Ngokusheshayo Nokulibala Okungokomthetho

ISiqediso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, kodwa lelilungelo ngokuvamile linamathela kuphela ngemva kokubekwa icala elingokomthetho. Ezindabeni ezibandayo, ukulibaziseka phakathi kobugebengu namacala kungangamashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Nakuba i-STIOMCTCLE Claus ingaba inkantolo uma ukulibazisela ngenhloso futhi icwasa ummangalelwa, izinkantolo bezimadolo ukulahla icala elibandayo ngenxa nje yokuthi kudlula isikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokubulala (okungaphathi mthetho olinganiselwe). Ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukulibala kwecala kungabangela ukuba kube nobandlululo olungokoqobo (ngesibonelo), ukufa kofakazi abayinhloko noma ukulahlekelwa ubufakazi obuyisisekelo. Uhulumeni ungaphinde ubonise lokhu ngokubonisa ukuthi ukulibala kunengqondo futhi kudingekile ukuqoqwa kobufakazi obanele. Amaphoyisa agcine amarekhodi achaza ukuthi kungani ukuphenya futhi aphinde athathe izikhala, njengoba lezi zingenziwa ngokuqululwa ngokushesha.

Impikiswano Yokulahlwa Kwecala Neyobukhosi Obuyisibopho

Izenzakalo zomshoshaphansi zingadlula imingcele kahulumeni, zihlanganisa ukubusa kukahulumeni, noma ukuqubuka kobugebengu obenziwa emazweni esizwe. Ngenxa yokuthi amaphoyisa kahulumeni anegunya elilinganiselwe ngaphandle kwezwe lawo siqu, ukusebenzelana nezinye izinhlangano kubalulekile. Imfundiso yokubusa ehlangene ivumela kokubili uhulumeni nohulumeni ukuba ulwele ukuziphatha okufanayo ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi ezimbili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi icala elibandayo ezweni likahulumeni (umz. ipaki) lingase limangalelwe yi-U.S.Attorney ngisho noma izikhalo zikahulumeni ziqediswe ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Instate Detainer Revention ingasetshenziswa ukuletha iziboshwa ezivela komunye umbuso ukuze zibhekane nezinsolo. Amaphoyisa ezwe kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi ukuqondana nokuphathana komthetho wombuso wonke ukuhlanganisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umthetho kufanelekile.

Intuthuko Yamuva Engokomthetho Nezinqumo Zenkantolo Eziphawulekayo

Izinqumo zamuva ezimbalwa zimise ukwakheka okungokomthetho kokuphenya ngecala lomshoshaphansi. Mitchell v. Wisconsin (2029), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ukuthi igazi elingenalusizo lomshayeli odakiwe lalinomthetho ngaphansi kwe-existent à quastications. Nakuba ngokuqondile i-DNAT, ukucabanga kuhlobene neqoqo le-DNA ekhona ekhona esolayo. [FLT] Inkantolo Ephakeme yaseCalifornia eqophelweni [[FL:] abantu v.[FLT][FLT]] [20]) kusekela ukusetshenziswa kwe-octivemorial distionstion elactive ezindaweni ezilahwini, ngaphandle kwesizathu esikhona, ukusebenzisa izinto ezikhona [FFONT] [5] esenzekakhulu] futhi kudinga umbangokwanele.[20]

Imithetho futhi iyasebenza. Izifunda-mazwe eziningi zisanda kumisa imithetho enika umthetho wokulinganiselwa kokuhlaselwa ngokobulili futhi zidinga ukuba ubufakazi be-DNA bulondolozwe ukuze kugcinwe noma yimuphi umthetho. Abavikeli be-Sigqekezelo samalungelo abantu [ zifuna ukuba amathuluzi okudlwengula agcinwe okungenani iminyaka engu-20. Izinhlangano zamaphoyisa amaphoyisa ahlale ekhona nalezi zibopho ezingokomthetho zokugwema ukulahlekelwa kwemicimbi ezindaweni ezisemthethweni.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Ezindaweni Ezinamamaki Amaphoyisa Ashubile KaHulumeni

Ukuze asebenzise izinqubo ezingokomthetho ngokuphumelelayo, izinhlangano zamaphoyisa kahulumeni kufanele zisebenzise le mikhuba elandelayo:

  • Gcina i-Advisory Anchest. Uphenyo ngalunye lwecala olubandayo kufanele lubukezwe umshushisi ongokomthetho noma iseluleko esingokomthetho sezeluleko ngokomthetho ("umshushisi") ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe noma isiphi isinyathelo esicacisiwe. Uhlu lokuhlola kufanele luhlanganise izivumelwano, imvume, uketango lwelungelo lokuhlala ziboshwa, kanye nomthetho-preferaĺ-of [“insectrementsmes).
  • Sebenzisa amaqenjana okuyaluza. Abacwaningi abahlanganisayo, ososayensi be-stensic, nabaqondisi abangokomthetho banciphisa ingozi yephutha le-proceddy. Iqembu kufanele lihlangane njalo ukuze libukeze ukushintshwa komthetho wendaba.
  • Ikhasi lomlando we-investigative. Ukhomba oluningiliziwe lwesikhathi sokuba icala libanda nokuthi livuselelwe kanjani kufanele lilungiselelwe inkantolo. Lokhu kusiza ekutheni ibambezeleka ngenhloso noma ukholo olubi.
  • [ Phendula ubufakazi be-DNA obugciniwe. Bonke ubufakazi bezinto eziphilayo kufanele bugcinwe endaweni elawulwa isimo sezulu ngezimiso eziqinile zokungena. Ukuphinde uhlolozwe kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngokuvunyelwa umshushisi nangemva kokucabangela imiphumela ebhubhisayo.
  • Ukuqeqesha okuqhubekayo. Ushintsho olungokomthetho oluhlobene no Miranda, ukuphenya okungenamibandela, nemithetho yokulinganiselwa kufanele kube yisibopho kubo bonke abaseshi ababandayo.

Ngokunamathela ngokusemthethweni kuzo zonke izigaba zophenyo, amaphoyisa kahulumeni angakha amacala aphumelelayo nangavikelekile ezinkingeni zomthetho - sisekelo ezingagwemeki.

Isiphetho

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokuhlola amaphoyisa amacala omshoshaphansi nobugebengu obungaxazululwanga siyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokuvikela imigaqo-mthetho ye-state, ukulinganiselwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, nokulungisa imithetho elawulayo. Impumelelo ixhomeke ekuqondeni okujulile kwe-Gadi ye-Jurisprapence, isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa, nekhono lokubheka phambili nokusingatha izindaba ezikhethekile njengokufaka ubufakazi obungabekezelelwe nokungabekezelelwe. Njengoba isayensi yezentengiselwano iyaqhubeka iqhubeke iqhubeki phambili futhi ikhipha izinqubo ezintsha, izinhlangano zamaphoyisa kumelwe zihlale ziphapheme futhi zivumelana. Ngokunamathela ekumisweni kwezimiso ezingokomthetho nasekusekeleni imikhuba emihle, abacwaningi banganikeza ukwahlulela izisulu nemikhaya yabo lapho besekela amalungelo abo bonke abantu abahilelekile. Ngokuqhubekayo, iSikhundla se-National Institute Institute of Actives [Fal /0], [F1], i-Flectivementation of the Learvertivementations,[FFod `S], i-Uptions `UMernerst,[F], uHu