IZisekelo Zenkululeko YaseMelika: Ukuqonda Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo-1791, imelela izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kumthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Lezi zinguquko zaklanyelwa ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni ophambanayo, zikhuluma ngokukhathazeka kwalabo abesaba igunya elinamandla. Emakhulwini angaphezu kwamabili eminyaka, iBhili yamaLungelo iye yaba incwadi ephilayo, ethuthukisa umthetho waseMelika, isiko, kanye nemininingwane. Ithonya layo ngenkululeko yomphakathi lihlala libalulekile, lithonya yonke into kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zenkululeko yokukhuluma kuya emalungeni eyimfihlo enkathini yobuchwepheshe.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nempikiswano Yokuchayeka Emakhaya

Indaba yeSigqizo samaLungelo ayiqali ngemva kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaziwe, kodwa phakathi nomzabalazo wokunqoba imvume yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Imihlangano eminingi yombuso yokukhomba yayifuna uhlu olucacile lwamalungelo avikelwe. Abalwi be-Anti-Federalist, kuhlanganise nezinombolo ezinjengoPatrick Henry noGeorge Mason, baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinjalo, uhulumeni omusha ungayinyathela kalula inkululeko eyazuzwa kule Nguquko.

UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengabaza ukuthi imvume yamalungelo alungile, waba ngumklami omkhulu. Wahlola iziphakamiso zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili wazisusa zaba yizinguquko. UMadison wahlose ukusingatha izikhalo ezivamile kuyilapho egwema izinguquko ezazizowenza buthaka uhulumeni omusha. Indlu yabameleli egunyazwe yizinguquko ezingu-17, iSigebengu sazinciphisa zaba yiziphethu eziyishumi nambili, futhi amazwe azisa ishumi ngo1791. Izivumelwano zokuqala ezimbili zokulungisa izikhangiso zesivumelwano sokwabelana kwemithetho nenye imingcele yemali evimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho yesivumelwano yandisa ukuphakama kwemali.

IBill of Rights ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, hhayi emibuso. Lokhu kwashintsha ngemva kweMpi Yombango ngokuncishiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esasihlanganisa i-Universement and Aumement Clauss. Ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-accompliation, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yasebenzisa amalungiselelo amaningi eSivumelwano Samalungelo Ohulumeni nendawo, iqinisekisa ukuthi izwe lonke lizovikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuhlola Izichibiyelo Eziyishumi Ngemininingwane

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ikhorali Eliyingcaca

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nesicelo. Sivimbela uMkhandlu ekumiseni inkolo noma ukuphazamisana kwayo ngokukhululekile. Lesivikelo esibili siye saguqula isimo senkolo yaseMelika, savumela izinkolo ezihlukahlukene ukuba zichume ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa uhulumeni. Inkululeko yokukhuluma nokunyathelisa iwumthetho wesikhulumi sentando yeningi, ivikela ukuphikisana kwezombangazwe, amazwi obuciko, nemibono engathandeki. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ngokungaguquki ukuthi ngisho nenzondo noma inkulumo echaphazayo ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba ibangele ubudlova obusheshayo noma ihlanjalaze.

Izimo eziphawulwe ngezwe ezinjenge New York Times Co.V. Sullivan (1964) yamisa ibhande eliphakeme lezikhulu zomphakathi ezimangalela i-libral, zivikela ukugxekwa okuqinile kukahulumeni. Citizens United v. FEC [2010]) yandisa isivikelo sokulungisa inguquko kusetshenziswa kwezezombangazwe, ifaka izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngemali kwezombangazwe. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngokuthula nokunxusa kukahulumeni kuye kwaba senkampakatho emphakathini enkathini yamalungelo ephakathi eMadouthss ku-Black Live Math.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke liphulwe." Emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza lokhu njengokuvikela ngokuyinhloko amabutho kahulumeni. Nokho, ku-Digality of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [2008], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zokuzilwa nohlobo lwakhe siqu ekhaya. Kamuva lesi sinqumo sasetshenziswa kuhulumeni bendawo .[FLT] [v[FFF:2]]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sisenye yezindawo ezimangalelwa kakhulu ngomthetho - sisekelo wezombangazwe. Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngobubanzi bemithetho evunyelwe − njengokuhlola isizinda, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali, nemithetho ebomvu yefulegi — futhi indlela yokulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo ezibhamu.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Isikhathi Sokuthula

ISichibiyelo sesithathu sinqabela ukufakwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha emakhayeni abantu ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kuthathwe imvume, kubonisa ukungathembani okujulile kwamabutho amile nokuzinikela kwawo ekulawuleni abantu abavamile. Ukulungisa kuye kwasetshenziswa ezimweni zanamuhla okuhilela ukuhlasela kobuso becala kuhulumeni, nakuba kungafezwanga indima enkulu ekuvimbeleni imingcele yanamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna, Ukuzifihla, Nesikhathi Sokuba Wedwa

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni, sidinga imvume ekhishwe ngesizathu esingenzeka futhi ichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi ithathwe. Lokhu kulungisa kusemqoka enquboni yobugebengu nasemthetho wemfihlo. Umthetho we-recostary, osungulwe weWeeks v. United States (1914) futhi usebenziselwe ukusho ku-'[[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio [1961]], ubufakazi obuthola ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni.

Izimpikiswano zesi-Chule sesine zeSichibiyelo zihlanganisa imfihlo ye-apply: imininingwane yendawo yocingo, okuqukethwe i-imeyili, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo socingo ukuze abanjwe, eqaphela inani elikhulu lokwaziswa komuntu siqu okugcinwe kulemishini.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izigwebo eziningana kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu: ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwabahluleli abakhulu, ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili, ilungelo elimelene nokuzibeka phansi, isiqinisekiso senqubo efanele, nemfuneko yokukhokha nje uhulumeni ngokuthatha impahla yangasese. [ Manda isixwayiso [@] ````"" Unelungelo lokuthula"" Manda v. Arizonal , ezazinamazwi aziwayo phakathi nokuphenywa kwemvumelamza] zifaka isixwayiso ngaphandle kokuba utshelwe yilezinto ezisolwayo.

Ukuthatha u-Claus, noma amandla avelele ombuso, kuye kwaphikiswana. Kelo v. City of New London (2005]) (ivumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla eyimfihlo ukuze athuthukise izomnotho, abangele ukuwohloka okukhulu kwenguquko yombuso. Inqubo elandela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ivikela futhi ekuthatheni izenzo zikahulumeni eziwumthetho sisekelo, okwakhe isisekelo sezinselele eziningi zezentengo.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa becala lobugebengu banelungelo lokuquliswa ngokushesha nomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqa ofakazi abavumayo, nelungelo leseluleko esingokomthetho. Ilungelo lokululeka lanwetshwa Gideon v. Wainwright [ [1963], elidinga ukuba kunikezwe izimemezelo zokunikeza abamangalelwa abakhonjiwe abasemthethweni ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa nokuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kusobala, sivimbela ukuqulwa kwamacala okuyimfihlo okungasiza uhulumeni ukuba axhashazwe.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kwezigwegwe Ezimweni Zomphakathi

ISichibiyelo seSembete silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacala omphakathi lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kwamaRandi angu-20. Futhi sinikeza ukuthi amaqiniso aqulwa ijaji angeke aphinde ahlolwe ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile. Lokhu kulungisa akuphikisani kakhulu kunabanye, nakuba kuye kwaphikiswana ngendaba yokuqulwa kwecala eliyinkimbinkimbi nezivumelwano zokuqulwa kwecala. INkantolo Ephakeme ivumele ukuba amanye amacala omphakathi anqunywe ngaphandle kwemithetho, ikakhulukazi ngokwemithetho engokomthetho noma ngokwezigebengu, kodwa ilungelo lihlala liqinile.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, amahlawuli aphakeme, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba yimbangela eyinhloko yokuphikisana ngesijeziso sentambo yokufa, izimo zasejele, nokugwetshwa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi isigwebo sokufa asisona isigwebo sobuzwelo, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kumelwe kuhambisane nezindinganiso eziguquguqukayo zenhlonipho. Furman v. Georgia[ [17]], iNkantolo yenze ngokuphumelelayo ukubulawa kwecala ezweni lonke ngokukhipha ukuthi inqubo ye-Angliefy ewundlu ngemithetho yayo yecala. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni isikhulu sesikhashana esiphethe umthetho wazomthetho wazozibukeza imithetho yabo.

Izenzakalo zamuva nje zinciphise isigwebo sokufa ngenxa yobugebengu obungalawuleki kanye nabantu abakhubazekile engqondweni. Isijeziso sonya nesobuqaba siyasebenza nasezimweni zasejele, njengokuminyana, ukuntuleka kwendlela yokwelashwa, kanye nokucindezelwa ngokweqile onogada.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo akuzukuthathwa njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Lokhu kulungisa kuyaqaphela ukuthi abantu banamalungelo angaphezulu kwalawo ahlelwe ngokuqondile (njengokuba nelungelo lokungena, lokuhamba, noma lomshado). ISichibiyelo se-Genetic Reformation siye sacelwa ezimweni ezihilela imfihlo, ukulawulwa komzimba, kanye nobuhlobo bomkhaya. UJaji Arthur Goldberg edume ngokudume ngokuncika eSiphendulweni sakhe sokuvumelana [FLT: 0]] Griswld v. Connecticut[[FL:[FFF:]] [FLT] [5]] [5]], esahlasela ukuvinjelwa kokuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo nokumiswa komthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho - ngokomthetho (FLD]).[5]

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: I - compatisticism Negunya LoMbuso

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe esiya ezifundazweni (noma kubantu) yonke imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yimibuso. Lokhu kulungisa kuyinsika eyinhloko ye-constalism, kulinganisela igunya likahulumeni nokulondoloza ubukhosi bukahulumeni. Kuye kwakhonjwa ezimweni ezibekela inselele ububanzi bamandla kahulumeni, njengalezo ezihilela iChwebo Claus, i-Monaciale, kanye ne-anti-commandir. Isibonelo, Primpz v. United States (1997), iNkanto ephakeme yenkantolo efuna umthetho kahulumeni odinga ukuthengiswa kwezibhamu, iphethe ukuthi i-Admininglencession ivimbela ukuthengiswa kwezibhamu ze-10 ze-Genestruleast".

Ithonya Ekwamukelweni Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi: Izenzakalo Eziyinhloko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

IBhili of Rights iye yaba yithuluzi ekwandiseni inkululeko yomphakathi ngencazelo yokwahlulela. Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okuhlola, asungulwe Marbury v. Madison (1803), ayivumela ukuba ishaye imithetho ephula amalungelo omthetho. Ngezansi kunezici ezengeziwe eziphawulwe ngaphambili ezibonisa ithonya likaBill.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Yasebenzisa iSivikelo esilinganayo sika Clause weSichibiyelo se 14 ukuze iqede ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, idweba umoya wenkululeko ezuzwe njengefa kuyi-Bill of Rights.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Isekelwe ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezesithupha, idinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasolwayo ngamalungelo abo.
  • [[NTL:0] Roe v. Wade (1973): Ibekwe eSichibiyelweni seNinth kanye naseSichibiyelweni se-Gradition se-14's I Procession Claus, ivikela ilungelo lokufihla ilungelo lomuntu siqu ezinqumweni zokuzala.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Yandisa iziqinisekiso zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane senkululeko nokulingana emshadweni olinganayo wobulili obufanayo, ukwakha amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu avezwa yiBhill of Rights.
  • New York Times Co. v. United States (1971]: ISichibiyelo sokuqala esiqinisekisiwe sivikela ekuvimbeleni kwangaphambi komthetho, ukuvumela ukunyatheliswa kwePentagon Papers.

Lamacala abonisa indlela iBhili of Rights elihlala linamandla ngayo, lizivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho lilondoloza inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo Esikhathi Esizayo: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Ekhulu Lama - 21

Ukukhuluma Okukhululekile Nemithombo Yezindaba

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha enkathini yezibalo. Iziteshi zezezokuxhumana zigcwele izigidigidi zabasebenzisi, kodwa izimiso zabo zokulinganisela ziphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nesenzo sikahulumeni nokucubungula ngasese. INkantolo Ephakeme isazodingida ngokugcwele ukuthi amapulatifomu angaphansi kwemingcele yokungavumelani kokuqala lapho esusa inkulumo. Amacala anjenge- Packingham v. North Carolina [2017]) yaqaphela ukuthi i-sociolston i-social "um yezecustomssss jourced," kodwa imingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma kulayini iyaqhubeka iphikiswa.

Izimpikiswano Zokulawula Izibhamu

Ukudubulana kwabantu abaningi nobudlova bezibhamu obandayo kuye kwandisa izimpikiswano ngeSichibiyelo Sesibili. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- yeNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022]) sandisa izivikelo zeSiphendu Sesibili ngalé kwekhaya, sabulala iSiphendulo esifihlekile saseNew York esinemvume yomthetho. Lesi sinqumo siye sashukumisela izinkantolo eziphansi ukuba ziphinde zithathe uhlu olubanzi lwemithetho yezibhamu, kusukela ebudaleni ukuya ekuvinjeni imingcele yokuvinjezelwa kwezibhamu ezithile.

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yezinombolo

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola okungacabangeli nokuquleka sivivinywa yizinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa yizinkampani zobuchwepheshe, nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili njengokuqashelwa kobuso nokulandelelwa kwe-GPS. Ukubusa kweNkantolo Ephakeme Carplatent v. United States [2018] idinga isiqinisekiso semininingwane yendawo yocingo, okubonisa ukuqashelwa okwandayo kwezindaba zobuchwepheshe. Nokho, imibuzo eminingi isalokhu ikhuluma ngemfihlo yemfihlo ezweni elihlangene.

Umhlangano Nokweqa Ucingo

Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula liye laba yisici esiyinhloko sezinhlangano zanamuhla, kuhlanganise nokubhikisha kweze-cal, ukumasha kwabesifazane, nokuthatha amanyathelo okuhlola isimo sezulu. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 waphakamisa imibuzo emisha ephathelene nemingcele yokuhlangana ngenxa yezizathu zempilo yomphakathi. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zalinganisela lemingcele ngokumelene neSichibiyelo sokuqala, ngokusekela imingcele yamandla esikhashana kodwa zivimbela ukuvinjelwa okukhulu.

Ukulwela Amalungelo Alinganayo Okuqhubekayo

Nakuba iBhill of Rights ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, umbhalo wayo wokuqala awuzange uvimbele ubugqila, ubandlululo, noma ukubuswa kwabesifazane. Impi yangemva kwe-Civil War ilungisa (13th, 14th, 15th) kanye nomthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi olandelayo uye wadingeka ukuze kudluliselwe isithembiso senkululeko kuwo wonke amaMelika. Izimpikiswano zeSikhathi ngokuvota, ukuguqulwa kwezemthetho, neLGBTQ + ukulingana kuqhubeke kungena ezimisweni ezibekwe kuyiBhili yamaLungelo.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nemithombo

Ukuze kuhlolwe iBhili of Rights ngokujule ngokwengeziwe, le mithombo elandelayo inikeza umbhalo onegunya, umlando, nokuhlaziya:

Isiphetho

IBill of Rights ilokhu iyisisekelo esibalulekile senkululeko yaseMelika. Izinguquko zayo eziyishumi zivikela inkululeko ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwentando yeningi: ukukhuluma, inkolo, ukucosha, ukuhlangana, ukunxusa, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, ukuvikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli, inqubo efanelekile, ukulingwa okungakhethi, ukuvikelwa, isivikelo ekujezisweni okunonya, nokubekwa amandla ezindaweni nabantu. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokudukiswa, iSigqebhene samaLungelo siyaqhubeka siqala ngencazelo yomthetho noshintsho lwezinkonzo. Ukuqonda imvelaphi zaso, izinhlelo zanamuhla zibalulekile kuzakhamuzi zonke ezifisa ukuvikela lenkululeko yezizukulwane ezizayo.