Kuyini Ukugwetshwa?

Isigwebo yinqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho lapho inkantolo inquma khona isijeziso okufanele sibekwe kumuntu oye walahlwa icala. Simelela isiphetho secala lobugebengu, lapho izimiso zomthetho ezingaqondakali zihunyushelwa khona ukuba zibe imiphumela eqinisekile kulowo owenze isono. Isigwebo sibonisa isahlulelo somphakathi ngobukhulu becala futhi sifeza khona imigomo eminingi yezezimali , kuhlanganise nesijeziso, ukunqandwa, ukubuyiselwa komthetho, nokubuyiselwa. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezifika ngayo kulezi zinqumo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda ukwahlulela kobugebengu, umthetho, noma umthetho wasobala.

Nakuba ukuchaza isigwebo kungahluka kakhulu ngokwemithetho, izimiso eziyisisekelo zisekelwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esiko lomthetho. Izindlela zanamuhla zokugweba zilingana nesidingo semiphumela engaguquki, elindelekile nokuqaphela ukuthi indaba ngayinye inikeza izimo ezihlukile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko zokugweba (izinjongo), ukuthonya izijeziso, izigwebo ezikhona, izinyathelo ze-procedtural, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo.

Injongo Yokugwetshwa

Ukugweba kunezinjongo eziningana ezihlukene kodwa ezihambisanayo, ngayinye isekelwe emfundisweni ehlukile yobulungisa. Lenjongo iqondisa amajaji ekukhetheni izijeziso ezifanele futhi isize umphakathi ukuba uqonde isisekelo sesigwebo. Izinjongo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Imiphumela: Lona umqondo wokuthi isijeziso kufanele silingane nomonakalo obangelwa yicala. Isijeziso sibonisa ukulahlwa kokuziphatha komphakathi kokuziphatha kobugebengu futhi sifuna ukubuyisela umuzwa wokulinganisela. Ukubheka emuva, ukugxila esenzweni ngokwaso kunokuba kubheke imiphumela yesikhathi esizayo.
  • Icebo: Inhloso yokuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, kokubili ngesoni ngasinye (] izikhawu eziqondile[) kanye nabanye abangase bacabangele izenzo ezifanayo ([] isithiyo somthetho )]. Izigwebo eziqatha zihloselwe ukuthumela umyalezo owenziwa izenzo zobugebengu ezinemiphumela emibi.
  • Ukuguqulwa: Lenjongo igcizelela ukuguqula owonile ngemfundo, indlela yokwelapha, noma izinhlelo zokwakha ikhono. Kunokuba igxile ekujezisweni, ukuvuselelwa kwezindlela eziyisisekelo zokuziphatha kobugebengu − njengokuluthwa, ukugula kwengqondo, noma ukungafundi − ukunciphisa amathuba okuphinde ususe.
  • Impumuzo: I-consoletwa igxile ekulungiseni umonakalo owenziwe ezisulwini nasemphakathini. Kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlenga, ukubuyisana kwezisulu, noma inkonzo yomphakathi. Umgomo ukuvuselela ubuhlobo futhi uvumele owoni ukuba alungise, kunokuba amane asebenze isikhathi sokuzihlukanisa.

Lezi zinjongo azifani. Isigwebo esisodwa singafeza imigomo eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isigwebo sokulingwa sihlangene nokwelashwa ngezidakamizwa okuphoqelelwe kokubili ukujezisa owoni (ngokulinganisela inkululeko) futhi kusebenzela ekulungiseni izinto. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwalezi zinjongo ngokuvamile kubonisa ifilosofi ekhona yenkantolo ethile noma igunya ngesikhathi esithile.

Izici Ezibangela Ukujeziswa

Abahluleli bacabangela izici eziningi lapho benquma umusho ofanele. Lezi zici zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezihlobene necala, ukona, kanye nethonya ezisulwini. Ukuqonda lamathonya kubaluleke kakhulu ekubikezeleni imiphumela yokugwetshwa nokuncintisana ngokungakhethi esimisweni sobulungisa.

Ukwehluleka Kobugebengu

Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi lesi sono singesona esingathí sina. Ubugebengu buvame ukuhlukaniswa njengezephuzo (ezingathsishisi) noma izigebengu (ezingathi sína kakhulu), ezinezijezo ezihambelana nesijeziso. Nokho, ngisho naphakathi kwesigaba esisodwa, amaqiniso akhethekile abaluleke kakhulu. Ukuphanga ngesikhali ngokuvamile kuyothola isigwebo esinzima kakhulu kunanoma isiphi ngaphandle, futhi ukubulala okuhilela ukuhlelwa kungadonsa ukuboshwa, kanti ukubulala kungaphumela ekubulaweni ukuphila okufushane.

Umlando Wesigebengu

Irekhodi lomenzi wobubi elingaphambili liyisibonakaliso esinamandla sokuziphatha kobugebengu esikhathini esizayo futhi liwukucabangela okuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ekugwebeni. Ziphindezelele izigebengu ezinezinkolekiso ezizandulele. (______ngokuvamile) zibhekene nezijeziso ezandayo ngaphansi kwemithetho enziwa ngezomthetho noma iziqondiso zokugweba. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuso eminingi inemithetho egunyaza ukuba umuntu abophelwe ukuboshwa ngenxa yesehlakalo sesithathu esinobudlova. Ngokuhlukile, izaphulamthetho zesikhathi sokuqala zingathola ubuqotho, njengokuzinzelela noma ukuvala iziqondiso, ezizenza zigweme ukukholeka kwerekhodi ngemva kokuqeda kwezimo eziphumelelayo.

Izici Eziphazamisayo

Izici eziguqulayo yizimo ezinganciphisa ubungako bomusho. Izici ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Indima encane yomoni ekoneni.
  • Ukuntuleka komlando wobugebengu bangaphambili.
  • Ukuphazamiseka ngokwengqondo noma ngokomzwelo ngesikhathi sobugebengu.
  • Inkonyane noma izicucu.
  • Ukubambisana okuyinhloko nokugcinwa komthetho.
  • Ubusha bomenzi wobubi noma ukuguga.
  • Ukubukisa noma ukwamukela umthwalo wemfanelo.

Lezizici zenza amajaji abe nekhono lokuvumelanisa izigwebo nomuntu ngamunye, eqaphela ukuthi abantu ababili abenza ubugebengu obufanayo bangase babe nezinga elihlukene kakhulu lokulahlwa kwecala.

Izici Eziyandayo

Izici ezikhuphulayo zikhulisa izinga lomusho. Zihlanganisa:

  • Ukusebenzisa isikhali noma ubudlova.
  • Ukuzindla noma ukuhlela.
  • Izisulu ezisengozini ngokukhethekile (isib., izingane, asebekhulile).
  • Zonda isisusa sobugebengu.
  • Izisulu noma amacala amaningi.
  • Ukusebenzisa kabi isikhundla esithile sokwethenjwa noma igunya.
  • Ngaphambi kokuba kube khona ukukhohliswa kobugebengu obufanayo.

Izici ezishukumisayo ngokuvamile ziphoqelela isigwebo esisezingeni eliphezulu lohlelo lomthetho, ngezinye izikhathi eziholela ezijezisweni ezinde ngokuphawulekayo kunezomthetho.

Ithonya Lezisulu

Umphumela wobugebengu obenziwa esisulwini nasemikhayeni yaso uyisici esinamandla ekugwebeni. Izindawo eziningi zivumela izisulu ukuba zithobe izinkulumo ezinamandla []] .ukulandisa okubhaliwe noma okushiwo ngomlomo kokulimala okungokomzimba, okungokomzwelo, nokungokwezimali okubangelwa yicala. La mazwi angathonya umbono womahluleli wobuqotho nesidingo sokubuyisela noma isijeziso esinzima. Nokho, ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ubufakazi obunemiphumela yesifo bungaveza futhi ukucwasana okungokomzwelo futhi bungaholela ekulahlekeni kwecala.

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

Izinkantolo zinezindlela eziningi zokugweba, kusukela ekungeneni kancane kuya ekuboshweni isikhathi eside. Ukukhetha kuxhomeke ephutheni, emlandweni womoni, nasemigomweni yokugweba. Ngezansi kunezinhlobo zemisho ezivame kakhulu.

Ukuthutha

Ukufakwa kuhilela ukuvalelwa ejele (ngokujwayelekile ngenxa yemibandela emifushane, unyaka owodwa noma ngaphansi) noma ijele (ngemibandela emide). Isigwebo singanqandwa (inani elimisiwe leminyaka) noma i-indeterternate (uhlu, njengeminyaka engu-5,15, enesilinganiso sokungangeni-shintshi). I-United States inenye yezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuvalelwa emhlabeni, umphumela wezimiso ezinzima nesigwebo esilinganiselwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvalelwa ejele kuholele emajele agcwele amanzi, izindleko eziphakeme, futhi ibekelwe imingcele elinganiselwe.

Inkulumo

Ukuqanjwa kuvumela owonile ukuba ahlale emphakathini eqondiswa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjengokubika njalo kumphathi wecala lokulingwa, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa, izikhathi zokwehla kwemithetho, nezimfuneko zomsebenzi. Ukuphulwa kwezimo kungaphumela ekuqedweni nasekuboshweni. Ukukhishwa kwecala ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa ezigebengwini eziphansi nasebugebengwini besikhathi sokuqala, ukunikeza izindleko ezizosetshenziswa ejele kuyilapho kusanikeza ukulandisa.

Ama - “pine ”

Izinhlawulo zemali zivamile emaphutheni amancane futhi zingafakwa njengesijeziso sokungakhokhiwe noma ngokuhlanganiswa neminye imisho. Amasheya asebenza njengesijeziso futhi asebenza njengomthombo wenzuzo kumbuso. Nokho, abagxeki baveza ukuthi imali ekhokhwayo ishaya phansi ngokungenakulinganiswa izaphula-mthetho, ezingase zilwe kanzima ukukhokha futhi zigcine ziboshelwe ukungaholi.[1] Umkhuba oye wabekelwa inselele njengegunya elingekho ezindaweni ezithile.

Inkonzo Yomphakathi

Isicelo sokuba onileyo asebenze amahora athile angakhokhelwa embonini engakhokhelwa noma ewuhulumeni sisebenza njengohlobo lobulungisa obungakhokhelwayo . Inkonzo yomphakathi izuzisa umphakathi kuyilapho ivumela owenze iphutha ukuba alondoloze umsebenzi nezibopho zomkhaya. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwaphuleni umthetho okungenabudlova nasekwephuleni kwezimoto.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwempilo

Iziqondiso zokubuyisana zifuna ukuba isisulu sikhokhelwe imali elahlekile, njengezindleko zezokwelapha, ukulimala kwempahla, noma iholo elilahlekile. Ngokungafani nenkokhelo, ukukhokha kukhokhela isisulu ngokuqondile. Ukwehluleka ukukhokha kungaholela ekubekelweni isigwebo esengeziwe noma eminye imiphumela, nakuba imibuso eminingi ilwisana nezilinganiso zenkongozelo.

Ezinye Izikhalazo

Izinketho zokugweba ezithathelwe phambili zihlanganisa izikhungo zokubika [[FLT:] usuku, ukuvalelwa kwekhaya ngokuhlola nge-electronic, ukuqondisa kokuhlola [, futhi [izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo]. Lezinhlelo zihlose ukuxazulula izinkinga lapho zinciphisa imiphakathi yamajele. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli angagweba isigwebo esingakhokhi ngokuphamba okungaphazamisiwe kakhulu sokuphatha ijele, futhi ngokuvamile ngosongo lokuphakanyiswa uma ukuphathwa ngemoto kungaqediselwanga.

Inqubo Yokugwetshwa

Isigwebo asibi khona manjalo ngemva kwesinqumo noma ukunxusa okunecala.

Uphenyo lwePSI lwangaphambi kwe-Sentence (PSI)

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo ikhipha imvume yokuhlola ngaphambi kokuba ivume icala, iqhutshwa isikhulu sokulingwa. Lokhu kuhlola kuqoqa ukwaziswa okuningi ngesizinda somoni, kuhlanganise nomlando womkhaya, umsebenzi, imfundo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ubugebengu, kanye nezimo zecala. Isikhulu sezeluleko sixoxa futhi nenkulumo yesiphazamiso. umphumela [umbiko wemvume wasekhaya, i-omziqulo] udluliselwe kumajaji nabameli, futhi ufeza indima enkulu ezinqumweni zokugweba.

Ukugwetshwa Kwezindlebe

Ezweni [[QLT:0] eligunyaza ukuzwa [, ijaji libukeza umbiko wangaphambi kwemvume futhi lizwe izimpikiswano ezivela kumshushisi nakukuzivikela. Zombili izinhlangothi zingabiza ofakazi noma zinikeze ubufakazi obuphathelene nokuququlwa noma iziqondiso. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokukhuluma nenkantolo (ukubulala) futhi angaveza ukuzisola noma ukuchaza izenzo zabo. Izisulu zingase zikhulume. Umahluleli angase asebenzise umthetho obalulekile, cishe asebenzise izilinganiso ezingaphansi kanye neziqondiso.

Ukugwetshwa

Ijaji limemezela isigwebo enkantolo evulekile futhi lingene ekwahluleleni okubhaliwe. Isigwebo singabekwa ngokushesha, noma kwezinye izimo, ukubulawa kwalo kungamiswa kulindele umphumela wokudluliswa kwesicelo noma ukuqedwa kwemibandela (isigwebo esinikezelwe). Inkantolo futhi yazisa ummangalelwa nganoma isiphi isikweleti esinikeziwe, ukuvunyelwa kwesigwebo, kanye nemithetho yokuqondisa ngemva kokudluliswa.

Ukukhanga

Ngemva kokwahlulelwa, ummangalelwa angase adlulisele icala noma isigwebo ngokwaso. Izikhalo azizona izikhangiso ezingokomthetho eziye zathinta umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa isikhalo zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa kabi ukuhlakanipha komahluleli, ukuhluleka ukucabangela izici ezinqumayo, noma ukubekwa kwesigwebo esingekho emthethweni. Inkantolo ingaqinisekisa, inciphise, inciphise, noma ikhiphe isigwebo futhi ikhiphe isigwebo ngenxa yokucasukela. Ukumangalelwa ngokuvamile akukwazi ukudlulisa isigwebo esinecala, kodwa amanye amazwe avumela ukudluliswa kwesigwebo esithathelwe indelelo ngokungafanele.

Iziqondiso Ezigwedlayo

Ukuthuthukisa ukungaguquguquki nokunciphisa ukungalingani okungadingekile, imibuso eminingi iye yamukela iziqondiso zokuvumela [. Lemithetho iyisikhombi noma imithetho ebophelele etusa uhlu lwemisho esekelwe ebuqathani bobugebengu nobugebengu bomenzi wobubi. Izimiso ezaziwayo kakhulu yi- U.S.Federal Diendensiglines Guides, edalwe yi-U.S.Sendrivening Commissions. Iziqondiso ezifana neziningi zikhona.

Iziqondiso zisebenzisa i-grid: i-axis emile ihlela amazinga omthetho (umz., kusukela ku-1 kuya ku-43), futhi i-axis eqonde ngqo idweba izigaba zomlando wobugebengu (I-I--VI). Imigwaqo inikeza uhlu olutuswayo lokwahlulela ngezinyanga. Abahluleli kumelwe babale uhlu lwesiqondiso bese benquma ukuthi bazosuka phezulu noma phansi besekelwe ezicini ezithile ezingakahlelwanga. Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, iziqondiso zilandela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme v. Umqulu [200:] [200], kodwa zisathwala isisindondo esiphawulekayo.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi iziqondiso zinciphisa ukuhluka kwezinhlanga, indawo, kanye nezomnotho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iziqondiso zingaba eziqinile, zisuse ukwahlulela futhi ziholele ekukhipheni imisho emide ngokweqile, ikakhulukazi emacala ezidakamizwa. Impikiswano ngemithetho edingwayo edinga imigwebo emisiwe yobugebengu obuthile, njengoba lemithetho ingakulahla ukutusa okunesiqondiso.

Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yakho

Nakuba iziqondiso nezimiso zibeka imingcele, abahluleli bagcina iziqondiso eziqondile ekugwebeni. Bakhetha ukuthi kuphi phakathi kohlu olungokomthetho ukuze bafake umusho othile, noma ukuphoqelela imisho elandelanayo noma evumelanayo yezokona eziningi, futhi imiphi eminye imisho enganikezwa. Lokhu kukhetha kuwusizo ekulungiseni ubulungisa kodwa futhi kuvula umnyango wokuguquguquka kanye nokususa ubandlululo [], lapho i izaphula ezifanayo zithola khona imisho ehlukene kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nohlanga, ubulili, ubulili, isayensi, noma ifilosofi yomahluleli.

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo lobuhlanga luyaqhubeka ukugwetshwa. Ngokwesibonelo, abamangalelwa abamnyama bavame ukuthola imigwebo emide kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo, ngisho nangemva kokulawula umlando wobugebengu nonya. Imizamo yokunciphisa ukuhlukaniswa ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso, ukuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa kwabahluleli, nokuthuthukisa imithetho elinganiselwe. Eminye imikhakha idinga ukuba amajaji anikeze ukulunga okubhaliwe ukuze ashiye noma isiphi isigaba seziqondiso.

Ukujezisa Ukungalingani Nokushintsha

Impikiswano yokwahlukana iye yabangela izinhlangano eziphawulekayo zokuguqula emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ukuqinisekisa uMthetho wenguquko ka 1984 yadala i-Sevenanding Commission neziqondiso zikahulumeni, ihlose ukuqeda lokho okwakubhekwa njengokungavumelani okungafanelekile. Nokho, iziqondiso ngokwazo ziye zagxekwa ngokufaka isandla ekuboshweni kwemidanti, ikakhulukazi ngesijeziso esinzima secala lezidakamizwa.

Ekuphenduleni, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa ukuvumela inguquko : ukunciphisa imisho elinganiselwe ebophekile, ukwandisa ukwahlulela, nokukhuthaza ezinye izindlela zokungaboshwa. Umthetho wokuqala we-Fop Step ka-2018] kulelozinga lokulawula ukunciphisa okuthile okuyimfuneko, ukukwenyusa izikweletu ezifanele, futhi kuvumele ukusetshenziswa kwe-Fair Sendenenting Act ka-2010 (owanciphisa ukuhlukanisa i-crack/pader cocaine). Izinguquko ezifanayo zezwe zihlanganise ibhilithi, ukuhlelwa kwemidari yemilaliso emincane, nokufakwa kwezimiso zomphakathi ezikhulisiwe.

Indawo ebalulekile yenguquko ingu isigwebo esisekelwe kubufakazi, esisebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlola asengozini ukubikezela amathuba ommangalelwa okuphinde athathelwe indawo. Lamathuluzi angasiza abahluleli ukuba banikeze ukuqondisa noma ukwelashwa okufanele. Nokho, baye bagxekwa futhi ngokucwasa kobuhlanga okungabangelwa yimithetho-algorith ezenzekelayo.

Ithonya Lezisulu Nobulungisa Obuphinde Buvuselelwe

Isigwebo sanamuhla sihlanganisa izwi lezisulu ngokwandayo. izinkulumo eziqinile zivumela izisulu ukuba zichaze ukulimala kobugebengu okungokomzwelo, okungokomzimba, nokungokwezimali. Kwezinye izindawo, izisulu zinelungelo elingokomthetho lokukhuluma ngesigwebo noma ukunikeza amazwi abhaliwe. Nakuba lokhu kubhekwa njengenyathelo elihle, ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ukuthinta kwezisulu kungavusa imizwelo engokomzwelo, engokomzimba, nemali futhi kuholele ekugwetshweni okunzima, ikakhulukazi uma isisulu sinozwela.

Imikhuba yobulungisa e-Resurection translate ithatha isinyathelo esingaphezulu, iletha izisulu, izaphula-mthetho, namalungu omphakathi ukuxoxa ngokulimala futhi avumelane ngecebo lokulungisa. Le mikhuba isetshenziswa kakhulu ezinganeni ezephula umthetho nakubugebengu obungenabudlova. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukulungisa ubulungisa kunganciphisa ukuvuselelwa kwecala futhi kwandise ukwaneliseka, kodwa akufanelekile kuzo zonke izimo futhi kudinga ukukhohliswa ngokucophelela.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Ngemva kokwahlulelwa, ummangalelwa ulondoloza amalungelo okubekela inselele ngomphumela. Isicelo esidlulisa amehlo ephutha ekuqukumbeleni isigwebo. Uma ukudluliswa kwesikhalo kwehluleka, ummangalelwa angafuna [ ukukhululeka kwe-apost [, njengokuthi i-habeas corpus, isho ukuthi i-produm (umz., usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko, ukuziphatha okubi komshushicileli). Amaphutha angafunwa njengeziqondiso ezingekho emthethweni noma ukunikeza imilawulo engekho emthethweni ekhona ukuze kukhululwe.

Inqubo yokudlulisa izicelo iwusivikeli obalulekile, kodwa ngokuvamile iyathatha kancane futhi iyabiza. Abamangalelwa abaningi abanayo imithombo yokudlulisa izikhalo ezithatha isikhathi eside, futhi iningi lezinkolelo liyasekelwa. Noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuba ukubukeza kuthonyelwe kuthinta indlela abahluleli ababheka ngayo isigwebo, bakhuthaze ukucabangisisa nokunamathela ngokucophelela emthethweni.

Isiphetho

Ukugweba kuyisigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi nesinemiphumela yesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Kuveza izindinganiso zomphakathi, kulololonga ukuphila kwezaphula-mthetho nezisulu, futhi kunezimiphumela ejulile yokuphepha komphakathi nemithombo yemali. Ngokuqonda izinjongo zokugweba, izici ezithonya izinqumo zokwahlulela, uhide lwezijeziso ezikhona, namasiko akhona, abafundi nabafundisi bangakuhlaziya kangcono ukulunga nokuphumelela kwemiphumela engokomthetho.

Lomkhakha uyaqhubeka uguqukela, ushukunyiswa ukucwaninga ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisebenzayo, ukusekela ubulungisa bezinhlanga nezomnotho, nangokushintsha isimo sengqondo somphakathi ngobugebengu nesijeziso. Kulabo abahileleke ekuhloleni noma ekusebenziseni umthetho wobugebengu, ukuhlala benolwazi ngezimiso zokugweba nezinguquko akuyona nje imfundo kuphela.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola imithombo yezokwaziswa evela ku- U.S.U. i-Seconding Commission, i- National Institute of Justice, kanye ne- [[FLT]Cornell Information.