Ukuqonda Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sezimfuneko Ezingalawuleki Ekungalalelini Kombango Namacala Ahlukahlukene

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokubhikisha liyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Nokho lapho izakhamuzi zithatha izitaladi ngezenzo zokungalaleli komphakathi, zihlangana ngokungenakugwenywa nemithetho ephoqelelwayo, ikakhulukazi igunya lokuhlola nokubopha. Izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokugunyaza izivumelwano kulemikhakha kuyinkimbinkimbi, zilinganisela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sokumelana nokuphazamisa kukahulumeni nesidingo sokuhleleka komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo zomthetho sisekelo, isihluthulelo, nezingakhokhwama ezisebenzayo zezimfuneko ezingokomthetho phakathi nokuvukela nokungalaleli kwezakhamuzi.

ISichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni. Sithi “ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuthuthweni, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho mkhosi ozokhishwa, kodwa uma kubangelwa yisizathu, kumelwe kusekelwe yi-Oath noma isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okuzophenywa kuyo, futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe ziphathwe.” Lolulimi luveza ukuthi, njengomthetho, umthetho kumelwe uthole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokufuna noma ukubopha noma ukubopha. Isiqinisekiso kumelwe sisekelwe entweni enengqondo, inkolelo esekelwe emaqinisweni, enengqondo, ubufakazinibo obubonisa ukuthi ubugebengu buyoke umuntu owenze ubugebengu noma ukuthi umuntu ubenzile ubugebengu.

I-Legal Information eCornell Law School inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi esiphathelene neSichibiyelo sesine. Isivikelo se-projekthi sisebenza ku- “izisebenzi, izindlu, amaphepha, nemithende,” eye yachazwa izinkantolo ukuba ihlanganise izindawo lapho ababhikishi behlangana khona, kanye nezinto zabo siqu ezinjengezikhwama, izimpawu, nemishini yeselula. Nokho, izinga lesivikelo liyahluka kuye ngokwendawo nangokwesimo sikahulumeni.

Imbangela Enengqondo Nokuhlukanisa

Izimfuneko ezimbili ezibucayi zemvume efanelekile kungenzeka ukuthi ziyimbangela eqondile. Imbangela efanelekile idinga okungaphezu kokusola nje kodwa okungaqiniseki ngokuphelele. Emkhakheni wokubhikisha, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kube namaqiniso aqondile abonisa ukuthi umuntu othile uye wenza noma usezokwenza ubugebengu. Isiqinisekiso asinakukhishwa ngokusekelwe kuphela ekutheni umuntu ukhona ekubhikisheni noma ekuhlanganeni neqembu elithile. Imfuneko ethile iqinisekisa ukuthi ifanele ukuchaza ngokunembile indawo futhi ithathelwe izinto. Isiqinisekiso esivamile sokugunyaza ukuphenywa okukhulu kwakho konke ukubhikishwa noma impahla yabo singaphazamisa iSimemezelo se-Gene.

Inkantolo Eyinhloko Ephakeme Iqamba Iziqu Zokuvikela Okungenamsoco Emacalani Okumangalelwa

Izinqumo eziningana eziphawulekayo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zashintsha indlela engokomthetho yokuvumela izimfuneko zokungalaleli nokuphikisa.

IMap v. Ohio (1961) Nombuso We - Exclussionary

Ku ku-Mapp v.O., 367 U.S.661], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo sesine abunakwenziwa ezimpikiswaneni zikahulumeni. Lesi sinqumo samisa umthetho wokuhlukanisa, osebenza njengesithiyo esinamandla ekuphenyeni okungekho emthethweni. Kubantu ababhikishayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umthetho ufaka uphenyo ngaphandle kokufuna okusemthethweni, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obungatholakali phakathi nokuphenywa okungasetshenziswa enkantolo. Umthetho owehluliwe uyithuluzi eligxekayo lokunqabela ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni nokuquleka phakathi nokubhikisha.

UTerry v. Ohio (1968) Nemikhawulo Elinganiselwe Nemigqa

Terry v.O., 392 U.S. 1. (1968), iNkantolo yaqaphela ukunqatshelwa okulinganiselwe kwemfuneko yomthetho. Abaphathi bangathatha ikhawuli elifushane ne-frisk uma benokungabaza okunengqondo ukuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kunaleyo engenzeka. Phakathi kokubhikisha, izikhulu zingavumela amaphoyisa ukuba athathe isikhashana ukuze ahlole umsebenzi wobuphengululi ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, izinga lokuma okunjalo lincane: isikhulu singaphatha ipat-densi yezingubo ukuze sihlole izikhali. Ukuhlola okungaphezu kwalokho okudinga ukuba kwenzeke. Kuyo, phakathi nokubhikisha, izikhulu zingayeka ukuhlola umsebenzi wobugebengu, kodwa azikwazi ukusebenzisa ubufakazi bokuzihlola.

ICarroll v. United States (1925) Ne - Autobile Ephambanayo

Imoto engaphandle, eyasungulwa Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132 [1925], ivumela ukuphenywa kwezimoto okungenasidingo uma kungenzeka ukuthi kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi imoto inobufakazi bobugebengu. Lento ehlukile isebenza ezimotweni ngoba zingasuswa ngokushesha ngaphandle kwe-asebhuleni. Abathuthi abasebenzisa izimoto ukuthutha izimpawu, imishini, noma abantu kufanele baqaphele ukuthi izimoto zabo zingaseshwa ngaphandle kwemvume uma izikhulu zinesizathu esilindelekile. Nokho, imoto kumelwe ihambe kalula, futhi kumelwe inciphelwe izindawo lapho ubufakazi bungafihlwa khona ngokunengqondo.

Ukuthungatha Nokufuna Ukuboshwa

Ngaphansi uChimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969), ukugcinwa komthetho kungahlola indawo phakathi kokulawula komuntu okusheshayo (ibanga elibanzi”) isenzakalo sokuboshwa okungokomthetho. Lokhu kuhloselwe ukuvikela ukuphepha kwesikhulu futhi kuvimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Uma ababhikishi, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma beboshwe ngokomthetho, izikhulu zingasesha ikhupho, izikhwama, noma indawo eseduze. Nokho, ukufuna kumelwe kuhlanganiswe nokuboshwa futhi kulinganiselwe endaweni ephakathi kokufinyelela kwe-boshwe. Ukuphenya izinyawo ezimbalwa ezikude ngokunokwenzeka kungadlula lobubanzi.

Ukukhishwa Kwezigebengu Ezivamile Phakathi Nezimpi

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine ngokuvamile sifuna imvume, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izimpawu eziningi phakathi nokungalaleli kwezakhamuzi nezenzakalo zokubhikisha.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo ezingekho emthethweni zivumela izikhulu ukuba zenze uphenyo noma ukuboshwa ngaphandle komthetho uma kunesizathu esisongela ukuphepha komphakathi, ingozi yokubhujiswa kobufakazi, noma ingozi yokuphunyuka komsoleki. Phakathi nokubhikisha, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kungasho ukuthi kunezimo eziyingozi uma kunesiphithiphithi, ubudlova obuseduze, noma isidingo sokuvimbela ukulimala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izikhulu zikhona izizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi umbhikishi uphethe isikhali esingasetshenziswa ngokushesha, zingase zithathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.

Ukuhlola Okuvunyelwe

Uma umbhikishi evuma ngokuzithandela ekuhloleni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Uma uvuma kumelwe unikezwe ngokukhululekile nangokuzithandela, hhayi ngokuphoqelelwa izinsongo noma ukwesatshiswa. [i-ACLU’s Known Your Rightss fors thess produces[[ igcizelela ukuthi unelungelo lokwenqaba noma ikuphi ukuphenya. Uma uvuma ngokuqondile ukuthi “angikuvumi lokhu kuhlola,” isikhulu kumelwe sithole isiqinisekiso noma isisekelo esizimele somthetho sokuqhubeka. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi imvume ingahoxiswa noma nini. Ezimweni, njengeqembu, izikhulu ezinkulu, zingazama ukuthola ukuvuma komuntu oyedwa, kodwa ngokuvamile okungavumi ukuphenya abanye.

Umbono Ongamanga

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso ecacile, izikhulu zingathatha ubufakazi ngaphandle kobufakazi uma bungakholeki futhi isikhulu sinelungelo elingokomthetho lokuba kulesosimo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbhikishi eveza obala into elawulwayo noma isikhali, futhi isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho (umz., emgwaqweni womphakathi), lento ingabanjwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Imfundiso isebenza kuphela uma isimo esiwubala salento sisobala ngokushesha futhi isikhulu singaphulanga iSiphenduko Sesine ukuze sithole indawo esobala. Abacubunguli kufanele baqaphele ukuthi ukuphatha izinto ezingekho emthethweni kungaholela ekuqinisekiseni ukuquleka okungakholekiyo.

Ukufuna Ithuba Lokuboshwa Ngemithetho

Njengoba kuphawulwe UChimel, isenzakalo sokufuna ngokugcwele sokuboshwa okungokomthetho sivunyelwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphenywa komuntu nendawo elawulwa ngokushesha. Injongo iwukuvikela izikhulu futhi uvimbele ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Kumongo wokubhikisha lapho ukuboshwa okuningi kwenzeka, izikhulu zingase zifune ukuthunga umuntu ngamunye oboshiwe. Nokho, ukuboshwa kumelwe kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho; uma ukuboshwa ngokwako kungamukeleki, ukuphenywa okulandelayo akusebenzi.

Ukuhlola Uhlu

Uma imoto ithunjwa, abaphoqeleli bomthetho bangathatha uphenyo ngaphandle kwemvume yokubala okuqukethwe. Lokhu kubhekwa njengomsebenzi wokunakekela, hhayi umsebenzi wokuhlola, futhi uvunyelwe ngaphansi kwezimiso ezivamile. Abakhangisi abazimoto ezidonswayo noma eziphonswe phakathi nokubhikisha bangase bahlolwe izimoto zabo. Ukufuna kumelwe kwenziwe ngokwenqubo yomnyango futhi akunakusetshenziswa njengebhaxa lokuhamba ngempi yokudoba.

Ukucwaningwa Kwamanani Nemishini Yobuchwepheshe Ezindaweni Ezihlolayo

Izabhikisho zanamuhla ziphakamisa imibuzo ewubukhoma ngokuphathelene nezimfuneko zobufakazi obuthola imishini. Amaphoyisa asebenzisa kakhulu amathuluzi okuhlola anjengemishini yokuhlola amangqamuzana (ama-stems), i-ram, ukuhlola imithombo yezokuxhumana, nokuhlola omakhalekhukhwini. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi imishini yemishini yemishini yemishini iqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi okuphathelene nabantu, futhi igunyaza isebenza ngamandla kule ndawo.

Ukuhlola Ucingo Lwengqamuzana

Ihlukanisa amakhalekhukhwini ne-, 573 U.S. 373 (2014, iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi inqumbi ifuna imvume yokuhlola izinombolo zocingo olubanjwayo ukuze iboshwe. INkantolo yahlukanisa omakhalekhukhwini ezintweni ezingokoqobo ezifana nezikhwama zemali, ukuphawula ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini bane “amasuntswana okuphila.” Lesinqumo sisebenza phakathi nokuphikisa: uma umbhikishisi eboshiwe, izikhulu azikwazi ukuphenya imininingwane yocingo (izingcingo, imibhalo, izithombe) ngaphandle kogunyazo, izimo ezingekhoyo. Bangathatha izinyathelo zokuvikela ucingo noma ukubhujiswa kwemvume yokuvimbela ukuqubuka.

Ukuthungatha Indawo Nemishini

I-GPS elandelelwa isikhathi eside i-GPS ihlola ukunyakaza komuntu idinga imvume. United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. 400 (2012), iNkantolo yathi ukuhlanganisa i-GPS emotweni nokuhlola ukunyakaza kwayo kuhlanganisa ukuphenyiswa kweSichibiyelo sesine socingo. Lesimiso sidlulela emininingwaneni ye-memongo yocingo ezindaweni eziningi. Umthetho ukuhlolwa kwezindawo zombhidishicizo ngemishini yengqamuzana noma ngokuthola imibhalo yengqamuzana elingokomlando kungase kudinge mvume, ikakhulukazi uma ukuqapha kwayo kuthatha isikhathi eside noma kusetshenziswa. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa “imfundiso engu-3" ekutholeni ukwaziswa, kodwa izinqumo zamuva zisikisela ukuthambekela kokuvikelwa kwemininingwane.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Izikhulu zingabuka izikhungo zomphakathi zezembutho zezokuxhumana ngaphandle kwemvume ngoba akukho kulindela okunengqondo kobuso bezindaba obuyimfihlo obabela umphakathi ngokuzithandela. Nokho, ukudlulisa imiyalezo yangasese noma ukulandisa ngaphandle kwemvume kudinga isiqinisekiso. Abenzi be-projekthi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi izigqebhezana ezenziwe emapulatifomu omphakathi (iqembu lomphakathi le-Facebook) zingaqashelwa futhi zisetshenziswe njengobufakazi. Ukugcina imfihlo, ukusebenzisa imiyalezo eyimfihlo futhi ugweme ukufaka imininingwane yokuhlela ezindaweni ezivulekile.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezivikelo Zabamangaleli

Lapho abaqaphi befuna noma bebopha ngaphandle kwemvume efanele, ababhikishi banezindlela eziningana zokuyibekela inselele engokomthetho.

Ukuzama Ukufihla Ubufakazi

Uma kutholakala ubufakazi ngokuhlola okungenasiqinisekiso okungaqashelwanga, ummangalelwa angathatha uhambo ukuze acindezele lowobufakazi. Ngaphansi komthetho wokukhishwa kwe- Mapp v.Ohio, ubufakazi abunakusetshenziswa ekwahlulelweni. Lokhu kungasuswa ngokuchaphazelekayo ezimweni eziningi, okuholela ekuxoshweni kwamacala. Umkhuba wokuhamba ophumelelayo udinga ukubonisa ukuthi ukuphenywa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho futhi ubufakazi butholakele njengomphumela oqondile wokwephula umthetho.

Imithetho Yomphakathi Yokuphula Umthetho

Abantu amalungelo abo eSichibiyelo sesine ephulwa phakathi nokubhikisha bangase bafake icala lamalungelo omphakathi ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983. Lokhu kuvumela umonakalo wemali kumaphoyisa nomasipala abangenela ekuhloleni noma ekuboshweni okungekho emthethweni. Iziphakamiso eziphumelelayo zidinga ukukhombisa ukuthi isikhulu sathatha ibala lomthetho futhi saphula amalungelo amisiwe. Ukuvikelwa okufanelekile kungavikela izikhulu ezimweni ezithile, kodwa ukuvikela kuyahluleka uma ilungelo kumiswa ngokucacile ngesikhathi sokwephulwa.

Ukukhululeka Okungalawuleki

Izinhlangano zobuphekula zingafuna ukukhululeka ukuze zivimbele imikhuba eqhubekayo noma esondelayo engekho emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma amaphoyisa enendlela yokubopha abantu ngokungenasizathu, inkantolo ingawayala ukuba ayeke. Ukuthola umyalo kudinga ukuveza ukulimala okungalungiseki kanye nempumelelo. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla lokusingatha ukuphulwa kwezimiso.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sabahleli Abaneqhaza Elinamandla

Ulwazi ngezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe nokungavumelani nemithetho aluqanjiwe nje; luthinta ngokushesha noma ubani ohileleke ekungalalelini komphakathi.

Yazi Amalungelo Akho

  • Unelungelo lokuthula. Akudingeki ukuba uphendule imibuzo mayelana nokwazi kwakho, imisebenzi yakho, noma izinkolelo zakho zezombangazwe. Yithi: “Ngiyalisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula.”
  • Unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuvuma ekuhloleni. ngokucacile nangokuzolile uthi: “Angivumi ukuphenya.” Ungaphiki ngokomzimba, njengoba lokho kungaholela ekumangaleleni okwengeziwe. Mane uphikise ngamazwi.
  • [ Unelungelo kummeli. Uma uboshiwe, cela ummeli ngokushesha. Ungasayini amafaktha noma unikeze iziphakamiso ngaphandle komthetho.
  • Unelungelo lokuqopha umsebenzi wamaphoyisa. Ezifundeni eziningi, ungathwebula ifilimu noma ukugcinwa komthetho ezindaweni zomphakathi uma nje ungagxambukeli imisebenzi yabo.

Ukuqonda Ukuthi Amaphoyisa Angathatha Kanjani Isinyathelo Ngaphandle Komqaphi

  • Izimo eziguquguqukayo:[ Uma kunosongo lokuphepha olusheshayo, amaphoyisa angathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu phakathi nezimpi ezinobudlova.
  • I-conect:[ Awuvumi ukusesha. Ngisho noma ucabanga ukuthi awunalutho lokufihla, imvume ingaphazamisa izivikelo ezibalulekile.
  • Umbono opholile: Ugcina noma yiziphi izinto ezingekho emthethweni zifihliwe. Ukuphatha obala izinto ezingekho emthethweni noma ezibonakala zingekho emthethweni kungaholela ekuthunjweni ngaphandle komthetho.
  • Arrest: Uma uboshwa ngokomthetho, amaphoyisa angasesha wena nendawo ongayifinyelela.

Bhala Yonke Into

Gcina umbhalo oningiliziwe wokusebenzelana nomthetho ogunyaziwe. Qaphela isikhathi, indawo, amagama omphathi-mikhosi namanani amabheji, kanye nalokho okwashiwo noma okwenziwe. Uma kungenzeka, ividiyo eqoshiwe ocingweni lwakho (ngendlela yezwe, ngendlela yomsindo). Lobu bufakazi bungaba lukhuni ekuvimbeleni ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni. Uma ucingo lwakho lubanjwa, phawula ukuthi izikhulu zingadinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okuqukethwe ngaphansi

Ukusekela Okungokomthetho Abahleli

Abahleli bezokusekela abangochwepheshe kufanele bamise iqembu elingokomthetho ngaphambi kwesehlakalo. Leli qembu linganikeza amakhadi akho olwazi, izingqapheli ezingokomthetho, kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nebheyili. Izingqapheli ezingokomthetho zingabhala izenzo zamaphoyisa futhi zikhonze njengofakazi ezinkingeni zamuva. Ukuba nobuhlobo obuhleliwe nabameli abanolwazi ngamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wokubhikisha kubalulekile.

Ukulinganisela Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Umbango phakathi komthetho wokuphoqelela ukulondoloza ukulondeka komphakathi namalungelo abantu ngabanye amalungelo eSichibiyelo sesine ukhulu kakhulu ezimweni zokubhikisha. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikelela ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuba khona nje kwababhikishi, ngisho nalabo abagadla ukungalaleli komphakathi, akukuthetheleli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphenya noma ukuboshwa kwabantu ngokungenasizathu.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokwenqaba kuka-2020 uGeorge Floyd, izinkantolo eziningi zamangalelwa ngokuthi amaphoyisa ahlola abantu ngaphandle komthetho futhi aquleka abantu ababekhona emibhikishweni enokuthula. Ezinye izinkantolo zathola ukuthi uhulumeni wehluleka ukumisa izimo ezixegayo futhi wanquma ukuthi ukugadla okukhulu kwakuphula iSichibiyelo Sesine. Ezinye izinkantolo zasekela izenzo zamaphoyisa ezimngcingo lapho kunobufakazi obuseduze bobudlova. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze amaqiniso aqondile, angasho ukuthi isiyaluyaluyalu.

SCOTUSlog yokuhlola amacala okuhlola ucingo [ inikeza ushintsho oluqhubekayo ngentuthuko yeSine seSichibiyelo esihlobene nababhikishi. INkantolo iyaqhubeka icwetheza izinga lemfihlo yocingo, okusho ngokuqondile ukugunyaza izimfuneko ekubhikisheni imibhishongo.

Ukushintsha Izindinganiso Zomthetho

ISichibiyelo sesine somthetho asiyona inqubo emisiwe. INkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi ziyaqhubeka zikhuluma ngobuchwepheshe obusha namaqhinga okubhikisha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezenhlala-khaya ukuhlela ukubhikisha kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi umthetho ungaqondisa yini imiyalezo yeqembu ngaphandle kwemvume. Imfundiso “yokulindela okunengqondo ukuthi izinto ziyimfihlo” iyavivinywa enkathini yobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-layisense ye-layisense eqondiswe i-auto (ALPRs) nobuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso phakathi nokubhikisha kungase kubangele izimfuneko eziyimfuneko ezingoko kunyakazobunganyelwa.

Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zamisa imithetho efuna izivumelwano zezindlela ezithile zokuhlola ngogesi, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwemishini ye-cell. Abahlohli nabahleli kufanele bahlale benolwazi ngemithetho eqondene nombuso enganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunemithetho elinganiselwe kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Uhlelo olungokomthetho lokugunyaza izimfuneko zokujeziswa kokungalaleli kwezakhamuzi nokubhikisha lwakhiwa ngomyalo weSichibiyelo sesine owesiHlazo owenziwe ngokuhlola nokuquleka. Nakuba umthetho uyindinganiso yegolide, izinhlobonhlobo eziningi — izimo ezihlukene, imvume, umbono ocacile, nokuhlola izenzakalo zokubopha — ukunikeza ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvumelana ezimweni zokuziphikisa eziqinile. Nokho, ukuyekelelwa ngakunye kuthathwa kancane futhi kuhlolwe ngokuqinile ekubukeni isiyaluya. Abahloli abaqonda lemithetho bangawavikela kangcono amalungelo abo, futhi abameli bangawabekela inseleleka ngokuphumelela kakhulu. Emphakathini wentando yeningi, ukulinganisela phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi kumelwe kugcinwe ngokulalela ngokucophelela ezimisweni ezingokomthetho. Inhlonipho yezimiso zokukhokhwasa umthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni awusebenzisi isiphithiyo sokuvikelwa kwemithetho ewulahla. Njengoba ukuvikelwa kwezwe okusemthethweni kuhlala kulungile.