Isimiso somthetho wezwe sakha umsuka wesinqumo sempikiswano enokuthula emphakathini wanamuhla, sinikeza abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano inqubo ehlelwe kahle yokulungisa amaphutha angaphandle komthetho wobugebengu. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu, lapho umshushisi efuna isijeziso ngokuphula umthetho, umthetho wesizwe ugxila ekuxazululeni izingxabano zangasese ngokukhokhwa, ukwenza okuthile, noma amanye amakhambi ahlelekile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okufinyelelwa okunganqamuki kwesimiso somthetho somphakathi (nengxenye zamalungelo omthetho), amalungelo abathathi, izinhlu zezikhambiso ezikhona, kanye nezinyathelo ze-produracturemental eziqondisa icala ekukhipheni indiva. Ngokuqonda lezi zicingo, abafundi bangaqondisa kangcono izinselele zabo siqu ezingokomthetho futhi baqaphele indima yesimiso somphakathi ekulondolozeni inhlalakahle nezimiso zobungane.

Siyini Isimiso Sobulungisa Bezakhamuzi?

Isimiso sokwahlulela sesizwe siwuhlelo lwemithetho, izinkantolo, nezinqubo eziklanyelwe ukufushanisa izingxabano phakathi kwabantu abazimele − abantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokungenamthetho. Injongo yazo eyinhloko ukunikeza inqubo yokuxazulula izingxabano, esemthethweni yokunikeza usizo kulabo abaye balimala. Nakuba umthetho wobugebengu uzama ukujezisa izihlubuki nokuvikela umphakathi, umthetho wesizwe uhlose ukubuyisela iqembu elilimele esimweni salo sangaphambi kobugebengu, noma ukusondela ngangokunokwenzeka, ngemali noma ngeziqondiso zokuthatha isinyathelo noma ukuvimbela izenzo.

Umthetho wesizwe uhlanganisa izingxabano eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala kwempahla, ukungavumelani kwempahla, izindaba zomkhaya njengesahlukaniso nelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, izindaba zemisebenzi, nokuphulwa kwempahla. Indawo ngayinye inemithetho yayo ekhethekile neyandulelayo, kodwa zonke zihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo: ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokungakhethi ngaphandle kokuzisiza noma ubudlova. Isimiso sibuswa ngemithetho ye-produration ehlukahlukayo ngemithetho (umk., Federal Proceductiverence Institute of Civil Procrectre e U.S.), futhi ngemithetho engaphansi kwemithetho echaza amalungelo nemisebenzi yeqembu. Ngenxa yokwahlukanisa phakathi kwezemibango nezomthetho, bheka [FL:]

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesimiso Sobulungisa Somphakathi

Ukusebenza okuphumelelayo kwesimiso somthetho kuncike ezingxenyeni eziningana ezincikene. Ukuqonda ngasinye kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekufuneni ukusebenzisa lesi simiso.

Izinkantolo

Amacala angokomthetho ngokuvamile azwakala ezinkantolo, ngalinye linezikhundla ezikhethekile. Ezingeni lokuqulwa kwecala, izinkantolo ezincane zisingatha izimpikiswano ezihilela izilinganiso ezihilela izilinganiso ezimbalwa zemali (kaningi zingaba izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamaRandi) nezinqubo ezenziwe lula futhi ngokuvamile abekho abameli. Icala elingokomthetho lisebenza njengezinkantolo zesifunda noma izinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda. Izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zamacala zamaphutha omthetho, kanye nezinkantolo ezinkulu (isifunda noma isifunda) zisebenza njengezigwebo zokugcina ezingokomthetho. Indima yenkantolo kufanele isebenzise umthetho emaqiwini anikezwayo, igcine ukuthi zombili izinkantolo zinethuba elilungile lokuzwakala. Inkantolo kumelwe ibe nombono ohluzombili (igunya elikhulu) ngecala lomthetho noma ngecala lomthetho womuntu siqu. Izivumelwano ezinkantolo ezihlukene zingazwakalayo, uma kuphikisana izimpikiswano ezimbili zenkantolo zingabalelwa impikiswano.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli basebenza njengabasizi abangakhethi, abaphethe ama-atlears, abalawula ngezikhathi zezezimali, abalawula ngezindlela zokuthatha izintambo, abafundisa amajaji (uma ekhona), futhi banikeza izinqumo zokugcina lapho kuqulwa ibhentshi. Bachaza iziqondiso, basebenzise iziqondiso, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi kulungile ngokwesiko. Ezimweni zomphakathi, abahluleli bavame ukwenza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kunasecaleni, ikakhulukazi ekulawuleni ukutholwa nokuhlaliswa kwezenzo ezisobala. Izinqumo zabo ezicatshazayo zingathinta imiphumela ephawulekayo. Abahluleli futhi banegunya lokukhokha izijelo ezimelene namaqembu noma nabameli abahlanganyela ezinkonzweni ezimbi, besiza ukulondoloza ubuqotho benqubo.

Ababhali

Abameli abagunyaziwe bamelela izithakazelo zabameli abavamile nabamangalelwa. Imithwalo yabo yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukwabela amakhasimende amalungelo omthetho, ukunxusa nokuthatha imishini, ukusungula, ukuxoxa, nokunikeza ubufakazi lapho kuqulwa icala. Ukungalingani kwesimiso kuxhomeke ekusebenziseni imingcele yezimiso zezimiso zomthetho eziqinile. Ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela izinhlangano ezinkulu, ukumelelwa komthetho kucishe kuxhomeke ebunkingeni bemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, abantu abanemithombo elinganiselwe bangabhekana nemingcele yokuthola iseluleko esifanelekayo, inseleleko ebhekiswe ngokushiswa izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho nezinhlelo ze-proon.

Izimfundamakhwela

Abamangaleli yibo abahileleke ngokuqondile enkantolo. Ummangalelwa uqala icala ngokufaka isikhalo; ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo noma ngokunyakaza. Ngaphandle kwabantu, abamangalelwa bangabezinhlangano, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma ezinye izinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Iqembu ngalinye linelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi abadlulisayo, futhi lidlulise izibopho ezimbi. Ukuqonda indima nezibopho zomuntu kungenza amabhukwana abalulekile phakathi nokutholakala kwendaba − kugxeka ukugwema izingibe ezithiwayo.

I - Jurisciation

I-Jurisdion inquma ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo elalela icala. Isekelwe ezicini ezinjengendawo, indaba yempikiswano (umz., umthetho womkhaya v. arrock), kanye nesilinganiso semali ephakanyisiwe. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinegunya elilinganiselwe, ngokuyinhloko elihlanganisa amacala abangelwa umthetho kahulumeni, umbuso wezizwe, nezinkantolo lapho i-United States iyiqembu. Izinkantolo ziphethe imicimbi eminingi yomphakathi. Ukufaka ngokungemthetho wecala ngaphandle kwegunya kungaholela ekuxoxisweni nasekubuseni isikhathi esiphelile. Ukubhukuqeni okujule kakhulu, bheka incazelo ye-gudulomgayo ye-mthetho.

Amalungelo Abantu Ababodwa Esimisweni Sobulungisa Sangaphakathi

Abantu abahileleke engxabanweni bajabulela amalungelo ayisisekelo ahloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile futhi kufaneleka. La malungelo asekelwe emalungiselelweni omthetho - sisekelo, emthethweni wemithetho yezomthetho, nasemithethweni engokwesiko.

  • Amalungelo omthetho — Nakuba kungaqinisekisiwe kuzo zonke izindaba zomphakathi (izecala ezinjengezesigebengu lapho iSichibiyelo seSithandathu sinikeza ummeli), amaqembu anelungelo lokuqasha iseluleko sokhetho lwawo. Amanye amagunya anikeza iseluleko esimisiwe ezindabeni ezithile zomphakathi eziphezulu, njengokukhishwa kwamalungelo abazali.
  • [ Ekulungeni enkantolo elungile [Ilunga] — Ihlanganisa ilungelo kumajaji ongakhethi noma amajaji, ilungelo lokuveza ubufakazi futhi abize ofakazi, nelungelo lokubhekana nobufakazi obuphikisayo. Imithetho yezemfundo iqinisekisa isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala.
  • [ kusekugcineni ukunikeza ubufakazi — Idili kungaletha amabhukwana, ubufakazi, nemifanekiso engokoqobo evumelana nalokho abakushoyo noma abakuvikelayo. Imithetho yobufakazi ilawula ukungaqondi, ukulinganisela ukusebenza kobandlululo.
  • [ Akwesokudla sokudlulisa [ — izahlulelo eziningi zokugcina ziheha enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zigcina ngokubukeza amaphutha omthetho noma amaphutha amakhulu angaphakathi, hhayi ukuveza amaqiniso ngaphandle kwephutha elisobala.
  • [ Akulutho ekufihleni imfihlo — Izingxoxo ezithile, njengezingxoxo ezihloniphekile zommeli, zivikelekile ekwambulweni. Izingxoxo zokuthula kanye neziqephu zokuxhumana ziyimfihlo, zikhuthaza ingxoxo evulekile.

Lamalungelo awaphelele; angase ahlulwe noma alinganiselwe ngesivumelwano (umzk., izigaba zokuhlanganisa) noma ngemiyalo yasenkantolo. American Bar Association inikeza imithombo emikhulu yamalungelo ezindawo ezisemthethweni ezicakazayo.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ziyatholakala Esimisweni Sobulungisa Sangaphakathi

Uma umkhangisi efaka icala lakhe, inkantolo inikeza ikhambi ikhambi. Izimo ezimbili ezibanzi: amakhambi angokomthetho (amanxeba emali) namakhambi alinganayo (amayalelo omthetho okuthi ukwenze noma ugweme ukwenza okuthile). Ikhambi elikhethwayo lixhomeke ekutheni umonakalo onjani kanye nokungakhokhelwa okungalingani.

Izingozi Zokulungisa

Izingozi zokukhokha izindleko zivame kakhulu, ziklanyelwe ukubuyisela imbuyiselo yemali elahlekile ngempela. Lokhu kungaba ngokwezomnotho, njengemali ekhokhelwayo, izindleko zokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa izindleko, noma inzuzo yebhizinisi, nokungalahlekelwa inzuzo yezezimali, njengobuhlungu nokuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, noma ukulahlekelwa yi-consium. Injongo iwukuba umkhohlisi aphelele, angajezisi ummangalelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, endaweni yengozi, iqembu elilimele lingase libuyise izindleko zokuhlinzwa, ukubuyiselwa kwebhizinisi, ukulahlekelwa amandla okuthola imali. Emalini edinga ukukhokha izinhloso zokubeka imvume yokuthatha izitho zokuthatha isikhundla. Injongo yayiyokuba kwenziwe isivumelwano ukuba babe saziwayo.

Umonakalo Obangelwa Yisijeziso

Isijeziso esikhokhelwayo (esibizwa nangokuthi izingozi eziyisibonelo) sikhokhwa ngaphezu kwezingozi zokubulala uma ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kungenangqondo, kuyingozi, noma kukhohlisa. Zisebenza ukujezisa umenzi wobubi futhi zinqanda ukuziphatha okubi okufanayo kwabanye. Lokhu kulimaza akuveli kuzo zonke izimo; amazwe amaningi alinganisela isilinganiso sokusebenza kwawo, futhi inqubo efanelekile engokomthetho ifuna ukuba alinganisele umonakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, umenzi othengisa ngokwazi umkhiqizo ongalungile obangela umonakalo ongathi sína angase abhekane nesijeziso. INkanto Ephakeme inqume ukuthi isilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso esisodwa semibathane yomonakalo enziwayo engenziwa inqubo efanelekile.

Ukuhlangana

Isiyalo senkantolo singumyalo ofuna umbambiswane ukuba enze okuthile (isiyalezo sokuyala) noma ayeke ukwenza okuthile (isiyalezo sokuqondisa). Amakhambi alinganayo asetshenziswayo uma umonakalo wemali unganele (ngokwesibonelo), ukuvimbela ukungcola okuqhubekayo kwendawo ezungezile, ukuphoqelela isivumelwano esingahambisani nesivumelwano, noma ukuyala ukuba kubuyiselwe impahla ebiwe. Imithetho yokuyaleza ingakhishwa ngokushesha ecaleni ukuze kugcinwe ukuma okunganqunyiwe, kuyilapho imiyalo ehlala njalo iphetha icala. Ukuphula umyalo kungaphumela ekudeleleni isijeziso senkantolo.

Ukusebenza Okuqondile

Inqubo ethile iphoqelela iqembu ukuba lifeze izibopho zalo ezingokomthetho, kunokuba likhokhe izindleko. Lelikhambi ligcinelwa izivumelwano ezihilela izinto ezikhethekile, njengezindawo ezizimele noma izithombe ezingavamile, lapho kungekho khona okunye okuzosetshenziswa. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyakugwema ukuyala ukuba kwenziwe imisebenzi yomuntu siqu ngoba iphoqelela ukuba umuntu agqilazwe ngenkani. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthengisi enqaba ukuvala indlu ngemva kokusayina isivumelwano sokuthenga, umthengi angakhokha ukuze adlulise isiqu esithile.

Izahlulelo Zokumemezela

Isahlulelo esivimbelayo isimemezelo senkantolo samalungelo nezibopho zamalungu ngaphandle kokuyala noma yisiphi isenzo noma ukujezisa. Sisetshenziselwa ukucacisa ukuma okungokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba impikiswano ikhule noma ukuxazulula ukungaqiniseki ngemibandela yesivumelwano, umshuwalense, noma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umfaki-mfunda-cala angafuna isahlulelo sokukhipha isigwebo ukuze anqume ukuthi inkambiso ihlanganisa okuthile. Lekhambi lingavimbela ukukhomba imali ebizayo ngokucacisa umthetho ekuqaleni.

Inqubo Yobulungisa Bezakhamuzi

Ukuqulisa icala lomphakathi kuhilela izigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngasinye sinemithetho eqondile nezikhathi ezimisiwe.

Ukukhononda

Le nqubo iqala lapho ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo enkantolo efanelekile, esho isisekelo esiyiqiniso salokho okushiwoyo, izinkolelo-lwazi ezingokomthetho ezisekela ukukhululeka, futhi ikhambi lifunwa. Ukukhononda kumelwe kunikezwe ummangalelwa kanye nezicelo, kunikeze isaziso nethuba lokuphendula. Imithetho yokulinganiselwa ibeka imithetho eqinile yokugcinwa; ukuphuthelwa kungavimbela unomphela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulimaza komuntu siqu kumelwe kugcinwe phakathi neminyaka eyisithupha kuya kuxhomeke kuhulumeni.

Ukusabela Kumlweli

Ummangalelwa kumele aphendule phakathi nenkathi emisiwe (kancane engu-20-30). Angafaka impendulo evuma noma ephika ukumangalelwa ngakunye, futhi angaphakamisa ukuzivikela. Okanye, angafaka umzila wokuxosha (Rule 12(b) (6) enkantolo kahulumeni) ephikisa ngokuthi ngisho noma amaqiniso eyiqiniso, ummangalelwa angasho lutho olusemthethweni. Inkantolo ingavuma ukunyakaza noma ihambe ngaphandle kokushiya. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, isahlulelo esiphelele singase singene kubo.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola ubufakazi kuyindlela yokuqoqa lapho umphini ngamunye engacela khona amabhukwana, uphendlo (imibuzo ebhaliwe), ukufakwa kweminye imibuzo (okanye ubufakazi obungaphansi kwesifungo), kanye nokuvunywa. Ububanzi bokutholwa bubanzi(izinto ezingavumelekile). Le ngxenye ingaba yinkathi yokuthola isikhathi futhi ebizayo, kodwa ibalulekile ekwakheni icala nasekuhloleni inani lale nkinga. Imithetho elandelanayo idinga ukuvezwa kobufakazi obuyinhloko okuzenzekelayo. Ukuxabana okungahleliwe kuvamile; izinkantolo zingangenela ukuphoqelela noma ukukhipha imiyalelo egciniwe. Ukuze uthole imithetho eminingi, bona u-Facedal Umthetho we-Coviniverture 26[FLD:1].

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa noma lingaphendulwa, liqhubekelwa ecaleni. Ecaleni lejaji, abahluleli banquma amaqiniso futhi basebenzise umthetho ngaphansi kweziqondiso zomahluleli; umahluleli wenza izindima zombili. Ummangaleli uveza icala lakhe kuqala, lilandelwa ummangalelwa. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungabiza ofakazi, luzise imibukiso, futhi ludlulisele izibalo zomunye umuntu. Ngemva kokuvala izimpikiswano, umahluleli noma amajaji ngamabomu futhi lubuyisele isahlulelo. Indinganiso yobufakazi ezicabeni zombango “ingabazi ubufakazi” Ngokungaphezulu kakhulu ukuthi amafebe amangalelwayo awenziwe ama - partiff ayindice eyiqiniso, futhi ayindinganiso elula kuneyomthetho.”

Ukuhamba Nezingcingo Nezingcingo Zangemva Komshado

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lifake izinyathelo zomthetho zangemva kokwahlulela, njengokuhamba kwezahlulelo njengendaba yomthetho (liqinisekisa ubufakazi obuphelele) noma ukuthatha isinyathelo esisha. Uma linqatshelwa, lingadlulisela isikhalo enkantolo edlulisayo. Izikhalo zingagxila emaphutha omthetho noma amaphutha angathi sína; izinkantolo ze-appellate zivame ukudebeselela ukuthola iqiniso eliqulwayo. Inqubo yokudlulisa inganwe izinyanga noma iminyaka eminingi. Emacala amaningi angaphezulu, amazinga okudluliswa angenzeka, kuhlanganise nezicelo ze-ceretoriari enkantolo e-U.

Izinselele Nezinguquko Esimisweni Sobulungisa Bezakhamuzi

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, isimiso sobulungisa sibhekene nezinselele ezingapheli. ibhekene nobulungisa ilokhu iyinkinga enzima: abantu abaningi abakwazi ukuthenga abameli, futhi imithombo yosizo engokomthetho incishisiwe ilula. Imishini yokusiza ngokwayo ivame ukulwa nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziholela ekubangeleni ingxabano nokungalungi. [[FLT:] ukulibala nokulibala [[[FLT:] kuyizikhalo ezivamile, ukudaleka; ukutholakala nokuhamba kwemicisho okubanzi okungaqhubeki ukudlula inani lezinto ezincane. Ukukhuluma ngalezindaba, izinkantolo eziningi manje zikhuthaza [[FOLD:] ukuphikisana nokungalungisi. [Indlela yokwamunciphiswa kwezimiso zomthetho] [[FLT] [FFFFF:] izikha] ukuhlelwa nokusetshenziswa ngokushesha, ezinye izindlela ezingenziwa kalula futhi zezenziswayo. Ezinye izinqubo zemali ezinikezwayo ezilulayo futhi zinikezwa futhi zingcono kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokwahlulela sangaphakathi siyindlela eyinkimbinkimbi elinganisela amalungelo abantu abanesidingo sokulungisa izingxabano. Kusukela ekuhlelekeni kokuqala kwezimiso zokukhononda kuya ekukhokheleni kokugcina isikhala esibi noma ukukhululeka okunganqamukiyo, isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, ukuvezana, nokulandisa. Nakuba isimiso singenazo iziphazamiso zokwenza amaphutha, ukuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi imingcele ihlala ibalulekile, futhi isisekelo sezimiso zenqubo efanelekile nekhambiso engokomthetho sibalulekile emphakathini wentando yentando yeningi. Uma ungumkhokhi womthetho ofuna imbuyiselo ngokungalungile, ummangalelwa omelene nokumangalelwa, noma isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho, ulwazi lwezimiso zomthetho lukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nokusekela ubulungisa. Isiqondiso esinemininingwane, ukuxhumana nommeli othembekile noma ukuhlola imithombo engokomthetho enjenge-Calctive [5] [5] [5] [iK]]