Ukubukeza Izimfuneko Ezinhle Ekuphihlisweni Kwempahla Yombango

Imvume isetshenziswa yinkantolo egunyaza isenzo esithile esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esigunyaza isenzo esikhethekile njengokungathi ukuseshwa, ukuphangwa, ukuhlolwa, noma ukuphangwa kwempahla − ngokugunyazwa kwemithetho noma, kwezinye izimo, iqembu elizimele elisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lenkantolo. Endaweni yezimpikiswano zombango ezihilela impahla, amafaktha afeza umsebenzi obalulekile: banikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezenzo ezingabangela ukuphambana, ukuguqulwa, noma ukuhlaselwa kwamalungelo empahla. Ukuqonda izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezilawula lezimfuneko zibalulekile kubaphathi bempahla, abameli, abahluleli, nanoma ubani obophelezelwa ekukhankambisweni kwempahla lapho kuphakama khona.

Isisekelo esingokomthetho sezimfuneko zokugunyazwa eUnited States silandela umsuka waso esiSichibiyelweni sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esivikela abantu ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni futhi esidinga imvume yokusekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka futhi ikakhulukazi sichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Nakuba ekuqaleni kwasungulwa emongweni wobugebengu, isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sidlulela ezindabeni zomphakathi lapho isenzo sikahulumeni singenela empahleni yomuntu noma endaweni yakhe eyimfihlo. Imithetho yemithetho yoMbuso kanye nezimiso ngokufanayo zibeka izimfuneko ezifanelekile, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezengeziwe zokuvikela noma imingcele yemithetho.

Imvume ayikona nje ukwenziwa nje okusemthethweni; kuyisivikelo ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni sobushiqela. Ezimpikiswaneni zempahla yomphakathi, imvume ingagunyaza ukuhlolwa kwezindawo ezisolwa ngokophula impilo noma imithetho yokuphepha, ukuthunjwa kwempahla ukuze kuqashelwe isahlulelo, noma ukubuyiselwa kokuthethwa kwecala ngemva kwephutha. Imvume iqinisekisa ukuthi lesi senzo sibukezwe ngemantshi engathathi hlangothi, isekelwe ekubonisweni okwanele kokulunga okungokomthetho, futhi ilinganiselwe ekuqondiseni impahla noma izinto ezichazwe. Ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezinjalo, abanikazi bempahla bangathunyelwa ekudobeni, ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela, noma ukugunyaza ukugunyaza.

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokugunyazwa kwemithetho ezimpikiswaneni zempahla yomphakathi sisebenza ekwahlukaneni komthetho wempahla, inqubo yomphakathi, nomthetho womthetho-mthetho. Sibuye sibunjwe yimithetho ethile engokomthetho, njengalezo zinqumo zokuqondisa (isibonelo, ukuphepha emsebenzini, ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile), izinto ezilahlwayo, umthetho wendawo, nokuthathelwa indawo yezentengiselwano. Umo ngamunye uveza imithetho yakhe siqu nezindinganiso, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala zivumelana. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwalezozimiso, izinhlobo zemithetho evame ukuhlangabezana nazo, izimfuneko zokuthola nokuthatha imibandela enzima, kanye nezingakhokhwama ezisebenzayo ezihilelekile ezinhlangothini zempahla.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesimiso

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nokusebenza Kwaso Ezindabeni Zomphakathi

ISichibiyelo sesine sinikeza ukuthi “ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho gunya eliyokwenziwa, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, lisekelwe ngesifungo noma ukuqinisekisa, futhi lichaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, futhi ikakhulukazi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zibanjwe.” Leli lungiselelo alilinganiselwe ekuhlolweni kobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa njalo ukuthi iSiphendulo Sesine siyaqhubeka sihlola futhi siquleka, kuhlanganise nalezo eziqhutshwa izinhlangano zokuqondisa, izikhulu zemithetho, izikhulu zezenzwe, futhi ngisho nezinhlangothi ezizimele ezisebenza njengezinkonzo zikahulumeni. [FOLD], bheka. Eg.

ICamara , iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi izimfuneko zokwahlulela azikhishwa ngokuphelele emongweni wokuphatha kwezakhamuzi. Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi indinganiso ingalinganiswa kakhulu kunasezicabeni zobugebengu, isilinganiso sengozi yezibalo yokuphulwa kwemithetho singaba imbangela elindelekile yokuhlola isiqinisekiso ``````imfuneko sobuphathi'' nokusebenza okukhethekile. INkakhulu yalinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekufakeni inzuzo yokuphepha nezimiso zempilo mayelana nesithakazelo somuntu siqu, iphetha ngokuthi imvume yokuhlola isekhaya okungeyo. Lokhu kuhlola kungoko ukuqonda ukugcinwa kwempahla yempahla yomphakathi.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Nemithetho

Imithetho-mthetho eminingi iqukethe amalungiselelo agunyaza iSichibiyelo sesine, ngezinye izikhathi nezivikelo ezibanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseCalifornia uvikela ngokusobala ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka kokubili emongweni wobugebengu nomphakathi. Imithetho yoMbuso imisa futhi izinqubo zokugunyaza izinhlobo ezithile zezenzo zomthetho, njengokufuna ukuba nempahla, ukuthatha i-replevin, noma izimpawu zokuhlola. Lemithetho ivame ukuningiliza okudingekayo ekusebenzeni komthetho, izisekelo zecala, nenqubo yokubulala.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezilawulayo

Ukukhipha imvume, inkantolo kumelwe ithole ukuthi izimfuneko ezintathu eziyisisekelo ziyaneliswa: imbangela engaxazululwayo, ukucaciswa [, kanye umqondisi wobucuphi. Lezimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi imvume ayisetshenziswanga njengetshekisi elingekho lutho nokuthi abanikazi bempahla bathola inqubo efanele ngaphambi kokuba amalungelo abo aphikiselwe.

Imbangela Enengqondo Emasimweni Ezakhamuzi

Imbangela efanelekile yokugunyazwa kwemvume yomphakathi ayidingi ubufakazi obungangangatshazwa noma ngisho ngokuhlola ubufakazi. Kunalokho, kudinga ukuboniswa kwenkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile, ukuthi impahla ingaphansi kwesenzo esingokomthetho noma ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuyalunga. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqinisekiseni kobuqondisi, imbangela ingase imiswe ngokubonisa ukuthi impahla iyingxenye yesimiso sokuhlola esihleliwe noma ukuthi ubufakazi obuqondile bubonisa ukwephulwa. Ngokuphazanyiswa kwempahla, ngokunokwenzeka ibangela ukuba isekele ukuthi impahla iboshelwe emsebenzini wobugebengu noma iwubufakazi bokuphulwa kwemithetho.

Indinganiso ingaba iphansi kunembangela yecala, kodwa idinga ukusekelwa ngaphezu kokusola okungagunyaziwe noma okungagunyaziwe. Ama-ffidavits asekela lomthetho kumelwe anikeze iziphakamiso eziyiqiniso, hhayi iziphetho nje. Uma umfaki-sicelo engumuntu ozimele, njengomninindlu ofuna ukuthatha impahla, inkantolo ingadinga ukuboniswa kwesivumelwano, ukungena ekwahluleleni, noma okunye ukulunga okungokomthetho. Izikhankasi zezicelo ngokucubunga ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukuvala injoloba.

Ukucaciswa: Imfuneko Yencazelo

Imvume ngayinye kumelwe ichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe noma indawo okumelwe ithathwe. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuseshwa kwezesigebengu, okuyisona isiMithelela sesine esaklanyelwe ukunqanda. Ezimpikiswaneni zempahla zomphakathi, ukuchaza kubalulekile uma imvume igunya lokungena endaweni ukuze ihlole noma ithathe izinto. Incazelo kumelwe ikwazi ukwenza isikhulu esibulalayo noma iqembu likwazi ukuhlukanisa indawo kanye nempahla ngokuqiniseka. Izincazelo, njengazo “zonke izincwadi ezisesakhiweni,” zibonakala zingasebenzi ngaphandle kokuba imvume ifaka isidingo esithile.

Ngokwesibonelo, incwadi egunyaza ukuhlola isakhiwo sezentengiselwano sokwephulwa komthetho wezomlilo kufanele iphawule izitezi ezithile, amakamelo, noma izindawo okumelwe zihlolwe.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela

Imantshi engathathi hlangothi futhi engaboshelwanga kumele ihlole ukusebenza kwemvume futhi inqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi izimbangela zikhona futhi incazelo yanele. Abahluleli akumelwe babe izitembu zenjoloba; kumelwe bazihlole ngokwabo abasekeli be-affidavits nobufakazi. Uma uma ijaji lihluleka ukwenza njengomphathi we-partime, imvume ingancishwa. Lemfuneko isebenza ngokulinganayo kumongomongo womphakathi nowesigebengu. Kwezinye izizwe, amabhalanendishi wenkantolo noma i-diajusi anganikeza izimvume ezithile zomphakathi (umz. Replevin), kodwa izinselele zomthetho womthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile zivele zivele uma umenzi wesinqumo engena ukuzibusa noma inqubo inxenye ngaphandle kokuvikela okufanele.

Ukungafani Phakathi Kwezindinganiso Zomphakathi Nezezigebengu Ezingalawuleki

Esinye sezici ezivame ukungaqondwa kahle kakhulu zomthetho ogunyaziwe siwumehluko phakathi kwezimfuneko zomphakathi nezigebengu.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Nezindinganiso Zokuthuthukisa

Ezimweni zobugebengu, kungenzeka ukuthi kudinga ukubonisa ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bungatholakala endaweni okungase kuphenywe kuyo. Umnyango uphakeme kakhulu, kodwa awuphakeme njengobufakazi obungaqiniseki. Ezicabeni zomphakathi, ngokunokwenzeka imbangela inganeliswa ngokubonisa okuphansi okunengqondo ukuthi impahla ingaphansi kwesenzo esingokomthetho noma ukuthi ukuhlolwa komlilo kudingekile. Ngokwesibonelo, Michigan v. Clifford, 464 U.S. 287 (19984), iNkantolo ephakeme ikhona ngenxa yokuhlola komlilo ingasekelwa ekuboniseni ukuthi umlilo ubekwe ngamabomu, ngaphandle kokwenza ubufakazi obuthile. Ngokufana, i-Clifford [kuhlola, ngokomthetho, i-s."impono yokuhlola i-projectivesmentation (19984), ukumiswa kwenqubo yokuhlola.

Inqubo embi yokuhlukanisa

Imithetho yezigebengu cishe itholakala njalo inxenye esele (umzekelo, ngaphandle kwesaziso sendaba), ngoba ukutshelwa kusengaphambili kungaholela ekubhujisweni kobufakazi. Izivumelwano zomphakathi zingakhishwa futhi ngokwengxenye uma isaziso singalulaza injongo (umz., ukuthunjwa kwempahla elahlekile, noma ukuhlolwa kwendawo engase ishintshe ngokushesha). Nokho, ukucatshangelwa okufanelekile kungadinga ukuba umnikazi wempahla amukele isaziso nethuba lokumukelwa ngaphambi noma ngokushesha ngemva kokukhishwa kwemvume. Izenzo ze-Firevin, ngokwesibonelo, zidinga ukuzwa ngemva kwecala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umnini-mali unelungelo.

Ezifundazweni eziningi, icebo lokukhipha impahla yezakhamuzi (isizk., ukuxosha impahla yomuntu noma impahla yakhe eshiyiwe) lidinga ukulalelwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe, kodwa okuhlukile kunakho izimo ezicatshangelwe. Ukuthambekela komthetho wanamuhla ukunikeza abanikazi bempahla izivikelo ezinkulu kakhulu ngokwemo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma imvume ihilela ukungena endlini.

Izinga Lokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Uma isiqinisekiso siphetshaniswa, izinkantolo zihlola isinqumo sokukhipha “isisekelo esiphansi”-osho ukuthi uma imantshi inesisekelo esiqotho esanele sokuthola imbangela elindelekile. Lendinganiso ayiyona ethatha isikhathi esinqunyiwe kodwa ayiphelele. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, indinganiso yokubukeza ingase ingaqini ngenxa yembangela ephansi. Nokho, uma imvume ingenakho ukwaziswa okuqondile noma isekelwe ekwazini okungamanga, izinkantolo ngeke zinqikaze ukuyilahla.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zezigebengu Ezimpikiswaneni Zempahla

Izingxabano zempahla zomphakathi zibangela izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene zemithetho, ngayinye inezimfuneko zayo ezingokomthetho kanye nezicelo ezisebenzayo. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo kubaluleke kakhulu kubaqondisi nakubanikazi bempahla.

Ukufuna Izindlela Zokufuna

Ezimweni zomphakathi, imvume yokufuna ngokuyinhloko imishini yokuhlola ukuphatha noma ukuthola indawo engaphansi kwesenzo sokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango wezempilo wendawo ungathola isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ikhishi lesitolo sokunakekela indle. Ngokufanayo, inkantolo ingakhipha isiqinisekiso sokufuna nokuthola impahla enkantolo yesehlukaniso noma yokuchitha ibhizinisi. Imvume kumelwe ichaze impahla noma izimo ezizoseshwa, futhi ukuseshwa kumelwe kulinganiselwe kuleyonjongo.

Ngokungafani nemvume yokufuna ubugebengu, imvume yokuhlola yomphakathi ivame ukuvela ezimisweni ezigunyaza isimiso somthetho noma ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ithi ukuphenya okunjalo kudinga imvume noma ukushiyana (umz., imvume, isimo esiphuthumayo) ngaphandle kokuba iwele ngaphansi kwezimboni ezilawulwa ngokusemthethweni lapho ukuhlola okungenazimvume zivunyelwe. Bheka i-Burger, 482 U.S. 691 (1987) (izindawo ezingaphansi kokuhlola okungagunyazinziwa ukuba zivalelwe ukuvala umthetho).

Abathuthi

Ukuzimela kugunyaza uhulumeni noma umuntu othile ukuba athathe impahla. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • I-Astere e-Fofeiture Warrant: impahla ekholelwa ukuthi ihilelekile emsebenzini ongekho emthethweni, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa noma ukuthumba imali. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi impahla ilahlekelwe.
  • [[INTLOBO: 0] Replevin Warrants / Writs of Reppevin: igunya lomkweleti obolekisiwe ukuba aphinde afake i-past program. Lokhu kuvame ukukhishwa ngokwehlukana kodwa kudinga ukuzwa ngokushesha ngemva kokufika kwe-epost.
  • [ Izimpawu zokwahlulela: Ngemva kwesahlulelo semali, inkantolo ingakhipha imvume yokukhipha isigwebo egunyaza umphathi wesigebengu ukuba athathe futhi adayise impahla yonecala ukuze anelise isahlulelo. Iwrit kumelwe ichaze impahla futhi ikhishwe ngokuvumelana nezinqubo eziqinile.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izimpawu ze-FAME: zisetshenziswa ekuxoshweni kwemisebenzi ukuze zinike umnini-zindawo indawo. I-writ ikhishwa ngemva kokwahlulela i-propati yempahla futhi igcinwa umthetho.

Imithetho egunyaziwe kumelwe ivumelane nenqubo efanelekile: umnini mpahla unelungelo lokuqaphela nethuba lokuncintisana nokuthumba ngaphandle kokuba kunezimo ezizivelelayo. Izinqubo ezithile ziyahlukahluka ngokwesimiso sombuso nangendlela impahla ekhona.

Abahloli

Izimpawu zokuhlola ziyi-uquading yokuhlola kanye nemvume yokuphaphama, esetshenziselwa ukungena esabelweni ngenjongo yokuhlola, hhayi ukuqoqa ubufakazi bobugebengu. Zivamile ekubekeni umthetho wezimiso, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, kanye nokuhlola ukuphepha emsebenzini. Isizathu esingase sisekelwe ekuhloleni ukuthi impahla iyingxenye yesimiso sokuhlola esihleliwe, noma ebufakazini obuqondile bokwephulwa. Isiqinisekiso kumelwe sinqume injongo nobukhulu bokuhlola, futhi umhloli akumelwe adlule kuleyo mikhawulo.

Uma ubufakazi bobugebengu butholakala phakathi nokuhlola okungokomthetho, bungase busetshenziswe ekumangalelweni kwecala ngaphansi kombono ocacile.

Ukuhlangana Njengabasizi

Kwezinye izimo, umthetho usebenza ngendlela efanayo kumthetho ngoba uyisiyalo senkantolo esifuna noma esinqabela isenzo ngokuphathelene nempahla. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwesikhashana oluvimbela (TRO) lunganqabela iqembu ekudluliseleni impahla noma ukungena ezindaweni. Ezimpikiswaneni zempahla, umyalo ungasetshenziselwa ukulondoloza isimo se-litting elindele ukugcinwa. Nakuba umthetho we-conostic ungeniswa nezimfuneko ezifanayo ezifanele futhi ngokuvamile udinga ukuboniswa kokulimala nokuphumelela kwempahla.

Izimfuneko Zemvelo Zokuthola Umsizi Wombango

Inqubo yokuthola imvume empikiswaneni yempahla yomphakathi ngokuvamile ihilela lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  1. Imposiso: Iqembu elifuna isiqinisekiso (ngokuvamile inxusa likahulumeni noma umtsheleli wokwahlulela) lifaka isicelo esifungelwe, ngokuvamile sihambisana ne-affidavit. Isicelo kumelwe sisho isisekelo esiyiqiniso sesizathu okungenzeka, ukuthi siyini isici, futhi isenzo esithile siceliwe.
  2. Isibonisi se-Magistate noma uMahluleli: Isicelo sinikezwa inxenye esele kumphathi wokwahlulela ongathathi hlangothi. Umahluleli angabuza imibuzo noma acele ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngaphambi kokuba anqume.
  3. I-Impetance:[ Uma umahluleli enquma ukuthi kungenzeka izimbangela zikhona futhi incazelo yanele, imvume iyakhishwa. Isivumelwano sihlanganisa ukukhipha inkantolo, usuku, incazelo yendawo noma impahla, kanye nezinga elivunyelwe lokuseshwa noma ukuphazanyiswa.
  4. Isenzo: Isivumelwano kumelwe sikhishwe ngendlela efike ngesikhathi, cishe phakathi nenkathi emfushane (umzk., izinsuku eziyishumi). Isikhulu esiphethe noma iqembu kumelwe sivumelane nemibandela yemvume futhi lingaweqi amandla aso. Kwezinye izimo, isiqinisekiso kumelwe sikhonzwe emini yasemini ngaphandle kokuba ukubulawa kwesikhathi sasebusuku kugunyazwe ngenxa yesizathu esihle.
  5. Buyela futhi ubala: Ngemva kokubulala, isikhulu kumelwe sifake u-endulo nenkantolo, sichaze ukuthi yini eyabanjwa. Umnini mpahla ngokuvamile unelungelo lokuthola ikhophi yophawu kanye nohlu lwezinto ezibambekile.

Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nanoma isiphi isinyathelo somthetho kungabangela ukuba lesi siqinisekiso singasebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, incwadi ekhishwa ngemva kokugcina isikhathi ingabhekwa njengeze, futhi ubufakazi obutholakalayo abunakusetshenziswa.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Ngisho nasezimpikiswaneni zempahla yomphakathi, kunezimo lapho kungadingeki khona imvume.

  • I-conect:[ Uma umninimkhakha evuma ngokuzithandela ekuhlolweni noma ekuhlolweni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Nokho, imvume kumelwe inikezwe ngokukhululekile nangokuvocavoca, futhi umuntu onikeza imvume kumelwe abe negunya phezu kwempahla.
  • Izimo ezingathi shubile: Uma kukhona usongo olusheshayo ekulondekeni komphakathi noma ingozi yokuthi impahla izobhujiswa noma isuswe, ukungena okungena ngokungena ngokomthetho noma ukuphaphatheka kungalunga. Ezimweni zomphakathi, ukungalawuleki akuvamile kodwa kungenzeka, njengalapho umnyango wezempilo usabela ekuqubukeni kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ezidinga ukungena ngokushesha.
  • Umbono oPlain: Uma isikhulu somthetho noma umhloli esemthethweni endaweni futhi ebona ubufakazi bokwephulwa kombono ocacile, akudingeki ukubamba lobufakazi. Lokhu kuthathelwa eceleni komthetho kodwa kungasebenza ekuhloleni kwezembubhiso zomphakathi.
  • Izindawo zobucukubhede ezilawulwayo: amabhizinisi ezimboni ezilawulwa kakhulu (umzk., izibhamu, utshwala, izakhiwo zezokwelapha) afanelwe ukuhlolwa okungenasizathu ngoba ngokuhlanganyela embonini, bavuma ukuqondisa futhi. Lokhu kunciphile futhi kudinga ukuba icebo lokuhlola libe likhulu, ukuhlola kunikeza isithakazelo esithile sikahulumeni, futhi umthetho unikeza isaziso esanele.

Kuyiphutha elivamile ukuthi abaninindawo, abaqashi, noma abanye abadlali abangabodwa bangaqhuba ukuphenya ngaphandle kokugunyaza impahla yezisebenzi noma impahla yezisebenzi. Ngaphandle kwemvume yenkantolo noma ukukhipha imvume esebenzayo, ukuphenya okunjalo cishe akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho futhi kungase kubangele ukungemthetho wokujeziswa noma ukuhlaselwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Kwababezosiza

Ukuya Equngeni Noma Ekucindezelweni

Umnini-mpahla okholelwa ukuthi isiqinisekiso esithile sakhishwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekile, engenaso isici esiqondile, noma wabulawa ngokungafanele angabekela inselele ukufaneleka kwaso. Imoto evamile ukuthatha i-stash imvume noma, ezimweni lapho impahla ithunjwe khona, ukunyakaza ukuze kunciphe ubufakazi noma ukubuyiselwa kwempahla. Iqembu elihambayo lithwele umthwalo wokuqala wokubonisa ukuthi isiqinisekiso siyasebenza ebusweni noma ukuthi amaphutha e-procedtura ayenzeka. Uma nje umthwalo uhlanganisiwe, umthwalo ungathuthelwa kuhulumeni noma iqembu elithole isiqinisekiso sokuthethelela i-isuance.

Izinselele eziphumelelayo ngokuvamile zihilela:

  • Ukuntuleka kwezimbangela eziyisisekelo ze - affidavit.
  • Izinkulumo ezingamanga noma ezidukisayo zenziwa ngamabomu noma ngokunganaki (ngaphansi Fidns v.Delaware izindinganiso, ezisebenza kokubili ezigebengwini nasezincwadini zomphakathi).
  • Incazelo ebanzi ehlulekile ukuchaza izinto ezihlukahlukene.
  • Ukubulawa ngendlela engenangqondo noma ngemva kokuphelelwa yithemba.
  • Ukwehluleka ukunikeza ukuzwa okusheshayo ngemva kokufika uma kudingekile ngenqubo efanele.

Ukumelana Nenselele

Akuwona wonke umuntu othintekayo omele ukubekela inselele. Umcuphi wenselele kumelwe abe nokulindela okusemthethweni kokungafihliwe noma isithakazelo esithathekile embonini ethathwe. Umuntu nje, isivakashi, noma isiphambeko angama. Emoyeni kahulumeni, umnini mpahla umile kahle. Ekuhloleni kwempatho, umhloli noma umnini wesakhiwo umile.

Izindlela Zokubuyisela Ezikhona

Uma kutholakala ukuthi umthetho awusebenzi, inkantolo ingathi:

  • Laya ukubuya kwempahla ethathweyo.
  • Ubufakazi obungatholakali bephula umthetho.
  • Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sigwebo sisebenza ngokuqhubekayo.
  • Emacala ahlukahlukene, ukuholelwa ngaphansi kuka - 42 U.S.C. . . 1983 ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.
  • Uma kutholakala incwadi yomthetho ngokholo olubi, umbulali makadelele.

Abanikazi bezindawo kufanele bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, njengoba imibuso eminingi ibeka isikhathi esifushane sokuhlela ukunyakaza ukuze bathuthe noma babuye.

Indima Ekhethekile: Izingxabano Ze - Landlord-Tenputes, I - Aset Forfeiture, Nezinhloli Zendawo Ezungezile

Izimpikiswano Ezinamandla Ze - lander-Tetragrammaton

Amalond ngokuvamile afuna amasu okuthola izinto ukuze axoshe abaqashi. Uhlelo olungokomthetho ludinga umyalo wenkantolo − ngokuvamile ukwahlulela ngempahla ("phambi kokuba umnini-lo ndlu akhishe noma asuse i-patman.) Ezizweni eziningi, umnini-lo ndlu kumelwe asebenzise isaziso sokuyeka, abese efaka icala elingekho emthethweni, futhi athole isahlulelo. Kungalapho kuphela icebo lempahla lingakhishwa futhi libulawe ngenqubo efanelekile yokukhipha izimpahla. Ukuzikhipha ngokwako. Inqubo (umz., ukushintsha izihluthulelo, ukuvala imishini) ngokuvamile kunqatshelwe futhi kungaphumela ekuvaleni ingozi, ngisho noma ishumi le-ganti lisendaweni enephutha. Imfuneko yalomongokuvikela abaqashi ekulahlweni futhi inqubo efanelekile.

Ngokufanayo, umninindlu ofuna ukuhlola indawo yabaphathi bendlu yemithetho ephulwayo noma ukulungisa okudingekile kungase kudinge imvume uma lowo ohlalayo engafuni imvume. Ezinye izifundazwe zinezimiso ezivumela ukungena ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (umz., ukulungisa isimo esiphuthumayo), kodwa ukuhlola okuvamile ngokuvamile kudinga imvume yalowo mphathi noma umthetho wenkantolo.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwezakhamuzi

Ukulahlekelwa impahla esemthethweni kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla ehilelekile emsebenzini ongekho emthethweni, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokumangalela umniniyo ngesenzo esithile sobugebengu. Imfuneko iyinhloko kulenqubo: uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso sokuthatheka ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka sabangela ukuba impahla ilahlekelwe. Ngemva kokuthatheka, umniniyo unelungelo lokulwa nokulahlekelwa yimpahla enkantolo. Nokho, ukugxekwa kwempahla yomphakathi kugxile emthwalweni ophansi wobufakazi kanye nokungaxhashazwa. Amanye amazwe aye aguqula imithetho yawo edinga ukukhokhwanywa kwecala ngaphambi kokuphuthelwa noma ukuphakamisa isilinganiso sobufakazi. Umthetho kaFederal udinga ilungelo lokulahlekelwa impahla yangempela, kodwa ngaphandle kwempahla ekhona encishisiwe ngokushesha noma eyingozi yomphakathi.

Abanikazi bempahla ababhekene nokulahlekelwa impahla kufanele bathintane ngokushesha neseluleko esingokomthetho, njengoba izimpawu zesikhathi sokufaka imali zimfushane, futhi ukuhluleka ukwenza okuthile kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni impahla unomphela ngaphandle kokulalelwa.

Ukuhlola Indawo Ezungezile Nezimiso Zokuqondisa

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjenge-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) noma iminyango yezempilo yendawo ngokuvamile kudingeka ihlole izakhiwo zokuvumelana nemithetho yendawo ezungezile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi kudingeka izivumelwano zokuqondisa ezingekho ezikhungweni zezentengiselwano, ngaphandle kwezimboni ezilawulwa kakhulu. Isicelo sokugunyaza kumelwe sisho injongo yokuhlola, isisekelo sokukholelwa ukuthi ukwephulwa kungase kube khona (noma ukuthi impahla iyingxenye yesimiso sesimiso), kanye nobukhulu bokuhlola. Izikhulu zifuna kumelwe zivumelane nokulinganiselwa kwe-act; izindawo ezingaphandle kobufakazi zingaphumela ekunciphelisweni kobufakazi.

Umehluko ophawulekayo uwukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela yesiqinisekiso sokuhlola ukuphatha ingasekelwe “kumthetho” noma“ emacaleni” kunokuba kube ubufakazi obuqondile bokwephulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango womlilo ungathola isiqinisekiso sokuhlola zonke izakhiwo esifundeni sedolobha esineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 ubudala, esisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezingozi zomlilo. Lendinganiso ebanzi ibonisa isimo sokuvinjelwa kokuhlola ukuphatha neqiniso lokuthi azinaso ekumangaleleni isigwebo secala.

Izakhiwo Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Njengoba impahla ihlanganisa imishini ye-apply project media menu, amarekhodi e-electronic, amaface aqongelelwe ama-flace , i-plueding kumele ivumelane. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuzwana nokuthi kuyadingeka yini ukubamba impahla yemishini ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi, njengalapho umtsheleli wesahlulelo efuna ukungena esikhwameni esiyimfihlo semali eyimfihlo. Imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine inzima kakhulu uma indawo enokwaziswa okungafakwa ngokwaziswa okuvikelekile. Izinkantolo eziningi ziye zakholelwa ukuthi kudingeka isiqinisekiso sokufuna ulwazi lweze-milimini lapho umniniyo elindele ulwazi oluyimfihlo, ngisho nasezikweletini noma ezinkongweni zomphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kokuqapha ngemishini (isibonelo, amakhamera afihliwe, ukulandelela indawo) emacaleni omphakathi kulawulwa kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kudinga inkantolo imvume evumelana nemvume. Umthetho we-Puinsmential Dimentap Act nemithetho efanayo kahulumeni inqabela ukuvinjelwa kokuxhumana ngaphandle kwemvume noma imvume. Ezimpikiswaneni zempahla, ukuqapha okunjalo akuvamile ukuthethelelwa futhi ngokuvamile kuholela ekufuneni ukuhlaselwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Abakhiqizi kumelwe bahlale benomthetho ojikelezayo embonini ye-apply. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe manje anemithetho egunyaza “izimpawu zokufuna impahla yeqembu” ngokukhethekile zokuthola izinto ezifakwe yizishintshi zobumpofu noma amapulatifomu ku-inthanethi. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nala malungiselelo akhethekile kungaphumela ekucinini ubufakazi nezivumelwano.

Ukunakekela Okungokoqobo Abanikazi Bezinto Nezimbongolo

Ukuqonda isisekelo segunya akuyona nje indlela yokuzivivinya yemfundo; kunemiphumela yangempela yezwe. Abanikazi bempahla abanikezwa imvume kufanele bathathe izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  • Funda isiqinisekiso ngokucophelela: Qaphela inkantolo ekhiphayo, usuku, izinga, nanoma ikuphi ukulinganiselwa. Qikelela ukuthi abaphathi abathathayo abadluli izinga.
  • Ungaphazamisi ukubulala: Ukwenqaba noma ukuvala incwadi ingaholela ekudeleleni noma ekumangaleleni kobugebengu. Kunalokho, ubhale noma yikuphi ukuphikisa futhi uphikise isiqinisekiso kamuva enkantolo.
  • Ubufakazi obugciniwe bokukhishelwa: Thatha izithombe noma amavidiyo enqubo uma kuphephile ukwenza kanjalo. Khuphela noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezenziwa izikhulu noma abahloli.
  • Funa iseluleko somthetho ngokushesha: Isikhathi sokubekela isiqinisekiso imfihlo sivame ukufinyela. Ummeli angaluleka ukuthi imvume iyasebenza yini, ukuthi ungafaka yini umshini wokunyakaza, nokuthi ungasibuyisa kanjani isici uma sibanjwa ngokungafanele.

Ama-athorney amelela amakhasimende ezimpikiswano zempahla kufanele aqiniseke ukuthi noma isiphi isiqinisekiso afunayo sigcinwe ngokucophelela futhi sisekelwe yizigebengu ezinemininingwane eminingi. Kufanele futhi bacabangele ezinye izindlela, njengemvume noma ukuxoxisana, ukuze bagweme izindleko nengozi yesiqinisekiso. Lapho bevikela isiqinisekiso, abameli kufanele bahlolisise i-affidavit uma kuvela izinkulumo ezingamanga, bahlaziye inhloso engenzeka, futhi babheke ukuphulwa kwemithetho ethile.

Isiphetho

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokugunyaza izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezidinga izingxabano zempahla ehilela impahla, ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kwesithakazelo sikahulumeni (noma seqembu eligunyazwe yinkantolo) sokumisa imithetho nokuxazulula izingxabano, nelungelo lomuntu lokukhululeka ekungeneni okungenangqondo. Ngokufuna izivumelwano ezisekelwe entweni elindelekile, ukubekwa, ukubekwa kwecala, nokuqondisa komthetho, umthetho unikeza i-econdation evikela amalungelo empahla kuyilapho usavumela izenzo ezingokomthetho zokugcinwa kwemithetho. Ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezindinganiso zomphakathi nezokushaya indiva, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemithetho engekho-mfa, kanye nezinselele ezikhona zonke ezinikelayo ezindikimbeni eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ezidingekile zomthetho.

Njengoba impahla ishintsha ifane nesakhiwo esingokoqobo isuka entweni engokoqobo iye entweni ye-athom-eye-actal(ne), futhi njengoba amasu alawulayo eqhubeka ekhula, uhlaka lwemithetho luzoqhubeka lukhula. Abanikazi bempahla, abakhankasi, nochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe bahlale beqaphile futhi beqinisa amalungelo abo kule sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi impikiswano iwukuxoshwa, ukuhlolwa kwemithetho, ukuphangwa kwempahla, noma ukubuyiselwa kwenye indawo, isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala sinjalo: isiqinisekiso asilona ithuluzi lokuthatha isinyathelo esingaphazanyiswanga kodwa isivikelo esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuxabana kwempahla yezakhamuzi kuxazululwe ngokomthetho, ngokufanelekile, futhi ngokuhlonipha inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola lezi zindlela ezilandelayo: