Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States asisona nje isivulo semikhosi. Siyinhloso ehlangene, isimemezelo senhloso ehlangene, nesisekelo sefilosofi okwakhelwa kuso amaMelika. Imigomo yaso eyisithupha ebaliwe ($union, ubulungisa, ukuthula, ukuzivikela, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko (ukungalungisi okulindeleke ukuba kwenziwe uhulumeni kuphela kodwa nalokho abantu okumelwe bakusekele. Ukuqonda isiqalo sibalulekile ekuqondeni ubuhlobo obubodwa phakathi kwamalungelo emphakathi nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Isandulela Sokusakaza Ukuphila Kwesibili

I-Framers yathola ukuthi i-pregagery, eyabhalwa ngo-1787 futhi yaphumelela ngo-1789, yathatha indawo yeZigaba ezibuthakathaka ze-Confederation. Abasemgangathweni baqonda ukuthi uhlu nje lwamandla kahulumeni lwalungeke lukhuthaze ubunye noma ukwethembana. Babedinga amazwi avumelanayo ezindinganiso ezifanayo. I-Pregagery, eyabhalwa nguGouverneur Morris, iqala nge-game elinamandla " Yithi Abantu [amazwi agomela ngamabomu ukuthi igunya likahulumeni omusha lisuka ezakhamuzini, hhayi ezizweni noma emanamini. Lokhu kwakuwukusuka kwezehlakalo ezimisweni zaseYurophu zamanje.

Ngokubeka abantu esikhungweni, iPreggery imisa isivumelwano somphakathi: izakhamuzi zivumela uhulumeni ukuba uthathe umthetho, futhi ngokulandela, uhulumeni ubophekile ukuba aphishekele okuhle okuvamile. Lesivumelwano sisekela wonke amalungelo abekwe eSivumelwaneni samalungelo kanye nakuwo wonke umsebenzi obekwe ezihlokweni zamuva zoMthetho-sisekelo. I-Pregaggery ayinikezi amalungelo ngokwayo, kodwa inikeza uhlelo olungokokuziphatha lokuchaza nokusebenzisa lawomalungelo.

Abasunguli: Thina Bantu SinguMbusi

Inkulumo yokuqala yakhethwa ngokucophelela. EMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, udwebo lokuqala lwaqala ngamagama ombuso. Inguquko yokugcina, " Thina bantu base-United States," sabonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuyiqoqo lesizwe lonke, hhayi isivumelwano phakathi kwemibuso ephethe. Lokhu kwakunemiphumela ejulile yezakhamuzi: abantu babeyizikhonzi zesizwe esisodwa, futhi babethembekile e-Union ngokwayo.

James Madison, ebhala ku-[Federal:0] u-No. 46, waphawula ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni uzakusebenza ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini, hhayi ngezifundazwe. Ngakho i-Preggry ifanekisela uhulumeni ofinyelela abantu ngabanye [1] kodwa futhi odinga ukuthatha kwabo isinyathelo sokusebenza. Lona umthwalo wemfanelo wokuqala wesizwe: ukuqaphela ukuthi ubukhosi buhlala kubantu, futhi lowo hulumeni kumelwe ubekelwe icala.

Imigomo Eyisithupha: Amalungelo Aphikisana Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ngayinye yezinhloso eziyisithupha ezibekwe eSihlongozweni iveza umsebenzi ohambelanayo ngezakhamuzi. itafula lingase libonise lokhu kulinganisela:

Goal Government Obligation Citizen Responsibility
Form a more perfect union Strengthen national cohesion, resolve conflicts peacefully Participate in civic dialogue, respect diverse perspectives, reject factionalism
Establish justice Enforce laws fairly, maintain independent courts Obey laws, serve on juries, support equitable legal reform
Insure domestic tranquility Prevent internal disorder, maintain peace in communities Follow civil norms, report crime, resolve disputes without violence
Provide for the common defense Maintain armed forces, protect borders Pay taxes for defense, consider military or civilian service, support veterans
Promote the general welfare Create conditions for economic and social well-being Pay taxes, contribute to community, advocate for public goods
Secure the blessings of liberty Protect constitutional freedoms against infringement Exercise rights responsibly, defend the rights of others, oppose tyranny

Lokhu kuncintisana kuyisisekelo sokwazi izakhamuzi zaseMelika. Amalungelo awanikezwa uhulumeni; athonywa ukuzimisela kwabantu ukuthwala imithwalo yemfanelo.

Umlando: Ithonya Lesagameko Ngamalungelo Nemisebenzi

Isethulo sikhonjwe emacaleni avelele eNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba kungethukela njengomthombo oqondile wamalungelo. IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall waphawula ku Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) ukuthi iziphetho zoMthetho-sisekelo (njengoba zishiwo eGatshalweni) kumelwe zazise i-Aream Congress. Lesimiso sithi ukuchaza kuqala kuveza izinga lemibuso ebaliwe.

Phakathi nokuvuselelwa kolimi lobulungisa nenkululeko yePregagery yacelwa ngabalweli bokuvimbela futhi kamuva abameleli bamalungelo omphakathi. Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo se 144th sokuvikela okufanayo singabonwa njengokwenezenezela kokuzinikela kwePregagery ekulungeni kwabo bonke. Ngokufanayo, inkathi yeNew Deal yabona "inhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle" esetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izinhlelo ze-social Security, kusukela ku-Social Security ukuya ku-Medicare.

Ukusuka Embhalweni Kuya Esithandweni: Indlela Isethulo Esiyithonya Ngayo Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yanamuhla

I-Pregdage ayidwebi imisebenzi ethile − eyindima yezimiso kanye nendikimba eyinhloko yoMthetho-sisekelo. Nokho izimiso zayo ziqondisa ukuziphatha kwezakhamuzi nezikhulu. Njengesibonelo, " ngokomthetho" ukwahlulela ngokusemthethweni" isho isibopho sokugwema ubandlululo nokusekela isimiso somthetho esiphatha wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo. " Ukuqinisekisa ukuhleleka kwasekhaya" kusikisela ukuthi izakhamuzi kufanele zigweme izenzo ezibangela isiyaluyaluyalu futhi zisebenzele ukusingatha izimbangela eziyinhloko zengxabano, njengobumpofu nobandlululo.

Izinhlangano zanamuhla zobulungisa bezinhlanga, ukuvikela imvelo, namalungelo okuvota zivame ukubhekisela isiqalo sokungena kwezimiso zokuziphatha. Lapho abashisekeli befuna ukuba uhulumeni "azise inhlalakahle evamile," afaka isisekelo soMthetho-sisekelo. I-Pregget iba yithuluzi lokugcina uhulumeni enecala ngesithembiso sakhe.

Ukuwalahla Kwamalungelo Abantu: Lokho Okushiwo Isiqalo

Nakuba i-Pregage engawaniki ngokuqondile amalungelo, idala ukwakhiwa kwamalungelo angachuma. Inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nokunxusa kuthola ubuqiniso embonweni wesigqwithela wabantu abazinikelayo. Ngaphandle kokuzimisela inkululeko, leyonkululeko ayinasisekelo.

"Izigigaba zenkululeko" zichazwe kabanzi. INkantolo Ephakeme, ku- Kent v. Dulles (1958), yacaphuna isiqalo sokusekela ilungelo lokuya kwelinye izwe njengesici senkululeko. Muva nje, isiqalo siye sabhekiswa ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, inkululeko yokulinganisa, nemingcele yokuqapha kukahulumeni. Ukuqonda i-Pregday asiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi amalungelo azo awawona azimele kodwa ayiyo ingxenye yenkululeko engokwenhlalo.

Amalungelo Ayalinganiselwa: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuvivinya Umzimba

Isethulo esifanayo esivikela inkululeko futhi sisikisela ukuthi inkululeko ayinakuphelela. IJaji u-Orvery Wendell Holmes labhala ngodumo oludumile ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala asimvikeli umuntu ekumemezeleni okungamanga ukuthi "umlilo" enkundleni yemidlalo yemidlalo egcwele abantu. Umgomo we-Pregagery wokuthula kwasekhaya udinga ukuba amalungelo alinganiswe ngokumelene nokuphepha komphakathi. Lena imfundiso eyisisekelo kahulumeni olinganiselwe: akukho lungelo eliphelele kangangokuba ukusebenzisa kwayo kungabhubhisa izimo zomphakathi okhululekile.

Izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa amalungelo azo ngezindlela ezingawalulazi amalungelo abanye noma ukuqina komphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwenqaba inkulumo yenzondo ebangela ubudlova, ukubhikisha ngokuthula, nokuhlonipha umthetho ngisho nalapho imithetho ingathandeki. Umbono wesiqalo ‘ sokuhlangana okuphelele kakhulu ’ uyindlela yokumema isakhamuzi esikhuthele.

Isiqalo Semfundo Yamabhande Nokuphila Kwansuku Zonke

I-Pregagery ingenye yemibhalo eshiwo kaningi kakhulu ezikoleni zaseMelika. Ivela emikhosini engokwemvelo, ezindongeni zenkantolo, nasezinkulumweni zezombangazwe. Nokho ukusebenza kwayo okusebenzayo ngokuvamile akunangqondo. Ukuqondwa okujulile kwemigomo yayo eyisithupha kungaguqula imfundo yomphakathi ekuyisho ngekhanda ingabi yisiqondiso sezenzo zansuku zonke.

Ukufundisa Isiqalo Njengencwadi Ephilayo

Othisha basebenzisa kakhulu isaziso sokufundisa ukugxeka amalungelo nemisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi bangahlaziya izenzakalo zamuva nge-lens yomgomo ngamunye: Ingabe umthetho ohlongozwayo ungaba "ubulungisa"? Ingabe ubhikishelwa "ukuthula kwasekhaya"? Inqubo yentela "iletha kanjani inhlalakahle evamile"? Imibuzo enjalo ihlanganisa ibhukwana lokusungula lengxoxo yempikiswano yamanje.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza imithombo yokuhlola umongo womlando we-preset. Ngokufanayo, i- yesizwe yoMthetho-sisekelo [ inikeza amathuluzi akhokhelwayo asiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi i-Preggery ihlobene kanjani nezindaba ezithile zomthetho-mthethweni. Lemithombo ibaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthutha ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi ezingekho emthethweni.

Imikhuba Yansuku Zonke Ye - civic Iphefumlelwe Isethulo

  • Ukukhokha kunoma yiluphi ukhetho, endaweni nakuhulumeni. Isimemezelo sePreggery sokuya "kwakha isibopho esiphelele kakhulu" sidinga izakhamuzi ukukhetha abaholi abazothuthukisa ubulungisa nenhlalakahle evamile.
  • Ungazi lutho ngezindaba zomphakathi. Ukhetho olunolwazi lubalulekile "ekuqhubeni phambilini inhlalakahle evamile" Funda imithombo yezindaba eminingi, uqinisekise amaqiniso, futhi uhileleke ngemibono ehlukene.
  • Izenzo ezinjalo zinezela ekuthuleni kwasekhaya nasebuhleni obuvamile.
  • [[[QURT:0] hlonipha umthetho. Lalela imithetho, ukhokhe izintela, futhi ukhonze emajajini lapho ebizwa. Lokhu kusekela "umthetho omisiwe" kanye "indlela yokuthula" nemigomo yasekhaya.
  • [ lungisa amalungelo abanye. khuluma ngokucwasa nokungabi nabulungisa. Izibusiso zenkululeko" zilondeke kuphela uma zonke izakhamuzi zijabulela ukulingana.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kokweyisa Kwale Ngaphambano

Alikho idokhumende eliphelele, futhi isaziso siye safakwa ekuhlohlwani. Inkulumo ethi " Thina bantu" ekuqaleni sakhipha abesifazane, ama-Afrikaan agqilaziwe, namaMelika Omdabu, phakathi kwezinye. Ukuyekelela koMthetho-sisekelo ebugqilini kuhluke kakhulu olimini oluphezulu lobulungisa nenkululeko. Lokhu kucindezela kuye kwabhebhebhethekisa amakhulu eminyaka ukulwa kokuqonda izifiso zabo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Kodwa i-Pregagery’s Deary ivumela ukuba ibe yincwadi ephilayo. IziNguqulo zeshumi elinesihlanu, 19, kanye nezingamashumi amabili namashumi amabili zandisa izivumelwano zalabo ababengadibekile. Umthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 ne-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 wawuzama ukwenza isithembiso se-Pregangedge sibe yiqiniso. Ukulwela amalungelo alinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kuyaqhubeka umsebenzi wokwakha isibopho esiphelele.

Ukuhlanganisa "Izinhlalo Ezivamile" u-Claus

Inkulumo [[QLT:0]" iguqula inhlalakahle evamile" iye yaba isikhungo sokuphikisana ngobukhulu nangobukhulu bukahulumeni. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ivumela ukusebenza okubanzi kukahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zezenhlalo. Abanye bagcizelela ukuthi kumelwe ifundwe kancane, ilinganiselwe emandleni alinganiselwe. Lengxoxo ayikona nje ukufundwa kwemfundo; ihlela inkambiso yempilo, imfundo, izisekelo, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Izakhamuzi eziyiqonda kahle le nhlokwana zingazifaka ezingxoxweni ngokuphumelelayo. Zingahlaziya izimpikiswano ezivela nhlangothi zombili: ingabe isimiso esihlongozwayo siyithuthukisa ngempela inhlalakahle yabo bonke, noma ingabe sizuzisa iqembu elithile ngokulahlekelwa abanye?

Ukuhlanganisa Isiqalo Nemizabalazo Yanamuhla

Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano yobulungisa yesimo sezulu iphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela indawo ezungezile kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni inhlalakahle engokwenhlalayenza futhi kulondolozwe izibusiso zenkululeko ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Abaxhasi bakhomba idili lapho befuna ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulungisa isimo sezulu, beqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni unesibopho sokuvikela okuhle okuvamile.

Ngokufanayo, abameleli bobulungisa banxusa ukuguqula ukwahlulela ngokulunga emgomweni wokumisa ubulungisa. Baqokomisa ukungalingani kwezimiso zamaphoyisa, ukugweba, nokuboshwa okululaza umbono wesigqebhezana. imizamo yabo izama ukulungisa ukwehluleka komlando okuye kwashiya imiphakathi eminingi ingenayo ekwakheni "izibopho zenkululeko."

Izinhlangano zamalungelo evoter, njenge Center for Justice , caphuna isiqalo sokuphikisa ukuthi idemokrasi kumelwe isuse izithiyo ebhokisini le-colot. Isenzo sokuvota ngokwaso siwukugcwaliseka kwesibopho sokuhlanganyela ekuzithatheni icala ngokwaso.

Ithonya Lezehlongozo Zezizwe Zonke

Isimiso se-Pregagery − amazwi ezinjongo alandelwa uhlu lwemigomo − aye athonya eminye imithetho-sisekelo eminingi. Izizwe kusukela eNdiya kuya eJalimane ziye zamukela izingeniso eziveza izindinganiso ezifanayo kanye nezifiso zabantu bazo. Le nguquko yomhlaba wonke igcizelela amandla ahlala njalo olimi nemiqondo ye-Pregnary.

Izakhamuzi eUnited States zingaziqhenya ngalelifa, kodwa futhi ziqaphele ukuthi isiqalo asiyona into eyimfihlo. kuyinselele esizukulwaneni ngasinye ukuchaza izimiso zaso uma kucatshangelwa amaqiniso akhona amanje. Lokhu kuchazwa kabusha okuqhubekayo nakho kuwumthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo: Ukuvuselela Isiqalo Sokuphila Kwesibili

Ukuhlanganisa izifiso ze - Predge in the akufunekanga iziqu zomthetho.

  • Funda iGama njalo. Ukulicaphuna emihlanganweni yomphakathi, emibuthanweni yesikole, noma ngisho nasemini yomkhaya kungaqinisa izindinganiso zalo.
  • Sebenzisa isiqalo njengesimiso sokwenza izinqumo. Lapho uhlola umlandeli noma inkambiso, buza: Ingabe lokhu kuthuthukisa ubulungisa? Ingabe kuthuthukisa ukuthula kwasekhaya? Ingabe kuvikela inkululeko kubo bonke?
  • [ Ukuxoxa ngenkulumo yomphakathi. Isimemezelo sesehlo sokwakha isibopho esiphelele sisho ukuthi ukungavumelani kungaba ngcono. Lalela imibono ephikisayo, uphikisane ngenhlonipho, futhi ufune isisekelo esivumelanayo.
  • Imfundo yomphakathi. Zivolontile ukufundisa isiqalo sezikole, imitapo, noma izikhungo zomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Isikhungo se-CPICOP Education[ inikeza izifundo ezenza izimiso zomthetho-mthethweni zifinyeleleke kuzo zonke izinkathi.
  • uhulumeni ubeke icala. Isaziso asisiyo nje kuphela izakhamuzi. Izikhulu eziphakanyisiwe nezisebenzi zomphakathi nazo ziboshelwa yimigomo yazo. Bhala kubameleli, ulalele izikhalo zomphakathi, futhi usebenzise amathuluzi angokomthetho anjenge Freedom of Information Act ukuqinisekisa izenzo zikahulumeni ngokuvumelana nezithembiso ze-Pregdage.

Isiphetho: Isandulela njengobizo Oluqhubekayo Lwesenzo

I-Pregagery ayiyona isithembiso esingokomlando. Liyisithembiso esiphilayo sokuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselelwe. Imigomo yaso eyisithupha ayifezeki ngokuzenzekelayo; idinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo esakhamuzini ngasinye., ukukhonza emajajini, ukukhokha intela, ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye, nokuhlanganyela enkonzweni yomphakathi akuyona indlela yokuzenzakalela.

Uma amaMelika eqonda isiqalo sesiqalo sesisekelo samalungelo awo omphakathi nemithwalo yemfanelo, aba yizisulu ezingekho emthethweni. Baba abasunguli abahlangene besibopho esiphelele. Amagama eSingeniso (" thina bantu"[[FLT]]] `awusona isimemo; [awuyisimemo]. Umsebenzi wokuphendula ukuthi isimemo sisesakhamuzi ngasinye esithanda inkululeko nobulungisa kubo bonke.