Isimiso Sokwahlulela: Ukugadwa Kwamalungelo Nokubusa Komthetho

Isimiso sokwahlulela simi njengensika eyisisekelo yokubusa kwentando yeningi, esebenza ngokuchaza imithetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngokuphanjwa yi-omzabalazo wezwe noma abadlali abazimele. Ukuzimela kwaso emagatsheni omthetho nabaphathi kuqinisekisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla futhi kugcine ukubusa komthetho. Ngaphandle komthetho oqinile nongakhethi, amalungelo ahlanganiswe emithethweni yemithetho nakwezimiso aba yizithembiso eziyize. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimiso, imisebenzi, isivikelo, nezinselele eziqhubekayo zezimiso zokwahlulela, ngokugxila endleleni ezigcinwa ngayo ukuhleleka okungokomthetho nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sezimiso Zokwahlulela

Izimiso zokwahlulela zanamuhla zilandelela umsuka wazo emibhalweni yasendulo namasiko omthetho avamile enkathi ephakathi. IMagna Carta ka-1215 ivame ukucashunwa njengencwadi yesisekelo eyamisa isimiso senqubo efanele futhi ibeke amandla enkosi elinganiselwe. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ukusungulwa komthetho ovamile eNgilandi nase-onkabeni yeYurophu kwadala imifanekiso emibili. I-United States, ngoMthetho-Constitution neJadiary ka-1789, yamisa umthetho kazwelonke ngeNkantolo ePhakakhulu, iqala ukubukeza umthetho wokwahlulela v. [18]]. Le nguquko engoko igcizelela i-judiary ka-Judiary njengendima ye-Geneticism, ngokuhlola kwesimiso somthetho we-Geneticismismismism, manje, i-procraclation ephethe ewumhlaba wonke.

Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Sokwahlulela

Isimiso sokwahlulela esivamile sihlelwe ngokulandelana, kunezinga lenkantolo eliningi elisingatha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamacala. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo, inkantolo ephakeme noma inkantolo engokomthetho ephezulu. Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zikhuluma ngezindawo ezithile zomthetho njengomkhaya, intela, ukulahlekelwa imali, ukulawulwa, noma izindaba zempi.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo ziyisici sokuqala sokungena ezimpikiswaneni eziningi ezingokomthetho. Zizwa ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zisebenzise umthetho emaqinisweni ecala. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, izinkantolo zinquma icala noma ubumsulwa; ezindabeni zomphakathi, zixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu. Lezi zinkantolo zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezinkantolo ezilawulayo (ukusingatha amacala angathi sína) nezinkantolo zokulawula ezilinganiselwe (ukusingatha amacala amancane noma iziphakamiso ezincane). Ukuba khona kwenkantolo ezinkantolo ezinkantolo zamacala, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, kunikeza i-archys projected yomphakathi ebusayo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthatha isinyathelo emphakathini enqubwelweni yokwahlulela.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo ezenziwa yizinkantolo zamacala. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zamacawa, azibuzwi ubufakazi obusha noma zisekele amaqiniso; zigxila ekutheni amaphutha angokomthetho athinte umphumela. Izinkantolo ze-intermediate appellate zikhona ngezindlela eziningi ukuze kukhululwe umsebenzi wenkantolo ephakeme. Izinqumo zazo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuqinisekiswa komthetho ezweni noma isizwe. Inkantolo yokudlulisa Amacala, ngokwesibonelo, zihlukaniswa zaba izifunda eziyishumi nantathu, isifunda ngasinye esihlanganisa indawo ethile.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme Nezinkantolo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela ivame ukusebenza njengommeli wokugcina womthetho. Emazweni amaningi, iNkantolo ePhakeme inegunya lokuhlola ukwahlulela--(-) amandla okuqeda imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho. Ezinye izizwe, njenge-Jalimane neFrance, zinezinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlukaniselwe kuphela izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo, ezihluke kakhulu kubaphathi bezomthetho-mthetho. Lezinkantolo eziphakeme zimisa izenzakalo ezibopha izinkantolo eziphansi futhi ziqondise ukuchazwa komthetho wesikhathi esizayo.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zisingatha izigaba ezithile zamacala. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo zomkhaya, ezisingatha isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, nokutholwa; izinkantolo zentela, ezizwa izimpikiswano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela nezinhlangano zikahulumeni; izinkantolo ezikhokha amacala emali, eziqondisa ukuncishiswa kwemithetho; nezinkantolo zezempi, ezizama ukuphula umthetho wezempi. Ukuzihlela ngokukhethekile kuvumela amajaji ukuba athuthukise ikhono elijulile ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, athuthukise impumelelo nokuvumelana. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingahlukaniswa nezimiso ezingokomthetho eziyinhloko.

Imisebenzi yesimiso sokwahlulela

Isimiso sokwahlulela senza imisebenzi eminingana eyisisekelo ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini osebenzayo.

Isinqumo Esiphikisanayo

Izinkantolo zinikeza indlela ehleliwe, enokuthula yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu abahlukene, phakathi kwabantu abahlukene, noma phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni. Ngokunikeza isithembiso, izinkantolo zinciphisa isidingo sokuzisiza noma sokuqapha, ziqinisela ukuqina komphakathi. Ezinye izindlela zesinqumo njengenhlanganisela nokuzinqumela, nakuba ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwesimiso senkantolo esingokomthetho, ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganiswa nemithetho yezemidalo yomphakathi ukuze zinciphise ukufakwa kwecala nezindleko.

Ukuchazwa Nokucaciswa Kwemithetho

Izishaya-mthetho ezimisa imithetho evame ukuba mikhulu noma edidayo. Izinkantolo zichaza lemithetho lapho isebenza ezicabeni ezithile. Ngezinkantolo zokwahlulela zigcwalisa izikhala, zixazulule imithetho emidala, futhi zivumelanise nemithetho emidala nezimo ezintsha. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza ubaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, lapho ispreadism iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ezimisweni zomthetho, izinkantolo zithembela kakhulu emithethweni ebanzi, kodwa ukuchaza kusenendima ebucayi yokwahlulela.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wejaji uwukuvikela amalungelo abantu ekungeneni kukahulumeni noma ezinhlanganweni ezinamandla. Izinkantolo zigunyaza umthetho-sisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, neyokuhlangana; ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga; ukuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka; nokuvikelwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ngezindlela ezinjenge-habeas corpus, izinkantolo zingayala ukuba abantu bakhululwe ngokungemthetho. Isimiso sokwahlulela futhi sinikeza amakhambi ngenxa yobandlululo, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, nokuthatheka kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukuqondisa Isinyathelo Sikahulumeni

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede izenzo zamagatsha alawulayo aphula izimiso zomthetho. Lo msebenzi ulondoloza umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise neziyalezo zezikhulu nezimiso, zivumelana nezindinganiso eziphezulu zomthetho. Izinkantolo eziphethe noma izinkantolo ezikhethekile zingahlola izinqumo zezinhlangano ezizimele, ziqinisekise ukuthi zingokomthetho, zinengqondo, futhi zilungile. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kwengamele, amanye amagatsha angadlula igunya lawo ngaphandle kokulandisa.

Indima YabaHluleli

Abahluleli bayizifebe eziyinhloko esimisweni sokwahlulela. Bengamela amajaji, babusa ngezindlela zokuqondisa, bafundise izigijimi, futhi bakhiphe izahlulelo. Izinqumo zabo kumelwe zisekelwe kuphela emthethweni nasebumthethweni, ngaphandle kobandlululo noma ithonya langaphandle. Ukukhululeka kwezokwahlulela kuqinisekisiwe ngezinhlelo zokumiswa noma zokukhethwa, izikhuselo, futhi iholo libalulekile ekuthembekeni emphakathini. Abahluleli kumelwe futhi babe nobuqotho, ukuhlakanipha, nokuqonda ngokujulile izimiso zomthetho. Ukukhethwa kwamajaji kuyahluka: amanye amazwe asebenzisa iziyalezo ezihloniphekile ezigunyaziwe, amanye athembele ekuhlolweni kwezelulekwa kwemithetho, futhi athembele ekuvikisweni kwemithetho, futhi amajaji abathile abakhethiwe ngokuvota okuthandwayo. Inqubo ngayinye ibaluleke kakhulu ukuze abantu bathembe icala labo abanecala.

Izindinganiso Ezingavumelani Nezindinganiso Nokungakhethi

Abahluleli baboshwe imithetho eqinile yokuziphatha edinga ukungakhethi, ukukhuthala, nokuzibamba. Kumelwe bazibeke icala ezindabeni zokuphikisana. Noma ikuphi ubandlululo lungalulaza ukwethemba umphakathi. Amasu anjengezimemezelo zomthetho, njengokunxusa komthetho, avumela ukukhononda ngabahluleli abaphula imithetho esemthethweni. Ukulondoloza ukungakhethi kuyinselele ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphambili noma ezibucayi kwezombangazwe, okwenza ukuba isivikelo sezinhlangano sibaluleke kakhulu.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ukuze isimiso sokwahlulela sivikele amalungelo ngokuphumelelayo, bonke abantu kumelwe bawathole ngokunenzuzo. Nokho, abaningi babhekene nemingcele enjengezindleko eziphezulu zomthetho, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izithiyo zolimi, kanye nendawo ekude. Izinhlelo zosizo olungokomthetho, izinkonzo ze-probono, nabavikeli boni basiza ekusingatheni lezi zigebengu, kodwa imithombo ayinele emikhakheni eminingi. Isinqumo se-Online Remetation, ukwenza imithetho esemthethweni, kanye nemithola-mtholampilo esemthethweni siyanda. I-United Nations Sustastamentible Development 16 igcizelela ukubaluleka kokufinyelela ekulungeni olulinganayo ekulungeni lobulungisa kubo bonke abantu.

Ukumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Ilungelo lokululeka liyisisekelo sokuqulwa kwecala okulungile. Emacaleni obugebengu, abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukuthenga ummeli ngokuvamile banelungelo lokunikwa ummeli womphakathi. Nokho, ukuthweswa kwecala okukhulu nokulinganiselwa kwezimali kungathinta izinga lokumelelwa. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, usizo olungokomthetho aluqiniseki, lushiya inqwaba yamanxusa ezimele (iziqu zecala). Ukuzifaka umthwalo kubahluleli futhi kungaholela emiphumeleni engenakulinganiswa. Abameli bemithetho yesizwe [[FLT:] banelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko [ abameleli besiqinisekiso sokudlulisela isiqinisekiso sokukhishwa kwezindaba zomphakathi, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukugcinwa kwezingane, neziqondiso zobudlova.

Ukulondoloza Ukubusa KoMthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kudinga ukuba kungabikho muntu noma inhlangano engaphezulu komthetho nokuthi imithetho iphoqelelwe ngokulinganayo nangokungaguquguquki. Ikomiti isekela lesi simiso ngokufushaniswa ngokungakhethi nangokubheka wonke amagatsha kahulumeni ukuba alandise. Uma izinkantolo zisebenzisa umthetho ngaphandle kokwesaba noma umusa, ziqinisa isivumelwano sezenhlalo futhi zivimbela amandla okuzinqumela.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Inkululeko yokwahlulela iyingxenye yesimiso esikhulu sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amagatsha aphethe nemithetho angathonya izinkantolo ngokuhlela, ngokuhlela, ngokuhlela, nangezimiso, kodwa ijaji lingaqeda izenzo zalo njengezingavumelani nemithetho. Lokhu kuvimbela kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni. Kwezinye izimiso zephalamende, ukubukezwa komthetho-mthetho kulinganiselwe ezinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho, kanti kwezinye izinkantolo zonke kungawusebenzisa. Ukulinganisela kuyahlukahluka, kodwa injongo yalo ihlala ikhona: ukuvikela inkululeko.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Kuyaqhutshwa

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyithuluzi elinamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, muva nje, izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke ziye zachitha imithetho evimbela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, amalungelo okuvota, nenkululeko engokwenkolo. Nokho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungaphikisa futhi ukuthi abahluleli abangahleli akufanele bawise imithetho ye-democratic. Abameleli baphikisa ukuthi izivumelwano zomthetho-mthetho ziyisisekelo ezivikela izidladla zobushiqela ezidla ngoludala, nezinkantolo emhlabeni wonke zitholakalise imithetho evimbela ukukhishwa kwenkululeko yokuvota, amalungelo okuvota, nenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimiso Zokwahlulela Zanamuhla

Naphezu kwendima yazo ebalulekile, izimiso zokwahlulela emhlabeni wonke zibhekana nezinselele ezingathi sína ezingaqeda ukuphumelela nokwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe Nokusongela Ukuzibusa

Kwamanye amazwe, iziphathi noma izishaya-mthetho zicindezela abahluleli ngokujezisa inkantolo, ukwesabisa, ukuhlela imali, noma ukususa izigigaba. Ngisho nasebuthweni obumisiwe bentando yeningi, kuba nomba lwengxabano lapho imithetho yokwahlulela ingqubuzana nezinqumo zezombangazwe. Izinga lokuvikela njengokuphila (noma izintambo ezimisiwe) kubahluleli abaphezulu, izinqubo zokumisa ezisobala, nemikhandlu yokwahlulela ivikela ukuzibusa. Nokho kudingeka ukuqapha njalo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphamba.

Izenzakalo Zecala Nezikhathi Zokulibala

Izinkantolo eziningi zibhekene nemithwalo yecala enzima, okuholela ekubambezeleni okungahambisani nobulungisa obufike ngesikhathi. Kwezinye izindawo, icala lomphakathi elingathatha iminyaka ukufinyelela icala. Ukubekwa kwezetechology (e-filfish, ukuzwa, ukuphatha amacala okuzenzekelayo), kodwa izinguquko zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezezimali, kodwa zidinga ukuqeqeshwa. Impikiswano ehlukile kanye nemifula yenkantolo ekhethekile yezikhulu ezincane nayo ingasiza ekunciphiseni iziphakamiso.

Ukuzicabangela Nokwethemba Umphakathi

Ukwethembela komphakathi enkantolo kubalulekile. Uma abantu bebheka izinkantolo njengezikhohlakele, ezindlululayo, noma ezingaqashelwanga, bangase baphendukele ezindleleni ezingaphezulu. Ukulahlwa komthetho, izigwebo ezithathelwa indiva, noma ukuthathwa kobuhlanga kungalimaza ukuqiniseka. Ukubheka phambili, ukucaciswa okucacile kwezinqumo, nokukhishwa kwezinhlelo zomphakathi kulondoloza ukwethembana. Izimiso zokulandisa, njengokuhlola izindikimba nokuhlola, nakho kungenza ukwenze.

Ukufinyelela Emagebesini Okwahlulela

Ngisho nasemazweni acebile, ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi ayinakho ukumelelwa okungokomthetho okufanelekile. Izindleko zokuqasha ummeli zingavimbela, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zomphakathi. Uhlelo lwemali yokusiza engokomthetho luphakathi kwezokuqala ukunqanyulwa phakathi nezinkinga zezezimali. Iziphakamiso ezinjengo "ongenamthetho" amakhothane amancane afuna imvume, imithombo engokomthetho, kanye nezinhlangano ze-probono zizama ukuqeda le mingcele, kodwa kudingekile ukuxazulula okubanzi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemininingwane Eyimfihlo

Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi emishini kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngokuphathelene nobufakazi, ukuzifihla, namalungelo asemthethweni. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilwe nobufakazi obungaqondakaliyo, ukuqapha ngemishini, nokwenza izinqumo ze-algorithm ekugwebeni isigwebo noma ekuhloleni izingozi zangaphambi kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlola ukuthi ubuchwepheshe abuvezi ubandlululo noma ukuphula inqubo efanelekile kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: UMthetho Ovamile uphikisana noMthetho Wangaphakathi

Amasiko amabili ayinhloko angokomthetho amisa izimiso zokwahlulela emhlabeni wonke. Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile, ezitholakala e-United States, e-Australia, nase-Australia, kanye namanye, zithembele kakhulu ekwahluleleni kwecala nasendulweni yokwahlulela. Abahluleli ezimisweni ezivamile banendima ephambili ekulolongeni umthetho ngokuchaza. Izimiso zomthetho wombango, ezidlangile ezwekazini leYurophu, elase-Latin America, nezingxenyeni ze-Asia, zithembele kakhulu emithethweni ebumbene, nabahluleli abasebenzisa i-dedayd kuqala kuneyakhelo. Zombili izimiso zinezici eziqinile: umthetho ovamile unikeza ukuvumelana, kuyilapho umthetho womphakathi unikeza ukucaca nokubikezela. Izimiso eziningi zanamuhla ziveza izici zombili.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwencwadi Yezindaba Ezizimele

Isimiso sokwahlulela asiyona nje indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano; singummeli wokugcina wezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuchaza imithetho, ukuqinisekisa izinqubo ezilungile, nokubeka icala likahulumeni, izinkantolo zigcina umthetho. Nakuba izinselele zezezombangazwe (ukungenela kwezombangazwe), imingcele, imingcele, nokuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe (*kuphindelela, umuntu ozimele nonosizo olungcono lwenkululeko engcono. Izakhamuzi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kanye nabakhiqizi bemithetho kumelwe basebenze ndawonye ukuqinisa izinhlangano zokwahlulela, ukwandisa ukungenela kwezezobulungisa, nokuvikela ukungakhethi okukwenza umgcini wejajikitha othembekile. Ngokwenza kanjalo, silondoloza amalungelo nenkululeko engcono emphakathini.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka indawo yezikhulu zeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S., ABA isiqondiso sendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo[, kanye ne [ Umthetho woMthetho nobulungisa ikhasi.]