Umlando Wencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

I - Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - December 15, 1791, ingenye yezincwadi ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wesintu.

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo uthunyelwa ezifundazweni ukuze uvume ngo-1787-1788, kwaqubuka impikiswano eshubile phakathi kwabaqondisi bezwe, ababesekela uhlelo olusha lukahulumeni, kanye nabashisekeli be-Anti-Fedalist, ababesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla wayezozicindezela izikhulu ezizuzwe eNguqukweni yaseMelika. Abalwi be-Federali baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle komthetho wamalungelo, uhulumeni ekugcineni wawuyothatha imibuso enobushiqela, wandisa kanye ukuxhaphaza okwakulwiwe amakoloni ayelwe ukuphuma kuwo.

Imihlangano eminingana egunyaza imibuso, ikakhulukazi leyo yaseMassachusetts, eVirginia, naseNew York, yagunyaza isithembiso sokuthi izinguquko zaziyokwenezelwa ukuvikela amalungelo abantu abathile. Lokhu kucindezela kwezombangazwe kwaveza umphumela ophindiwe: uMthetho - sisekelo wagunyazwa, kodwa ngokuqonda ukuthi ingcaphuno yamalungelo yayizolandela.

Umqhudelwano Omelene Nezilwane Olwayo Wezincwadi Zamalungelo

Abalwi be-Antifereralist babengayiqembu elilodwa elihlangene kodwa babeqoqe abaholi abavelele kuhlanganise noPatrick Henry, uGeorge Mason noRichard Henry Lee. Banyathelisa uchungechunge lwezindaba manje ezaziwa ngokuthi u-Anti-Federalist Papers[, eyaxwayisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wanika umongameli amandla amaningi kakhulu noMkhandlu kuyilapho ushiya izakhamuzi zingavikelekile. UGeorge Mason, owenqabayo ukusayina uMthetho-sisekelo ePhiladelphia Convention, wamemezela ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivumelwano samalungelo, incwajana yayingenamkhawulo.

UPatrick Henry, emhlanganweni waseVirginia, wanikeza izinkulumo ezivusa amadlingozi zokuvikela okucacile ezithi uhulumeni kahulumeni uyovumela ukuba ubhubhise ubukhosi bombuso nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ithonya lalamazwi alinakushiwo ngokweqile; ukuphikelela kwabo ekulungiseni isimiso somthetho - sisekelo.

ISimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu SaseVirginia Namanye Amathonya

I-George Mason’s Isimemezelo samalungelo , esamukelwa ngoJune 1776, sasebenza njengesilinganisi esiyinhloko se-Bill of Rights. Lencwadi ivikela ngokucacile inkululeko yokunyathelisa, yenkululeko engokwenkolo, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, nesivikelo ekumelaneni nesijeziso esinzima. Umsebenzi kaMason, wathathwa kuyiMangle Bill of Rights ka 1689, iMagna Carta, nefilosofi ekhanyiselwe nge-Linguauniose, njengoJohn Locke noMontesquie.

UThomas Jefferson, nakuba ayekhonza njengesikhonzi eFrance phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuhlaziywa, walondoloza iposi elinamandla noJames Madison. UJefferson wagcizelela ngokuqinile ukuthi "incwadi yamalungelo abantu iwulungelo lokuba bamelane nawo wonke uhulumeni emhlabeni." Izincwadi zakhe zaseParis zasiza ekuthonyeni uMadison ukuba alwele ukulungisa lapho kuhlangana iSishaya-Mkhandlu sokuqala.

Imifanekiso Eyinhloko Ekudalweni Kwencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

  • [[FLT: 0] Jacob Madison: Ekuqaleni bengabaza ukuthi ingcaphuno yamalungelo idingekile, uMadison wavela njengethonya elishukumisayo ngemva kokulungisa. Wakhetha futhi wahlela ngokucophelela izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka 200 ezihlongozwayo zemihlangano ehlongozwayo evela kuhulumeni yokuhlanganisa izintambo zemihlangano yaba yiziyishumi nambili ezavunyelwa yiziKhomishane. Ishumi elagunyazwa yimibuso laba iSivumelo Samalungelo Abantu.
  • George Mason: ISimemezelo sakhe saseVirginia samaLungelo sanikeza isisekelo sefilosofi senguquko. Mason wenqaba ukusayina uMthetho-sisekelo ngoba wawungenalo incwadi yamalungelo, isikhundla esabonakala silungile.
  • Thomas Jefferson: Ngezincwadi zakhe ezivela eFrance, uJefferson wasebenzisa ithonya elibalulekile kuMadison. Ukuphikelela kwakhe kokuthi inkululeko idinga isivikelo esicacile kwasiza ekulolongeni kokugcina kwemiphetho.
  • Ragoger Sherman: Njengelungu lendlu yabameleli, uSherman wasiza ekuxoxisaneni ngendlela yokugcina yezinguquko, ephikisa ngempumelelo ukuthi kufanele zijongiswe kuMthetho-sisekelo kunokuba zihlanganiswe embhalweni.

Izinqumo Eziyishumi: Ukuhlaziya Okunemininingwane

IBhili of Rights yakha izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States. Lezi zinguquko zikhuluma ngamalungelo athile nokulinganiselwa okukhethekile emandleni kahulumeni, zakha uhlelo oluye lwaqondisa umthetho waseMelika amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo sokuqala simisa inkululeko ebalulekile encike kuyo idemokrasi yaseMelika: inkolo, inkulumo, iphephandaba, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Sithi "Ikhorathi ngeke lenze umthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.""

Izigaba ezimbili zenkolo zisebenza ndawonye. Ukuvikela u-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba adale inkolo engokomthetho noma akhethe enye phezu kwenye. Inkululeko yokuqhuba u-Claus [ ivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi okusebenzisa izinkolelo zazo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nguhulumeni. Izenzakalo ezifana [[FLT:] Engel v. Vital [[FLT:] [562]], enqabela isikole sezesikole sezezenkantolo, iyaqhubeka iveza ukuphikisana komphakathi ngobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kwenkolo nohulumeni.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma mhlawumbe iyinkululeko eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ephikiswana kakhulu ngakwesokudla. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula iqoqo lemfundiso elicebile elihlukanisa phakathi kwenkulumo evikelwe (inkulumo yezombangazwe, imisebenzi yobuciko, inkulumo engokomfanekiso) kanye nezigaba ezingavikelekile (ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, amagama okulwa). Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]] isinqumo samanje esinquma ukuthi inkulumo ingabekwa imingcele uma iqondiswa ekuvusenzweni kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho okuseduze futhi kungenzeka ukuba iveze isenzo esinjalo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "Izinqumo ezibekwe kahle eziqondiswe kahle ku-Militia, njengoba zidingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke liphazanyiswe." Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, inguquko yachazwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kwamabutho ahleliwe. Nokho, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme [ku- [ilungelo] leFilupea i-Heller[2008] [[FLT] [2002]] kanye [McDonald v.[FLT] [20]) yasungula ukuthi i-dendelth facelm] umuntu ngamunye ukuba abe nezibhamu zezinjongo ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi ezisemthethweni.

Le mithetho ayikayixazululi impikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe. Imibuzo isekhona ngokuphathelene nemithetho engokomthetho evimbela izinhlobo ezithile zezikhali, izimfuneko zobudala, izikhathi zokulinda, nezinqumo zesizinda.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamasosha

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba amasosha athatha ingxenye yesine emakhaya abantu ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini-khaya. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kubekwe izikhalo ezinkantolo zanamuhla, lesi simemezelo sikhuluma ngezikhalazo ezithile zempi yaseBrithani ngokumelene nemikhuba yamakoloni ngaphansi kwezEnzo zeMisebenzi. Sibonisa isimiso esikhulu sokuthi amakhaya ayizindawo ezizimele ezivikelwe ekuphangweni uhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi "ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka" futhi siveza ukuthi izivumelwano kumelwe zisekelwe yisizathu okungenzeka futhi zichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okuzoseshwa kuyo futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Lokhu kuhlenga kubangela ukulahlwa okukhulu ezicaleni zobugebengu, njengoba izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho zihlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zomthetho.

Izinselele zanamuhla zigxile ekuzinzeni kwe-apply. INkantolo Ephakeme idlulisele isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine emininingwaneni yocingo, i-GPS, kanye nolunye ubuchwepheshe. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuphenya okuqukethwe ucingo ngaphandle kwemvume, iqaphela ukuthi lemishini inemininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izivikelo eziningi kubantu abasesimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Siqinisekisa ukumangalelwa okukhulu kobugebengu obungathi sína, sivimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili, sivikela ekuzichaseni, futhi siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho. inikeza u-Clause futhi ifuna uhulumeni ukuba akhokhe imbuyiselo lapho ethatha impahla yomuntu ukuze asetshenziswe umphakathi.

Ilungelo lokuzihlukanisa mhlawumbe liyisici esijwayelekile seSichibiyelo sesihlanu, esidume ngokucaciswa ezixwayisweni ezifunekayo ngemva Mira / v. Arizona [66]. Inqubo efanele, ngesikhathi esifanayo, iye yachazwa njengenhlanganise zombili izivikelo ze-procedtural (izinqubo ze-pine ezisemicikilisweni engokomthetho) kanye nesivikelo esingaphansi (ilungelo elingokwezimo ezingokomthetho uhulumeni ongakwazi ukulibeka).

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISichibiyelo seSihlanu siqinisekisa ukumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu okusheshayo nomphakathi okwenziwa yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokwazi izimangalo ababekwa zona, ukumangalela ofakazi, ukuphoqelela ubufakazi ukuba bavume, nokuba neseluleko esingokomthetho. Ilungelo leseluleko lanwetshwa kakhulu Gideon v. Wainright [1963], okudingeka ukuba kunikezwe abameli abangenamandla okunikeza abamangalelwa abangenakubathenga emacaleni angosini.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo seSembete silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo enkantolo yomphakathi lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kwamaRandi angamashumi amabili. Sinikeza futhi ukuthi amaqiniso anqunywe yijaji awanakuphinde ahlolwe ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile. Lokhu kulungisa, okungenye yezinga elincane kakhulu ezindaweni, kubonisa inkolelo yomsunguli wenkolelo yokuthi amajaji ezakhamuzi ayiziphetho ezibalulekile ekwahluleleni.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile. Umthetho owenqabela isijeziso sonya nesangavamile uye waba yisici esiyinhloko sokuphikisana ngesijeziso sentambo, izimo zasejele, nesigwebo sezingane ezephula umthetho. Roper v. Simmons[ [2005] [iNkantolo], isekela ukuthi ukubulala abantu ababengaphansi kweshumi elinesishiyagalombili ngesikhathi sobugebengu babo buphula iSiphendulo Sezi Sesishiyagalombili.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni akunakusetshenziswa ukuphika ukuthi amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu akhona. Lokhu kulungisa kwaklanyelwa ukuvuselela impikiswano ephikisayo kaFederali yokuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo kungasho ukuthi wonke amanye amalungelo alahlekile. Kuye kwacashunwa ezindabeni ezihilela ukuzimela, ukuzikhethela komzimba, kanye nezinye inkululeko eziyisisekelo ezingashiwonga ngokuqondile embhalweni.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe samandla esiBuyiselo asizange sinikezwe uhulumeni kahulumeni noma abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kubonisa umbono womsunguli wegunya likahulumeni elilinganiselwe futhi uye waba umsekeli wempikiswano ngohulumeni kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iSichibiyelo seshumi leSichibiyelo emacaleni anjenge New York v. United States ukulinganisela ikhono leSishaya-Hulumeni lokuyala izishaya-mthetho noma izikhulu zesikhulu.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana: Ukusebenzisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu E - United States

Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, iBill of Rights yasetshenziswa kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Izwe lalikhululekile ukumisa izinkolo ezingokomthetho, ukubeka inkulumo elinganiselwe, nokuziphatha ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kwashintsha ngokuthatha imfundiso evumelanayo [, eyasebenzisa izivikelo zeGeneral zelungelo ezizweni nge-State Procession Clause of the Indation.

Le nqubo yaqala Gitlow v. New York (1925), eyasebenzisa iziphetho zokukhuluma zokuqala ezizweni, futhi yashesha phakathi kwenkathi yeKwarren Court ka 1960. Namuhla, cishe wonke amalungiselelo eBill of Rights aye ahlanganiswa nezifundazwe, adala isakhiwo sesizwe esisodwa esinesilinganiso esifanayo samalungelo.

Izimpawu Zenkantolo Ephakeme Ezichaza Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

IBhili of Rights iye yalolongwa izizukulwane zencazelo yokwahlulela. Amanye amacala alandela iNkantolo Ephakeme kakhulu ahlanganisa:

  • [FLT] Marbury v. Madison (1803): emisiwe ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, inikeza izinkantolo amandla okuqeda imithetho ephula umthetho, kuhlanganise neBill of Rights.
  • Gitlow v. New York (1925): Wasebenzisa inkululeko yokuthula yokuqala yenkulumo ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, waqalisa imfundiso ehlanganisayo.
  • [FLT] Mapp v.Oo (1961): Wasebenzisa umthetho weSichibiyelo sesine owembulwayo ezizweni, udinga ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungemthetho ukuze ukhishwe enkantolo.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]: amazwe afunekayo ukunikeza izigebengu ezimangalelwayo ezingakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli kuzo zonke izenzakalo zecala.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): yamisa imfuneko yokuba amaphoyisa asole amalungelo awo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume.
  • . [[FLT] [1903]] waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokwethula ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane], nakuba icala laphendulwa Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022]).
  • I-Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008): waqaphela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezibhamu zokuzithathela izibhamu ngaphansi kweSigqizo sesibili.

Ukuvuna Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

I - Bill of Rights ayiyona incwadi engokomlando kodwa iwumbhalo ophilayo oqhubeka ulolonga ukuphila kwaseMelika.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwamanani Nesichibiyelo Sesine

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki sibhekene nezinselele ezingakaze zibonwe enkathini yobuchwepheshe. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa ngemishini yobuchwepheshe, nokusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kuphakamisa imibuzo ebuzayo ngokuthi ikuphi "phenya" nalapho kufunwa izivumelwano. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Carpenteer v. United States [2018], esidinga isiqinisekiso semininingwane yendawo yocingo, izimpawu zokuthi iNkantolo ivumelanisa imfundiso yeSine sezekelele kubuchwepheshe banamuhla.

Ukukhuluma Okukhululekile Nemithombo Yezindaba

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sibhekene nezinselele zokuvela kwezindawo zezokuxhumana ezilawula izinkulumo zeningi. Imibuzo ephathelene nokulinganisela kwenkulumo, ukukhucululwa kwemithetho yemithetho nendima yamapulatifomu angawodwa akhulumayo iye yahlukanisa izinkantolo nabamisi - mthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikayinqume ngokugcwele indlela izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala Esisemthethweni ezisebenza ngayo emapulatifomuni ezokuxhumana.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili EMelika Yanamuhla

Impikiswano yamalungelo ezikhali iyaqhubeka ibangela ukuphikisana okukhulu kwezombangazwe nomthetho. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme e- eNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], eyabulala imingcele yaseNew York efihlekile ephethe umthetho, sivule izinselele ezintsha kuhulumeni nakumthetho wezibhamu wendawo. Izinkantolo ezisezansi manje ziphikisana nendlela yokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kweBruen, okudinga ukuhlolwa ukuthi iziqondiso zezibhamu ziyavumelana yini nemithetho engokomlando yesizwe yemithetho yezikhali.

Ubulungisa Besigebengu Buyashintsha Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Izimpikiswano ngokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa, nokulingana kwezinhlanga esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu zihlanganisa ngokuqondile iSimemezelo samalungelo abantu. ISiphazamiso sesihlanu, seSihlanu, sesithupha, nese-8 zonke zinikeza amathuluzi okubekela inselele ukugcinwa komthetho nesijeziso. Abalweli bomthetho nezazi bayaqhubeka bephikisa ngokuthi isithembiso esigcwele salezisivikelo asifezekanga kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ukufundisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Ukuqonda iBhili Lamalungelo kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi.

  • Ukufunda okusekelwe ku-Asethi: ukuhlaziya amacala angempela eNkantolo Ephakeme kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ezimpikiswaneni zangempela. Imivuzo evela ezingxenyeni ezinjenge i-Oyez Project[ inikeza izinto ezibanzi zokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Imibono kanye nempikiswano:[[FLT] ukuqulwa kwe-Mock nohlelo lwezimemo kuvumela abafundi ukuba bazibonele ngokwabo izingxabano phakathi kwamalungelo ancintisanayo nezithakazelo zikahulumeni.
  • Umthombo wobuhlakani: Ukufunda u-Federalist no-Anti-Federalist Papers, kanye nezimpikiswano eMkhandlwini wokuqala, kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde umongo wokuqala we-Bill of Rights.
  • Connects commotery:[ ihlanganisa amalungiselelo angokomlando ezenzakalo zamanje abonisa abafundi ukuthi iBhili lamaLungelo lihlala libalulekile ekuphileni kwabo.
  • [[QUTY:0] Isivumelwano somjovo: Imema amajaji, abameli, nezikhulu zomthetho zokuqapha ukuxoxa ngendlela iBhili lamaLungelo elimisa ngayo umsebenzi wabo linikeza izimo eziwusizo.

Isiphetho

IBill of Rights iyincwadi eyisisekelo echaza ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba isakhamuzi saseMelika. Izinguquko zaso eziyishumi zimisa uhlelo lwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye eye yasinda ezimpini, ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, nakuzo zonke izinhlelo zezobuchwepheshe. Nakuba ukuchazwa kwalamalungelo kuye kwavela, isimiso esiyisisekelo sisasele: uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze abantu, hhayi ukubalawula, futhi amalungelo athile abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba akukho noyedwa ongabasusa.

Izakhamuzi zonke zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqonda iBill of Rights, hhayi njengencwadi engokomlando engabonakali kodwa njengencwadi ephilayo yenkululeko. Ngokwazi amalungelo ethu, singawavikela kangcono lapho esongelwa futhi ewasebenzisa ngendlela ehloniphekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. IBhill of Rights ayizibopheleli; ixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezithembisene eziyobheka uhulumeni njengesibopho senkululeko isizukulwane esisunguliwe esibekwe eMthethweni.

Ukuze ifundeke ngokwengeziwe, izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza umbhalo ogcwele nesizinda esingokomlando, kuyilapho i- Constitution Center yesizwe [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe kokulungisa ngakunye kanye necala leNkantolo ebaluleke kakhulu elizichazayo.