Isiqalo se-United States Constitution singaphezu kakhulu kokungena kobukhazikhazi. Kuyinkulumo efingqiwe kodwa ejulile yezinjongo uhulumeni omusha amiswa ngazo. Phakathi kwemigomo eyisithupha ehlelweyo, ibinzana elithi " lokumisa uMahluleli"[ umi njengomgomo wesibili, ngokushesha ngemva kokwakhiwa kwesibopho esiphelele. Lokhu kubekwa kwesibonakaliso sokuthi ubulungisa abusona isisekelo kodwa isisekelo seRepublic. Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi ngaphandle kwesimiso sobulungisa nomthetho ongakhethi, inkululeko elondekile, ubupholile bengeke buphele, futhi isibusiso senkululeko yasekhaya singazenziwa ngokugcwele. Ngakho, ukumiswa kobulungisa, kokubili kwakucatshangelwa njengesibopho sokuziphatha nemithetho engokomthetho yomphakathi.

Lesi sihloko sihlola umsuka ojulile walesosibopho, silandelela indlela umqondo wobulungisa ofakwe ngayo eSigcawini owalotshwa ngezenzakalo ezingokomlando nangamasu efilosofi, indlela obuye basetshenziswa ngayo ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nangezinqumo ezingokomthetho, nendlela ukuphishekela ubulungisa okuqhubekayo okuhlala kusemqoka ngayo kumaMelika. Isithembiso sokwahlulela ngokulunga asifinyeleli; siwumbono ophilayo osukhule emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ukuze uhlanganise abantu abaningi nangezingalinganisi. Ukuqonda umsuka nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kokubili ukufinyelela nokusebenza okungapheli kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Isithembiso Esiyinhloko Sesiqalo: “Ukumisa Ubulungisa”

Isiqalo samazwi esithombe, “Thina bantu base-United States, ngokulandelana ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele ngokwengeziwe, simise ubulungisa, siqinisekise i-Franquality, sinikeze isivikelo esivamile, sithuthukise i-Welfare, futhi siqinise iZibusiso zeNkululeko kithina kanye ne-Postrity, simisa loMthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America. [Isisho [[FLT: 0]] [uMahluleli] ubekwe ngamabomu ngokwesibili, ngokushesha ngemva komgomo wokwakha isibopho. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abasunguli babheka uhlelo olungokomthetho olubaluleke kakhulu njengabodwa. Ngaphandle kwemigomo yonke eminye imibandela, ubunye obungavikele, ngeke bulondolozwe kahle futhi bube yisithembiso esiyize. “Izwi elibalulekile elisho ukuthi kumelwe libe khona, futhi lisekelwe kulo ngokomthetho, futhi liyaqhubeka, i- Justicent.

Umlando: Kusukela Ezindaweni Zokubusa Kwamazwe Asebukweni Kuya Esakhelweni Somthetho - sisekelo

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukuthi kungani ubulungisa babubaluleke kangaka kubasunguli, kumelwe abheke izikhalo ezabangela iNguquko yaseMelika. ISimemezelo seNdebelo simangalela iNkosi uGeorge III ‘ ngokwahlulelwa koBuphathi beJaji” ngokwenqaba ukumisa izinkantolo ezizimele, ukuvikela izikhulu zaseBrithani ekuqulweni, nokuncisha amakoloni abahluleli. Lokhu kushiye uphawu olucaciwe: uhulumeni omusha kwadingeka ukuba ugweme imikhuba ewumthetho ewumthetho owenzile. Abasunguli bafaka ubufakazi bokuthi inkosi yayingabunga kanjani ukuchitha ubulungisa ukuze ifeze izithakazelo zayo, futhi babe nokuzimisela ukwenza isimiso lapho abahluleli bejaji bengaba nesodwa, befuna ukubekwa icala ekulawuleni umthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iZihloko zeConfederation (1781-1789) zabonakala zingakufanelekele ukumisa ubulungisa ezindaweni zonke. Uhulumeni wezwe wantula amandla okuxazulula izingxabano zezwe, izivumelwano eziphoqelelwe, noma ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngokuphambana nombuso. I-Shays’Redult (1786-171787) ._jestrings abalimi abahlomile baseMassachusetts ababebhikishela ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu ezingafanele kanye nezwe, babonisa ngokuphazimazima kweso izingozi zegunya elinamandla. Ukuvukela kwabekwa phansi yi-mivini yamazwe, kodwa kwagcizelela isidingo sesimiso sesizwe esingaqinisekisa ubulungisa obufanayo futhi sivimbele amalungelo amakhulu abantu abambalwa. I-Convention oftweal of 1787 yabonisa ngezindlela eziningi, ukusabela okuqondile kule nkinga.

Ithonya Labacabangayo

Abasunguli bancishiswa emibonweni yezazi zefilosofi zokukhanyiselwa ezabhala kakhulu ngobulungisa, amalungelo emvelo, kanye nesivumelwano sezenhlalo. UJohn Locke’s SAUNISELES’UMTHETHO kaHulumeni[ [1689]) baphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla, nokuthi ohulumeni bakhiwe ukuze bavikele lawomalungelo. Ubulungisa, ngoba uLocke, washo ukuthi imithetho kumelwe ingabi nabandlululo, iyaziwa kusengaphambili, futhi iphoqelelwe yi-judiary. Umoya woMthetho [Foct:] owemvelo, [FOLT], kanye nesakhiwo esiphansi esinciphile, uvimbela amandla okubusayo, kuhlanganise nokulawula. Umthetho ofanayo, futhi ugunyaza igatsha eliphansi elizimele, ulwele nalelinye lemibuso embusweni.

Ubulungisa Njengomgomo Wokwakha: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nezikhungo Zokubusa

Umklamo woMthetho-sisekelo ubonisa inkolelo yokuthi ubulungisa budinga ukusakazwa ngokucophelela kwegunya. ISiphakamiso III simisa igatsha lokwahlulela, neNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi njengeSishaya-mthetho. Abahluleli bamiswe ukuze baphile ngaphansi kokuziphatha okuhle, futhi amaholo abo awanakuncishiswa, futhi amakhani ahloselwe ukuvikela ahloselwe ukuvikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya emacaleni aqubuka ngaphansi koMthetho-mthetho, umthetho kazwe, nezivumelwano, kanye nezingxabano phakathi kwamazwe noma phakathi kwezakhamuzi zemibuso ehlukene. La mandla okwahlulela angokomthetho aqinisekisa ukuthi kunendawo yokungathathi hlangothi ekuxazululeni izimpi zikahulumeni noma ezihlanganisa umthetho wesizwe.

UFederalism ufeza futhi impoqo yobulungisa ngokudala izingqimba eziningi zokubusa. Amazwe anegunya elikhulu lokumisa imithetho ezindabeni zendawo, kodwa lomthetho woMthetho-sisekelo nowombuso uphakeme kakhulu − ilungiselelo elivimbela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo. IBhill of Rights, yenezelwe ngo1791, ibeke imingcele ecacile emandla kahulumeni, futhi kamuva iSichibiyelo se 1450 (1868) sinwebeze leyo mikhawulo ezwelweni. Lesimiso esinemigoqo sivumela ukulinga nokulandisa: ingakwazi ukusebenza “njengezikhulu zentando yeningi” kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe unikeza isakhiwo esingaphansi sesivikelo esincane. IJaji, kulesakhiwo, asilawulwa yigunya elilodwa kodwa i-Monlithikithalithi, izigedrust, izigeom, nezingameleli ezihlangene nenye.

Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Obuvumela Ngayo Ubulungisa

UMthetho-sisekelo awusona nje isimiso sezimiso ezingabonakali; uqukethe izimiso eziqinile zokukhipha ubulungisa. lezi zihlanganisa iBill of Rights, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane, namandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okuhlola ukwahlulela.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nenqubo Efanele

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njengeSigqi Samalungelo, zamukelwa ngokuhlangene njengeSiphendulo samaLungelo, zisabela ekukhathazekeni nge-Anti-Federalist ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo omusha wawungenazo izivikelo ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Eziningi zalezi zinguquko zikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokuqondisa ubulungisa. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuqubuka. ISichibiyeli sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukulahlwa kwecala okukhulu, ukunqatshelwa ngengozi nokuncishiswa kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu “ophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” ISithathu sokuHlulela iSiphenduku eqinisekisa ukuphendukulwa okusheshayo nokuqulwa komthetho, ikomiti engakhethi yokusingatha ofakazi, nesolulekiseluhlwini lwelungelo lokuhlangabezana nomthetho. Izembubhiso-8 yeMiyembo ephakeme, nesijeziso esingavamile nesijeziso esingavamile.

Inkulumo ethi ‘ inqubo ethatha isikhathi eside yomthetho'' isiye yaba enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Inenqubo yokuhlelwa kwenqubo efanelekile ifuna ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ukuzwa, nesinqumo esingenamkhethe. Inqubo efanelekile, kuyilapho iphikisana kakhulu, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma izinqubo zilungile. Izigwebo zombili zinenqubo ezifanele zomthetho, futhi iNkanto ephakeme izisebenzisayo ekulondolozeni amalungelo enkululeko yokuzala. Ukumiswa kobulungisa, njengoba kuboniswa ngokubukeka, kuxhomeke kulokhu kusekuhloniswe kunakho, ngisho noma kunezingathwini lwezigwegwegwegwe.

Ukuvikelwa Okulinganayo Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Iqiniswe ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sabuguqula kakhulu ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezifunda. I-Themeal Protection Claus ithi: “Ayikho iZwe... elizophika kunoma yimuphi umuntu onegunya elilinganayo lokuvikela imithetho.” Le nkulumo yayihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu baseAfrika ababesanda kukhululeka, kodwa iye yaba yisiqinisekiso esibanzi sokumelana nemithetho yombuso yezezomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza isivikelo esifanayo ukuze inqande ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlanga ([FLT: 0]Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo, 1954], ubulili obubonisa ukucwasana (iqala nge [[FLT:]]]] isiqinisekiso sokuthatha isinyathelo sombuso wokuqulwa. v ]], futhi ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezenziwa.)

I-Umeal Protection Claus iwukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwesibopho sobuPregget sobulungisa. Ifuna ukuba imithetho isebenze ngokungenasandla futhi ingabi naqembu elikhethelwe ukungatholi usizo ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo. I-quable Protection beye yaba isisekelo sokunqoba okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nokususwa kwemithetho kaJim Crow, ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota, nokuqaphela ukulingana komshado. Nokho isithembiso salo siyaqhubeka sifezeka ngokungaphelele: ukuhluka kwemfundo, ingcebo, nobulungisa becala kuyaqhubeka kuvivinya ukuthembeka kwesizwe ukuze sivikeleke ngendlela efanayo.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Ekuchazeni Ubulungisa

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela [1] Igunya lokumemezela imithetho engavumelani ne-constitunial() ashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni kodwa amiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwayo Marbury v. Madison [183] [183]. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall lathi “ngokuqonde isifunda nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho.” Leli gunya lenza ukuba ijudicary ibe umgcini wokugcina womthetho-mthetho, futhi, ngokwengxenye, isibopho sokwahlulela. Ngokuhlola, iNkantolo ingashaya imithetho ephula inqubo efanelekile, isivikelo, noma ezinye izimiso zomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yenza izinqumo eziqhubekisela phambili ukungabi nabulungisa ezimweni eziningi. Iye yavikela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, yavimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo, yachitha imithetho ehlukanisayo esekelwe ebuhlalweni noma ebulilini, futhi yandisa amalungelo abamangalelwa becala. Kodwa iNkantolo iye yenza izinqumo ezaqhubekisela phambili ukungabi nabulungisa [Dred Scott v. Sandford[[FLM] [[57] [1857], ezikhombisa ukucwa kwezinhlanga [i-] i-Pyright [icelv] v v[FLT] [FLT] [12]] [18], futhi ekuqaleni inqaba izinguquko zezezomnotho. Umlando weNkantolo Ephakeme uyimpikiswa ukulwa kwezeluleko yokwahlulela.

Umsebenzi Ongancishisiwe: Ubulungisa EMelika Yanamuhla

Naphezu komthetho-sisekelo owenziwe futhi kwamiswa intuthuko engokomthetho emakhulwini eminyaka, ukumiswa kobulungisa kusewumsebenzi ongakapheli. Izinselele zenza kube ngcono ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaningi ekukhetheni ngokwezomnotho kusuka ekukhetheni okungokwesimiso kuya ekukhetheni isimiso somhlaba (*) ukukhanyisa igebe phakathi kwenhloso ye-Pregnat kanye nobungako baseMelika abaningi. Ukusingatha lezi zinselele akudingi nje kuphela inguquko engokomthetho kodwa futhi kudinga ukubopheka okuvusezimisweni zokulunga nokulingana abasunguli ababhalwe ekuqaleni koMthetho-sisekelo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

I-United States inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuboshwa kwanoma yiliphi izwe elithuthukile, elinabantu abacishe babe izigidi ezimbili emajele ombuso nakahulumeni. Isigaba esiphansi sohlanga nohlanga simelelwa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa: Abansundu baseMelika baboshwa ngokuphindwe kahlanu izinga labamhlophe abalwayo. IMpi yezidakamizwa, isigwebo esiphoqelelwe, nezimiso zemali zokukhokhela imali ziye zagxekwa ngokululaza isimiso sobulungisa obulinganayo. Abameli be-Activivors kanye nabenzi bemithetho baye babiza izinguquko ezinjengezisusa izinga eliyindingasiyo, iqede ihlawulo lwemali ekwahluleleni okungenazintambo, ukutshala izinhlelo zokuziphaka izinhlelo zokuziphaka nokulungisa izivumelwano zobugebengu, nokulungisa inqubo yempatho emisha yobugebengu nezindlela zobulungisa.

Imizamo ye-Bipartisan njenge-First Step Act (208) iye yenza intuthuko elinganiselwe ngokukhulula imithetho ethile engokomthetho yokugweba nezinhlelo zokulungisa ezandisiwe. Kodwa izinguquko zezinga likahulumeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ukuphishekela ubulungisa kudinga ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kokuthi isimiso somthetho esingokomthetho siphatha bonke abantu ngokufanelekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bacebile, uhlanga, noma isizinda. Umgomo we-Preggypt wokumisa ubulungisa awuneliswa uma ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi ibheka isimiso njengendinganiso kunokuba ivikele.

Ubulungisa Bezomnotho Namathuba

Ubulungisa abugcini enkantolo kuphela; buhlanganisa amathuba ezomnotho nokuhamba ngenkani. Igebe eliphakathi kwamaMelika acebe kakhulu nampofu kakhulu liphakathi kwenani elikhulu emhlabeni othuthukile. Imikhaya eminingi ilwa nezindleko zezindlu, zezokwelapha, nezikweleti zabafundi, kuyilapho ukungalingani kwezomnotho eUnited States kuye kwanda kakhulu kunabantu abampofu kakhulu.

Ubulungisa bezomnotho buhlanganisa ukufinyelela imfundo ephambili, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nomsebenzi okhokhelwa kahle. Buhlanganisa isivikelo ekubolekiseni abahlaseli, ukucwaswa emsebenzini, nokuxhashazwa. Umqondo futhi uhlanganisa izinkolo nobulungisa bezinhlanga, njengoba imiphakathi yemibala iye yaphikwa ngokomlando amathuba okwakha ingcebo atholakalayo kwabamhlophe. Imithetho enjengentela eqhubekayo, ukukhuphuka kwemali, ukunakekelwa kwempilo yendawo yonke, kanye nezindlu ezithengwayo ziphikisana njengezindlela zokuthuthukisa ubulungisa bezomnotho. Nakuba kungekho ukuvumelana ngendima eqondile kahulumeni ezindaweni ezivusene, isimiso sokuthi umphakathi olungile unikeza ithuba elinengqondo ngenxa yakho konke kusekelwe kakhulu esikweni saseMelika.

Imibutho Yokwahlulela Okuhle Nokukhula Kwamalungelo Abantu

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinhlangano zezenhlalo ziye zaphoqelela ukuba isizwe siphile ngokuvumelana nemibono yaso eyisisekelo. Inhlangano yokunqanda ukuqedwa kwezwe, umzabalazo wabesifazane, umzabalazo wezisebenzi, umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, i-LGBTQ+ umzabalazo wamalungelo, nezinhlangano zanamuhla zokwahlulela ngokwezinhlanga kanye nenguquko yezenhlalo yezezenhlalo ziye zafuna ukuba isithembiso sobulungisa sidluliselwe kulabo ababengasasetshenziswa ngaphambili. Lezinhlangano ziye zasebenzisa ulimi loMthetho-sisekelo (kakhulukhulu iSimezo seSimezo senkululeko, neSimemezelo se-Geneth Rendection (intshi5) ziphikisa ukuthi imfuneko yokuba abantu babe nezakhamuzi eziphelele namalungelo alinganayo bonke.

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 kanye noMthetho we-Voing Rights ka-1965 wawuyimpumelelo ephawulekayo eyayenqatshelwa ukuhlukanisa abantu ngokwehlukana nokuvota ngokungekho emthethweni. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme obergefell v. Hodges (2015) esemthethweni ngokomthetho emshadweni ofanayo ezweni lonke, iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyisisekelo. Namuhla, izinhlangano ezinjenge-Black Livement Matter nemikhankani yamalungelo odluliselwe phambili ziyaqhubeka zibekela inselele ukungabikho kobulungisa kwezimiso. I-Preggeargest ayiyona i-“ Justice; umthetho ongoko; umthetho ophilayo ugunyaza ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sichaze futhi sigcwalise.

Isiphetho: Ukuphishekela Ubunye Obuphelele

Inkulumo ye-Preggy “ ukumisa uMahluleli” isithembiso phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni wabo `a' sokuthi uhlelo olungokomthetho nolwezombangazwe luyoba olulungile, lungakhethi, futhi luvikele amalungelo abo bonke abantu. Kusukela kumafilosofi okukhanyiselwa alo alolongela ukusungulwa kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho zemibuso ehlukene nokubukezwa kwezokwahlulela, kusukela kuBill of Rights kuya ku-145 Impostrance, i-United States yakha isakhiwo esihlaba umxhwele sobulungisa. Nokho umsebenzi awusoze waphela. Inkathi ngayinye entsha iletha izinselele ezivivinya ukuzimisela kwesizwe ezimisweni zayo.

Ukumiswa kobulungisa kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuba isakhamuzi esikhuthele, nokuzimisela ukubhekana namaqiniso angathandeki mayelana nendawo ehlulekayo isimiso. Kufuna ukuba siqaphele isithunzi sawo wonke umuntu futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ifeza okuhle okufanayo kunezithakazelo zabanamandla. Njengoba i-Preggy isikhumbuza, umgomo awuwona nje isibopho esiphelele, kodwa [ isibopho [somuntu] esisondela ekulungeni lobulungisa ngemizamo nangentando yentando ye-. Ukuphishekela lokho kungumthwalo wemfanelo ohlala njalo wazo zonke izizukulwane zaseMelika.

Kulabo abafisa ukuhlola umbhalo wokuqala nomongo wawo, Izinqolobane zeNational Archives zinikeza imvume ephelele yomthetho-mthetho nesiqalo. Izazi ezingokomthetho nomphakathi bangabheka futhi e- [[[FLT:] National Constitution Center [[[FLT:]] [iSikhungo se-National] [iSikhungo se-National] [i-FLT] [i]] ephepheni elilinganayo, ephakathi ekuqondeni kobulungisa, ichazwa kahle [[[FLT]] [FFFT] [FET]] ku-OLT] i-OLT] e-octivercective Information Institute yolwazi olusemthethweni [inkulu] [iiiintercensitike] futhi inikeza izingxoxo zezehlulelelo lomthetho eziqhubekayo.[Fogcificss] [ence , ngokuqhubekayo kwezentensi ngokomthetho yezentensi:]