Isizinda Nokwehla Kwemisebe Engokomlando

I-Bill of Rights yayingeyona ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala owamiswa ngo-1787. Izikhulu eziningi ze-Anti-Federalist zaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni omusha wawuyoba namandla amakhulu kakhulu ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuze avikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, uJames Madison wahlongoza uchungechunge lwezinguquko eMkhandlwini wokuqala. Lezi zathathwa ngo-1791 futhi zaba izinguquko zokuqala zokuqala eziyishumi kumthetho-Mpathi. I-Bill of Rights yayisebenza kuhulumeni wombuso kuphela, kodwa ngeSiphendulo se-Grandementation i-Id Treast, eziningi zesivikelo sayo zafakwa ekusebenzeni ngokumelene nombuso nohulumeni wendawo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ikhorali Lenkululeko Yentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko emihlanu eyisisekelo: inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, imisakazo, ukuhlangana, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayipheleli. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi izigaba ezithile zenkulumo − njengokugqugquzela ukuthathelwa phambili kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza, nokusongela kweqiniso − ayivikelekile. Indinganiso yokukhuthaza impoqo yabekwa Brandenburg v. [[ [[69]] [69] [69], okufuna ukuba inkulumo iqhutyelwe ukukhuthaza noma ukwenza isenzo sokungabi namthetho owenzi" futhi “cishe ibangele isenzo esinjalo sokukhuthaza noma ukuveza isenzo esinjalo.” Inkantolo ivikela inkulumo engokomfanekiso, njengokushiswa kwefulegi ([FLT:]]]. Johnson v, 1989, futhi isebenzisa okuqukethwe ngokuqinile ekuvinjeni okuqinile.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili zenkolo: ukumiswa kukaClaus no-Free Execree Claus. Ukumiswa kuka-Claus kwenqabela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma ukusekela enye inkolo ngokungafanele kunenye. I-Free Expressifice Claus ivikela amalungelo abantu okuqhuba inkolo yabo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme i-Emplicydition v. Smith [1990]) ikholelwa ukuthi ukungathathi umthetho ovimbela ukuthatha uhlangothi, ngokuvamile owenqabela ukuviswa kwenkolo ukuvinjwa kokunga u-Free Expressice Claus, kodwa uKhomisha waphendula ngenkolo yenkululeko (RRA) ukubuyisa isivikelo esikhulu. Izimo zamanje zihilela ukuthandaza komphakathi, ukuboniswa kwempahla nemithetho emelene nokuvikelwa kwemithetho enqandayo.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

I-pager ephephayo ivikela imithombo yezindaba ekuvimbeleni okungako ngaphambili ("FLT:0] kakhulu ku-Nearbourne v. Minnesota [1931]) kanye ne-New York Times Co. v. United States] [19971], i-Pentagon Papers ivikela ukuhlakanipha komhleli, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba, nemithombo yezindaba, nakuba iNkanto eqaphele ingembalwa yesivikelo sesizwe nesemibalelwa-zindaba. Ngokukhula kwezemidiya, izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zihlanganisa ukuthi ama-Pentagon ehloko ehlo izihloko ezivamile kanye nezingasese zezindaba zezindaba, nokulingana nemithombo yomphakathi.

Ilungelo Lokuhlangana Ngokuthula Nesicelo

Lamalungelo avikela ukubhikisha, ukumasha, imibuthano, nemizamo yokuthonya isimiso sikahulumeni. Uhulumeni ungabeka imingcele enengqondo, indawo, nezindlela zokukhetha, kodwa futhi akanakukhetha ngokusekelwe embonweni. Isigqebhezana soMhlangano sisekela futhi sihlanganise ilungelo lokusungula nokujoyina izibopho, kuhlanganise nezinyunyana zezisebenzi namaqembu ezombangazwe. Isimemezelo seSikhalazo sivumela abantu ukuba bamangalele uhulumeni futhi bafune izikhalo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lomuntu Ngamunye Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: “Izinqumo ezilawulwa kahle kuMphini, ezidingekile ekulondekeni kukaZwe elikhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha iziXhobo, ngeke ziphazanyiswe.” Emlandweni weMelika, incazelo yalokhu kulungisa yaphikiswana kakhulu. Izinqumo zeSikhungo esiwuphawulo [iSikhungo seNkantolo] [iSikhundla esiphezulu] [iSikhulu:0]] iHeller [[FLT] [2008] [ne] futhi [[FLT] [[FLD] v] ne-'umcrald v. imed, imekthi yeChicagon [[[FLT] engokomthetho] eyingozi, ivulile ukuthi ukuvikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezibhamu lokuzibulala, kokubili, futhi ngalé, ngaphandle kweNkantombalo yemithetho engokomthetho eyingozi, ngokwezinye yezikhali, kanye nezinhla, i-Rhobomu, i-U.[4]

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikela Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kube okunengqondo futhi ngokuvamile kusekelwe entweni elindelekile, eholela ekufuneni imvume yokwahlulela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqopha izimpawu eziningi ezihlukile ezidingweni: ukuvuma, umbono ocacile, izimo, ukumisa ama-lectry, ukuhlola izenzakalo zokuboshwa, nokuquleka kwemoto. Umthetho wokususa, osungulwe . [[FLT:] [[FLT] [1961]] [1961], iziviyo ethola ubufakazi bokuphulwa kweSichibiyelo sesine sokusetshenziswa enkantolo. Ubuchwepheshe buye banwebe ngokuphawulekayo imicimbi ye-Gaze-Grametersting. [FLD2] CPreeter, i-octivession eqaphela i-octivesting.[FFFF] [5] [20] [20], i-equm], i-equoctived promotectived travoms engokomthetho engoko e

Izinqumo Zesihlanu Nezesithupha: Inqubo Efanele Nokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

Zizonke, iziHlumulo zesihlanu nezeSihlanu ziqinisekisa amalungelo abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sihlanganisa ilungelo lokuthatha inkantolo enkulu (ukuze kubekwe amacala kahulumeni), ukunqatshelwa kwesinqumo esinengozi ephindwe kabili, ilungelo lokumelene nozenza, nemfuneko yenqubo efanele. “Mandanda isixwayiso esijwayelekile sokuhlala uthule kanye nelungelo lokuhlala ummeli ("isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme) esivela imanda v. , okudingeka ukuba kuqashelwe lamalungelo ngaphambi kokuncishwa kwemvume. Ukukhipha izigebeko okuthiwe ngokomthetho kuvikela futhi inqubo ka-Clausscleascle noma imithetho eyimfihlo (FLT:0] [irightaceptions] v.Arizona ze-Greastrienter) lapho kusetshenziswa intellic (iends) uhulumeni ozimele ukuze kusetshenziswe umphakathi.

The Sixth Amendment provides the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury in the district where the crime occurred. It also guarantees the right to be informed of the charges, to confront and subpoena witnesses, and to have the assistance of counsel for one’s defense. The right to counsel was extended to all felony defendants in state courts in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). The Court has since held that effective representation is required, and that the right applies to any case that could result in a loss of liberty, including misdemeanors. A speedy trial is measured by a balancing test from Barker v. Wingo (1972), weighing the length of delay, reason for delay, the defendant’s assertion of the right, and prejudice.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Ukuvikela Isijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile

ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nengavamile. “umthetho kanye negama elingajwayelekile kusetshenziswa kakhulu esigwebweni sokufa. Furman v. Georgia[[], iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala imithetho yesigwebo sokufa njengoba isetshenziswa ngendlela ewubuhlungu nengavamile. Ngemva kokuhlela imithetho yayo, iNkantolo yasekela imithetho emisha [[FLT]] v. [[FLT:][FFF:3]][F][5].[5] [empe, futhi iziphethu] iziculo eziningi.[FFose] [edum], ingunyu enzima.[19][19]

Izinqumiso Zesi - 19 Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Angenazo Iziphazamiso Namandla Ka - United States

ISichibiyelo Sendida

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni womthetho akunakuthathwa njengokuphika noma ukulahla abanye abantu. Kwahlanganiswa ukuxoxa ngokukhathazeka kokuthi ukuhlelwa kwamanye amalungelo kungase kusho ukuthi amanye amalungelo awakho. INkantolo Ephakeme yakhomba iSichibiyelo se-Genetic emacaleni ayisisekelo ahilela amalungelo angahlelwanga ngokuqondile, njengamalungelo emfihlo ([ [Grislold v.Connecticut[[FL:1], 1965]) kanye nelungelo lobuqotho bomzimba ([ Roev.[FLT] v.[FLT], [3], owasebenzisa izimendezinsu ezika-Geneticivesting'ie projectives Clausscs kodwa ngokucabanga okuncindiliziwe). I-19666) ihlala isisekelo sokuqaphela imvume esichazwe ngokusemthethweni, ukuhlanganisa nokuzibopha kwezingane, ukuhlanganisa izingane zomuntu siqu, kanye nezinqulumo zomuntu siqu.[[FL

ISichibiyelo Seshumi

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcine wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezindaweni noma kubantu. Lokhu kulungisa kuqinisa isimiso sombuso futhi kubeke imingcele yokufinyelela amandla kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iSichibiyelo seshumi leSiphakamiso ukuze ikhiphe imithetho kahulumeni egunyaza umthetho noma izikhulu zesikhulu zikahulumeni (njengesibonelo), New York v. United States [1] [1] ne[FLT] Primpz. United States[FL:3] (1997). Inikeza futhi isisekelo semibango yezonyango engokwempilo, imfundo, nomthetho.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho

IBhili of Rights ayiyona nje incwadi yomlando; iyisivikelo esiphilayo ongasisebenzisa nsuku zonke. Nazi izindlela eziwusizo zokusebenzisa amalungelo akho ezimweni ezifanayo:

  • Izenzo kanye nokugcinwa komthetho. Unelungelo lokuthula nokwenqaba ukuseshwa. Ungabuza uma ukhululekile ukuba uhambe. Uma uboshiwe, unelungelo kummeli. Ungalwi nokuboshwa, ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphuliwe. Hlala uzolile, sho ngokucacile ukuthi usebenzisa amalungelo akho, futhi ucele ummeli.
  • Izindawo zokuhlola nokuhlangana komphakathi. Unelungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula futhi ukhulume ingqondo yakho. Awudingi imvume yokuhamba emigwaqweni yezinyawo noma emapaki (amankembe imvume ingadingeka ukuze kube nezenzakalo ezinkulu noma umsindo okhulisiwe). Uma amaphoyisa ekhipha uhlelo lokusakaza, landela kodwa phawula ukuthi akudingeki ushiye i-authonsi; ungahamba uye endaweni eseduze. Gwema ukuvala izimoto noma izinkonzo zesikhashana.
  • Izikhulu zomphakathi. Unelungelo lokuqopha amaphoyisa ezindaweni zomphakathi uma nje ungaphazamisi umsebenzi wawo. Izinkantolo eziningi ziye zaqaphela ukuthi ukuqopha kuvikelwa yiSichibiyelo sokuqala ilungelo lokuhlanganisa izindaba. Bheka imithetho yendawo, kodwa ezindaweni eziningi ukuthwebula amafilimu kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho.
  • Ukuvota nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. [ISigqizo Sokuqala] iSiphakamiso samalungelo, sivikela ilungelo lakho lokuvota, ukungenela isikhundla, nokuhlangana namaqembu ezombangazwe. Imithetho yoMbuso iyahlukahluka ngezimfuneko ze-ID yevoti kanye nezinsuku zokubhalisa, ngakho qiniseka ukuthi uyayiqonda imithetho esifundazweni sakho.
  • [ Ukuziqeqesha kobunkolo. Ungaqhuba inkolo yakho ngokukhululekile, kodwa indawo yokuhlala ingadinga ukulinganisela nezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi (isingathi, imithetho yezempilo, i-antirdenticrinity system). Uma ubhekene nempi, hlola usizo olungokomthetho noma izinhlangano ezigxile kakhulu enkulungweni engokwenkolo.

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aye ephulwa, bhala kahle lesi senzakalo: Bhala konke okukhumbulayo, qoqa ukwaziswa kokufakaza, futhi ulondoloze noma yibuphi ubufakazi obuqoshiwe noma obungokoqobo.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Okujule Kakhulu

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngeBhili of Rights nokuthi lisebenza kanjani namuhla, hlola lezi mithombo ezigunyaziwe:

Isiphetho: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Njengencwadi Ephilayo

IBhili of Rights yabhalelwa ukuvikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni, futhi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka incazelo yayo iye yazivelela ngencazelo yokwahlulela, umthetho, nangezenzo zezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ukwazi amalungelo akho angokomthetho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ayaqhubeka ephumelela. Izakhamuzi ezifundile ziyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekukhukhulekeni kwenkululeko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenzisa inkululeko, uvikela ikhaya lakho, umela ekufuneni okungacabangeli, noma ufunela icala elilungile, iBill of Rights iyisihlangu sakho.