Isingeniso: Ukuvimbela Inqubo Yokudlulisa Imilomo

Uhambo lwecala eliya ezinkantolo zomphakathi luyinqubo ehlelwe ngokucophelela eguqula impikiswano engokomthetho ibe umphumela olungisiwe. Lendlela, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-patigation moral Licy, ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi ezihlangeneyo(ukusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwecala lokukhononda ngesinqumo sokugcina ngokwahlulela, ukuhlaziywa, noma ukudlulisa izigwebo. Kubafundi abafunda isimiso somthetho saseMelika nabafundisi abalungisa izifundo zesikole, ukuqonda loluhambo akubalulekile nje kuphela ezinjongweni zemfundo kodwa futhi kudinga ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo aphoqelelwe kanjani futhi iziphi izimpikiswano zibekwa. Isigaba ngasinye siphatha imithetho yaso siqu ye-procracy, ukucabangela okufanelekile, kanye nemigoqo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza imvume egunyazayo, sibheka isigaba ngasinye, sinikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo nezikhombo eziphetheyo eziphetheyo.

Isigaba 1: Ukuqeda Ukukhononda

Icala lomphakathi liqala ngokomthetho lapho i-paltiff ifaka i- complant nenkantolo elungile. Le ncwajana yesisekelo kumelwe ibe namazwi acacile amaqiniso abangela ukuphikisana, isisekelo esingokomthetho sesinqumo (umz., ukwephula isivumelwano, ukunganaki, noma ukwephula amalungelo emithetho engokomthetho), kanye negunya eliqondile [[FLT] relief , ifuna, njengeminxeba yemali, imvume yokukhulula, noma ukwahlulela okungalawuleki. Ukukhononda kumelwe futhi kuphawule amaqembu nokumisa umbuso wenkantolo (bosebusweni benkantolo) (umbuso wecala).

Ukudlulisa isikhalo kubangela isikhulu senkantolo futhi kuhlele iwashi le-procedal. AmaPlaintiff kumelwe aqaphele ukuthi kusebenza kanjani ukulinganiselwa .inkathi okumelwe kuqalwe ngayo icala. Ukungahlangani nale nkathi kungavala icala phakade. Ezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni nezinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni, isikhalo sihambisana nephepha elifihlayo nenkokhelo. Kuwomathi abakhokhisi behluleka ukukhokha inkokhiso, isicelo sokuqhubeka [[FT.FLT:2]

[ Izici eziyinhloko zokukhononda:

  • Amazwi achaza inkantolo, amaqembu, nenani lamacala.
  • Izimangalo ezibekwa abahluleli ezichaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo ingalilalela leli cala.
  • Amazwi abonisa amaqiniso ezigaba ezinezinombolo, abekwe ngokulandelana okunengqondo.
  • Izinkulumo ezingokomthetho ezisekela izinsolo.
  • Isidingo sokwahlulela esichaza usizo oluceliwe.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso esinegunya ezidingweni zokukhononda, Imithetho engokomthetho yomthetho we-Focedure 8 imisa indinganiso yokunxusa, idinga “isisho esifushanisiwe nesicacile” kuphela.

Isiteji 2: Inkonzo Yenqubo

Uma isikhalo sesiquliwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe aqiniseke ukuthi uthola isaziso esingokomthetho sokumangalelwa. Lesinyathelo, esaziwa ngokuthi inqubo, siyimfuneko edingekile yenqubo engokomthetho. Ngaphandle kwenkonzo efanele, inkantolo ayinakulawula umuntu omangalelwe, futhi noma isiphi isahlulelo esinikezwayo singaba yize.

Izindlela zomsebenzi zihlanganisa:

  • [ Inkonzo yomuntu siqu: ukunikeza izicelo nokukhononda ngokuqondile kummangalelwa.
  • Inkonzo emisiwe: Ukushiya amabhukwana kumuntu omdala ofanelekayo endlini noma endaweni yebhizinisi yommangalelwa, kulandelwe ukuthumela ikhophi.
  • Imvume ngeposi: Ivunyelwe kwezinye izifunda ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile, ngokuvamile ngokuvuma i-lista.
  • [ Isicelo ngokukhishwa kwezincwadi: sisetshenziswa njengendlela yokugcina uma indawo yommangalelwa ingaziwa, ngokuvamile emacaleni omkhaya noma empahla.

Isimiso sesikhathi senkonzo siyahlukahluka. Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Umthetho we-Civil Procediture, umfehli ngokuvamile unezinsuku ezingu-90 ukusuka ekufakeni izintambo ukuze akhonze ummangalelwa. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuxoshweni ngaphandle kobandlululo, okusho ukuthi ummangalelwa angabuyisela kodwa afake izindleko ezengeziwe nezingalibazi. Ezinye izifunda zibeka imingcele emifushane.

Emacaleni ayinkimbinkimbi ahilela abamangalelwa benkampani noma amaqembu amaningi, inkonzo ingabuswa ngemithetho ekhethekile, njengaleyo etholakala ku- American Bar Association's shop ses enstruction project.

Isihlokwana 3: Ukusabela Kwesikhulumi

Ngemva kokunikezwa kahle, ummangalelwa kumelwe abhale impendulo phakathi nesikhathi esiqinile − izinsuku ezingama-21 ngemva kwenkonzo ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni, nakuba izinsuku ezimisiwe zikahulumeni zisukela ku-20 kuya ku-30. Ummangalelwa unezinketho eziningana:

  • Impendulo: Impendulo esemthethweni evuma noma ephika ukumangalela ngakunye ekukhanseleni. Impendulo ingaphakamisa futhi ulwelo lokuyekelela (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukuthatha i-av, noma ukunganaki).
  • Ukukhipha i-Motion: futhi yaziwa ngokuthi .Rule 12 (b) ukunyakaza, lokhu kucela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe icala ngokungemthetho elifana nokungalawuli, indawo engafanele, noma ukwehluleka ukumisa ukuthi isiphi isikhalazo esinganikezwa. Uma ukunyakaza kuphiwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe athathe impendulo ngokushesha.
  • Ikholiji: Ummangalelwa angagomela ngokuthi umelene nommangalelwa ovela entengiselwaneni efanayo noma esenzeka. Kwezinye izimo, ama-stalcaim ayimfuneko (uma engakhuliswanga, angalahlwa.
  • Cross-claim noma iSiphendu sesithathu sokukhononda: Uma kuhileleke amaqembu amaningi, abamangalelwa bangaletha ukumangalelwa ngokumelene no-co-dendending noma ukuhlangana namaqembu amasha (umholi).

Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, ummangalelwa angafuna isahlulelo esingacacile [. Nokho, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zikhetha ukunquma amacala ngokufanelekile, ngakho izahlulelo ezingahlulelwa ngokuvamile zibekwa eceleni lapho kuboniswa imbangela enhle.

Isitezi 4: Ukwembulwa Kwaso

Ukuthola izinto kuvame ukuba yinkathi enkulu kakhulu nethatha isikhathi yokuthola incazelo yomphakathi. Kuvumela bobabili ukuba bathole ubufakazi nokwaziswa komunye nomunye nakubantu besithathu, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho zimangaliso ezivelayo uma kuqulwa. Ububanzi bokutholwa bubanzi: amalungu angase athole noma yisiphi isici esingadingekile esivumelana nesiqu noma isiphi noma isivikelo sanoma isiphi futhi esilingana nezidingo zalendaba.

Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Imibuzo elotshiwe, elinganiselwa ku 25 (kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezingaphansi), okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30.
  • Izicelo zempumelelo: Izicelo zezincwadi, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), noma izinto ezibonakalayo. i-ESI manje isiyisici esibucayi, esilawulwa imithetho egciniwe nehlelwayo.
  • Izilinganiso:[ Ukuhlolwa komlomo kwamaqembu noma ofakazi abaziwayo abafakwa ngaphansi kwesifungo, nentatheli yasenkantolo ikhona. Izimvume zingathatha amahora ayisikhombisa umuntu ngamunye futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuvala ubufakazi noma ukuhlola ukwethenjelwa.
  • Izicelo ze-active: icela umbangi ukuba avume noma aphike amaqiniso athile ngaphansi kwesifungo. Imvume ingaba nezimpikiswano ezilula ekuqulweni kwecala.
  • [ I-Subpoenas:[ isetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela ama-ovalue ukuba akhiqize amabhukwana noma avele ezindaweni ezigciniwe.

Ukuthola kuhlanganisa futhi ukuvubukulwa kokuqala okuphoqelelwe, lapho abachazi beshintshana khona ngokuzenzakalelayo ngofakazi, amaphepha, kanye nokulimala ngaphandle kokulinda izicelo ezingokomthetho. Umthetho wobuFasi we-Politiki 26 uhlela lezimfuneko.

Izimpikiswano zokuthola zivamile. Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalo zokuvikela ukuze zinciphise isilinganiso noma zibeke izijeziso zobufakazi (ukubhubha). Eminisweni eyinkimbinkimbi, icebo elifihlayo livame ukusungulwa phakathi nengqungquthela yangaphambi kwenkantolo.

Ukudla Kwangaphambili 5: Ukuhamba Nokuhlala Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, noma yimuphi umuntu angafaka iminyaka yangaphambi kwezomthetho ukuxazulula icala noma umfutho wezindaba. Okubaluleke kakhulu yilolu [ ukuzimisela kokwahlulela okufingqiwe[ [RULA 56]. Inkantolo inikeza lokhu kunyakaza uma kungekho ukuphikisana okuqotho nganoma yiliphi iqiniso futhi iqembu elihambayo linelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma icala liphumelela, ihlulele ngaphandle kokuqulwa.

[[IMITHOLA:0] Eminye iminyaka ejwayelekile yangaphambi kwezohlelo:

  • [Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha noma ukuvuma ubufakazi obuqondile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ivimbela ubandlululo noma ukuchitha isikhathi.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: ifakelwa uma iqembu lingasamukeli ngokwanele lapho lithola izicelo.
  • Ukuthatha isahlulelo kumaPreadings: kusekelwe ekukhonondeni nasempendulweni, ngaphandle kokucabangela ubufakazi obungaphandle.

Ibalulekile ngokufanayo inqubo yokufihla izithuba. Icala elikhulu lomphakathi (icala elingaphezu kuka-95%). Ukuhlala lingase livele noma kuliphi iqophelo, lihloselwe ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zezindaba noma izingqungquthela zokwahlulela. Izivumelwano zilinganisela izindleko, isikhathi, ukungaqiniseki, kanye nokulahlekelwa okungokomzwelo kwemithetho enikezwayo. Isivumelwano sesivumelwano siyisivumelwano esibophekayo futhi singahlanganisa izigwebo eziyimfihlo, ukukhululwa kwemigomo, ukukhokha-mfihlo, ukukhokha izivumelwano zezelelwa, ukukhokha izimali. Inkantolo ikhuthaza ukukhokha izimali zokwahlulela.

Isicathulo 6: Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lisinda ekulingweni ngaphambi kokuhlolwa futhi lingaxazululeki, liqhubekela ekuqulweni. Uvivinyo lungaba yicala lokulingwa (licaciswe umahluleli) noma ukulingwa [. Isichibiyelo seSegeven e-U.S. Umthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala emacala omphakathi ahilela izikhawu ezingaphezu kwe-20, nakuba amazwe amaningi ebeka imikhawulo ephakeme. Iqembu lejaji lifuna ukuba inkokhiso nesidingo esifike ngesikhathi.

Uhlu lovivinyo:[

  • I-Voir jamp:[ Ukukhetha Jury, lapho abameli bengabuza khona abahluleli abangase bakhethe.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izinhlangothi zonke zinikeza imephu yomgwaqo yobufakazi ezifuna ukubethula. Lamazwi awabona ubufakazi kodwa kunalokho ayisokubuka kuqala.
  • I-Platontiff’s profile in proper: ufakazi bamacala avamile, imibukiso, futhi iveza ubufakazi. Ummangalelwa anganqamule-examine ufakazi ngamunye.
  • [ Indaba-kaDefentant: Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi bakhe nofakazi, okunganqamulelwa uphengululo lomphathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwembula nokwephupha: nohlangothi ngalunye lunganikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuphikisa indaba yolunye.
  • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Ama-Attorney afingqa ubufakazi futhi aphikisane nendlela umthetho okufanele usetshenziswe ngayo.
  • Iziqondiso ze- ezithi:[ Umahluleli uchaza umthetho omelwe ukuba ijaji liwulandele lapho likhipha icala.
  • Ukucubungula nokwahlulela: Amajaji ngamabomu ngasese futhi abuyisa isinqumo. Ecaleni lebhentshi, umahluleli uphikisa ukutholwa kweqiniso neziphetho zomthetho.

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ingathatha kusukela osukwini olulodwa kuya ezinyangeni eziningana, kuye ngokuthi i-Federal Ul Ul Ul ul of Unist. Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ingathatha isikhathi eside, futhi i-jaji lilawula lokho okungase kunikezwe. Ukuqulwa kwecala kudinga ulwazi olungokomthetho oluncane namakhono okuthonya.

Isiteji 7: Ukuhamba Nezingcingo Nezingcingo Zangemva Kwesikole

Ngemva kwesinqumo, umncintiswano olahlekile angafuna ukugumbuqela noma ukulungisa umphumela ngenkathi ye-stest-stry. Lokhu kumele kufakwe ngaphakathi kwefasitela elimfushane", ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-28 ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [[QUT:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: kuveza amaphutha angokomthetho, ukuziphatha okubi kwejaji, noma ukuthi isinqumo simelene nobukhulu bobufakazi.
  • Ukuqulwa kwesinqumo njengendaba yomthetho (JOL) noma isahlulelo noma iSigwebo: Ama-Agues okungatholakali kwabahluleli abanengqondo ababengafinyelela isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuhlela ku-Alter noma Ukwahlulela: kufuna ukulungisa iphutha elicacile noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala.

Uma kuphikwa ukudluliswa kwecala ngemva komthetho, umkhandlu olahlekile ungahlola amaphutha angokomthetho enkantolo ephakeme (ngokuvamile inkantolo yezicelo noma inkantolo ye-U.S. yezokudlulisa izikhalo zecala). Izikhalo azinakuqulwa futhi; inkantolo ethatha indiva amaphutha angokomthetho, njengayimiyalo engalungile yamajaji, inephutha elisobala, noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezimiso zomthetho. Amafayili eqembu elikhangayo amacala kahulumeni awenqabela ukuthi kungani inkantolo yecala yenza iphutha, futhi iphendule amafayela amafushane. Noma ukuphikisana okungathi ngemva kwalokho kubhalwe izimpikiswano. Impikiswano ingagcinwa, noma i-Appellate.

Inqubo yokukhipha izicelo ingathatha izinyanga eziningi noma ngisho neminyaka. Ezimweni ezingavamile, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States inganikeza i-certari ukuxazulula umbuzo obalulekile ongokomthetho, kodwa lokhu kuyisinqumo futhi kunikezwa cishe nge 1% yezicelo.

Enye Impikiswano

Akuzona zonke izingxabano zomphakathi okumelwe zilandele indlela egcwele. Alternative Dispute Resolution zinikeza izinketho eziphumelelayo nezingathathi hlangothi. Amafomu amabili ayinhloko yi:

  • I-mediation:[ Iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi lisiza izingxoxo phakathi kwamaqembu ukuba afinyelele endaweni yokuzithandela. Ukubopha akubophi ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sisayinwe. Izinkantolo eziningi zidinga okungenani isimiso esisodwa sokulungisa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Umthuthi ongathathi hlangothi uzwa ubufakazi futhi ukhipha isibophelelo (noma okungesona esibophayo) isinqumo. Ukubopha kuvamile ezivumelwaneni zezente, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, nezimpikiswano zabathengi. Umthetho we-Federal Arbitration Act ulawula ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano zokuhlanganisa.

I-ADR ingalondoloza izindleko futhi ilondoloze ubuhlobo, kodwa inemisebenzi elinganiselwe: ukutholakala, akukho lungelo elilinganiselwe kumajaji, nokubukezwa okulinganiselwe. Amadili ngokuvamile akhetha i-ADR ngokuzithandela noma aphoqelelwa ngesivumelwano noma ngemvume yenkantolo. U.S. inkantolo inikeza imininingwane yohlelo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokuqonda Uhambo

Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwecala lokuqala ukuya esinqumweni sokugcina, uhambo lwecala lomphakathi luyinqubo eklanywe kahle kodwa enamandla eklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukulunga, ukusebenza kahle, nokufinyelela ubulungisa. Isigaba ngasinye ("Isicelo sangokomthetho, ukuvubukulwa okukhulu, ukwenziwa kwenqubo, noma ukuqulwa kwenkantolo okungokomthetho,). Kubafundi, abafundisi, nanoma ubani osebenzelana nesimiso somthetho, unikeza isisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi amalungelo angokomthetho aqiniswa kanjani nokuthi axazululwa kanjani emphakathini wentando yeningi. Nakuba lenqubo ingase ibonakale inzima, ibekwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka emithetho evikela wonke amaqembu. Izazi zinika abafundi amandla okuhlola izibalo ngokuqiniseka nangokucacile.