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Ukuqonda Iziphendu zomthetho-sisekelo: Isiqondiso esinesisekelo sencwadi yaseMelika ephilayo

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zimelela enye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokushintsha ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Lokhu kuguqulwa okungokomthetho komthetho wezwe ophakeme kuye kwaguqula umlando, kwandisa amalungelo omphakathi, futhi kwachaza kabusha ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo. Ukuqonda indlela yokulungisa umsebenzi, ukuthi kungani kubalulekile, nokuthi yini eshoyo kumuntu ozama ukuqonda izisekelo zentando yeningi.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, owabunjwa ngo-1787, wamisa uhlelo lukahulumeni oluye lwakhuthazelela amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Nokho oFata abasunguli baqaphela ukuthi akukho mbhalo, noma ngabe uklanywe kanjani, ongalindela zonke izinselele ezizobhekana nazo. Bakha eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo inqubo yamabomu yokulungisa, qhatha ushintsho olusheshayo olubangelwa izifiso zesikhashana, kodwa oluvumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze uvumele incwadi ukuba iguqulelwe isizwe esibusayo.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola imibuzo evame kakhulu ngezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, unikeza izimpendulo ezicacile ngolimi olufinyelekayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umfundisi, isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, noma umane ufuna ukwazi ukuthi umthetho oyisisekelo waseMelika ungashintsha kanjani, lesi sihloko sizokusiza ukuba uqonde inqubo yokulungisa, umlando, nokubaluleka kwayo okuqhubekayo ekuphileni kwaseMelika.

Siyini ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo?

Ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo luyinguquko engokomthetho noma ukuhlanganisa noMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile, ongadluliswa ngezikhulu eziyinhloko futhi ushintshwe kalula, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zishintsha umthetho ophakeme wezwe($) incwajana emisa isimo sikahulumeni, ichaza amandla egatsha ngalinye, futhi ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Zinganweba noma zicacise amalungelo abantu ngabanye, zilungise izakhiwo noma amandla ezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zikhulume ngezindaba ezihlobene nokhetho nokubusa, noma ziphendule ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme i-Congress nemibuso efisa ukugumbuqela noma ukulungisa.

Umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo mfushane uma uqhathaniswa nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe noma amaphepha abusayo ezinye izizwe. Lokhu kufushaniswa kwezimiso ezibanzi kuneziyalezo eziningi. Izinqumiso zivumela lezizimiso ukuba zicwengisiswe, zandiswe, noma zilungiswe ngaphandle kokwenza ukwenziwa kabusha okuphelele kwencwadi yesisekelo.

Kusukela umthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa ngo-1788, kuye kwamukelwa izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuphela. Ishumi lokuqala, elaziwa njenge-Bill of Rights, lagunyazwa ngo-1791 futhi izazi eziningi zibhekwa njengeziyingxenye yesivumelwano somthetho-sisekelo wakuqala. Izinguquko ezisele eziyishumi nesikhombisa ziye zathathwa phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, zisingatha izindaba ezisukela ebugqilini nasemalungelo okuvota ezinhlanganweni zobumongameli nenkokhelo yenhlangano.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Indlela Izinguquko Ezenziwa Ngayo

Inqubo yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo ihlelwe eSiphakamiso V salencwadi ngokwayo. AbaseFramers benza lenqubo ngamabomu ukuba inselele, idinga ama-magellant aphezulu ngezigaba eziningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusekelwa okunganqamuki kuphela okungaphumelela kulo lonke izwe.

Isilinganiso Esiwujuqu: Izindlela Ezimbili Ezingenzeka

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa, nakuba kunelinye kuphela elake lasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo.

I-Progatal: Indlela evame kakhulu idinga amavoti amabili-sithathu kuyo yomibili indlu yabameleli neNdlu yeNdlu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okungenani abameleli abangama-290 (kusukela ku 435) naku-67) kumelwe bavote ukusekela ukubuyiselwa okuhlongozwayo. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kunesisekelo se-bipartisan futhi imelela ngaphezu kwalokho okukhethwa yiqembu elivamile (kusukela ku-65) noma i-671 (kusukela ku-100) kumelwe ivote ukusekela ukubuyiselwa okuhlotshaniswa.

Isivumelwano se-Constitualical Convention: Indlela yesibili, engasetshenziswanga ngokuphumelelayo, ivumela iziphakamiso zombuso ezimbili-ntathu (manje ezingu- 34 kwezifundazwe ezingu-50) ukuba zimeme umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo ukuba uhlose ukulungisa. Lelilungiselelo lafakwa ukunikeza indlela yokudlulisa i-Congress uma i-social commental ingasithathanga indivivinyela esidingweni somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Nokho, ikhathalela izinga elingenzekayo lomhlangano onjalo (ngokuthiwa-39) ingalinganiselwa ezihlokweni ezithile noma ibe "ukuyamuka" umhlangano" ohlongothi ushintsho olubanzi" luvinjelwe lendlela ukuba ingasebenzi ngempumelelo.

Ukuvinjwa Kwemisebe: Izindlela Ezimbili ezingase

Uma nje sekuhlongozwe ukulungisa, kumelwe kugunyazwe ngaphambi kokuba kube ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo.

I-Legislature Ratiation: Lendlela, esetshenziselwa zonke izinguquko ngaphandle koyedwa, idinga ukuvunyelwa izishaya-mthetho ezintathu kwezine zikahulumeni (manje ezingu- 38 kwezingu-50). Isishaya-mthetho ngasinye sivota ukuthi u-Romisé ohlonisiwe yini. Akukho mfuneko yokuba umbusi asayine umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, njengoba lokhu kuthathwa njengomthetho-sisekelo wezwelonke kunawumthetho kazwe ovamile.

I-State Ratiation Convention: Indlela ehlukile idinga ukuhlaziywa ngemihlangano emithathu emine yezifundazwe. Lendlela yasetshenziswa kanye, esibuyeni sakuqala samashumi amabili, esiye saguqulwa. ISivumelwano sakhetha lendlela ngoba kwakukholelwa ukuthi imihlangano yesifundazwe, eyayikhethwe ngokukhethekile ukucabangela ukunqandwa, ingabonisa kangcono umuzwa othandwayo kunezimiso zombuso, ezingase zithonywe yi-propeed Prohibition.

Imingcele Yesikhathi Nezinombolo Ezifile

UMthetho-sisekelo awusho isilinganiso sesikhathi sokugudluzwa. Nokho, kusukela ngeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo (Isivumelwano), uMkhandlu uhlanganise isilinganiso seminyaka eyisikhombisa embhalweni wezinguquko ezihlongozwayo noma esinqumweni sokuhlongoza. Uma inani elidingekayo lezifunda lingalisekeli kule nkathi, ukubuyiselwa kwenguquko akuphumeleli.

Indaba yemingcele yesikhathi yaqala ukuphikisana neSichibiyelo samalungelo esilinganayo, esahlongozwa ngo-1971 ngenkathi ethatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Uma kubonakala ukuthi inguquko ingafinyelelwa ekuncipheni ngesikhathi, uKhongolo lwandisa isikhathi ku-1982, nakuba lokhu kwaphakamisa imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo. I-mendement ekugcineni yawa izifunda ezintathu zingafinyeleli kulezo ezidingekayo 38.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane seshumi nanhlanu, esikhokhwa yikhokha ikhokha ikhokha lenhlangano, siveza icala eliyingqayizivele. Ekuqaleni kwahlongozwa ngo-1789 njengengxenye yephasela elaba iSiphakamiso samaLungelo, asizange sigunyazwe yizinqumo ezanele ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, sasingenawo umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa amarathisi, futhi izimpande zotshani zaqala ukunyakaza ngawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kowama-1990 zaholela ekuhlohlwani kwayo ekugcineni ngo-1992/16 [iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200] ngemva kokuba kuhlolwe kuqala.

IBhili yamaLungelo: Iziphetho Zokuqala Eziyishumi zeMelika

IBhili of Rights yakha izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo, zagunyazwa ndawonye ngo-1791. Lezinguquko zazingeyona ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala njengoba wawubunjwa ePhiladelphia ngo-1787. Ukungabi khona kwabo kwacishe kwavimbela ukuvinjelwa koMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, njengoba amazwe amaningi nezibalo ezinethonya zazifuna isivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Phakathi nezimpikiswano zokudilizwa, abaqondisi be-Federali baphikisa ngokuthi imvume yamalungelo yayingadingekile ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo wanikeza uhulumeni kuphela izimpawu eziqondile, imibuso ebalayo. Abalwa no-Fedalist baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile, lamalungelo angaphulwa. Ukuhlehla okwenza ukuba ukuhlawuliswa kwamalungelo kube yisithembiso sokuthi imvume yamalungelo izonezelwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo usuqalile ukusebenza.

James Madison, ekuqaleni engabazanga isidingo sencwadi yamalungelo, wahola ekuhleleni izinguquko. Wahlongoza izinguquko eziyishumi nambili eMkhandlwini Wokuqala; eziyishumi zagunyazwa yizwe futhi zaba yi-Bill of Rights. Lezi zimemezelo zivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo amaMelika ayithatha kalula namuhla:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: sivikela inkululeko yenkolo, inkulumo, ukunyathelisa, umhlangano, nesicelo
  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli esihlangene: uvikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izingalo
  • Isichibiyeli esiphindwe ka-Third: Izimpawu zamasosha eziyingxenye yesine emakhaya ngaphandle kwemvume
  • Isichibiyeli seNguqulo Yesine:[ sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka
  • Isichibiyeli se-F5th:[ imisa amalungelo adingekayo enqubo, isivikelo ekuzichasa, kanye nengozi ephindwe kabili
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte:[ siqinisekisa amalungelo ekumangalelweni ngezenzo zobugebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha neseluleko somthetho
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nanhlanu:[ Silungiselela ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli ezinkantolo zomphakathi
  • Isichibiyeli se-eghth dometer:[ isho ibheyili engaphezulu kakhulu nesijeziso sonya nesijeziso esingavamile
  • Isichibiyeli se-Ninth: AmaZwe lawo amalungelo angahlukaniswanga eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo agcinwa ngabantu
  • Isichibiyeli seTenteth: Iziqiwi aziphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ezifundazweni noma kubantu

IBhili of Rights ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuphela, hhayi kohulumeni. Nokho, ngemva kokwamukela iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngo-1868, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yasebenzisa iMibango yamalungelo eMikhulu ezindaweni ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlobanisa"" lokhu kusho ukuthi namuhla, ohulumeni bahulumeni nabo baboshelwa yimigoqo eminingi engokomthetho esebenza kuhulumeni.

Izinguquko Ezinkulu Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa kuMthetho-sisekelo zingahlanganiswa zibe izigaba eziningana ezibanzi ezisekelwe enjongweni nasemphumela wazo oyinhloko. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza ekukhanyeni kwezihloko eziyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi

Izinguquko eziningana ziye zandisa ngokuqhubekayo ilungelo lokuvota, ziguqula iMelika isuka eriphabliki lapho ukuvota kwakulinganiselwe ekutshaleni abamhlophe impahla kube umbuso wentando yeningi ogcwele.

I- Isichibiyeli se-Fetenth (170) (1870) sanqabela ukunqatshelwa ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili. Nakuba lokhu kulungisa kwamukelwa phakathi nokulungisa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, isithembiso saso sasingafezeki ngokugcwele cishe cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngenxa yemikhuba yokulahla umthetho wokufunda njengokuhlolwa kokufunda, intela yokukhokha, kanye nobudlova ngokumelene no-Blackvota.

ISichibiyelo se-Nineteth[ (1920) sanqabela ukunqabela ilungelo lokuvota elisekelwe ebulilini, okuphumela emashumini eminyaka empikiswaneni yokuzitika yabesifazane. Lokhu kulunga kwaphinda kabili ukukhetha okungase kuvele futhi kwamele inguquko eyisisekelo eMelika yentando yeningi.

Isichibiyeli esiphindwe kamashumi amabili-Third (1961) sanika izakhamuzi ze-Foourty of Columbia ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lukamongameli, nakuba zingakayimeleli ngokugcwele.

Isichibiyeli se-Fourth (1964) sanqabela intela yokuvota kuhulumeni, sisusa umngcele wezomnotho owawusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izakhamuzi ezimpofu, ikakhulukazi ama-Afrika aseMelika eNingizimu, ekuvoteni.

Isichibiyeli se-Sixte (1971] sehlisa inkathi yokuvota isukela ku-21 kuya ku-18, ikakhulu ngenxa yezimpikiswano zokuthi uma intsha imdala ngokwanele ukuba ibuthwe ukuze ilwe eVietnam, yayikhule ngokwanele ukuba ivote.

Ukusingatha Ubugqila Nemiphumela Yabo

Izinguquko ezintathu, ezaziwa ngokuthi iziHlanziso Zokuvuselela, ngokuyisisekelo zawushintsha uMthetho - sisekelo ngemva kweMpi Yombango.

Isichibiyeli seThirete (1865) saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Lokhu kulungisa kwaqeda ukuhluleka komthetho-mthetho okukhulu kakhulu ngokokuziphatha futhi kwaqeda inhlangano eyayikhona eNyakatho Melika amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Isichibiyeli se-Forenth (168) singenye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu nezifinyelela kude. Samisa ilungelo lobuzibulo, saqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi safuna imibuso ukuba ihloniphe inqubo efanelekile. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwaba isisekelo sezinqumo zeNkantolo Eziphakeme ezivikela amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi.

[[QL:0] Isichibiyeli se-Fetenth (170]), njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, senqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni, nakuba isithembiso saso sasingeke sifezeke ngokugcwele kuze kube yilapho kusungulwa amalungelo ezakhamuzi ngawo-1960.

Ukulungisa Izakhiwo Nohlelo Lukahulumeni

Izinguquko eziningana ziye zashintsha indlela uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ngayo noma indlela izikhulu ezikhethwa ngayo.

Isichibiyeli seshumi nambili (1804) saguqula inqubo ye-Electoral College yokukhetha umongameli nomongameli, ifuna amavoloti ahlukene ehhovisi ngalinye. Lokhu kushintsha kwabangelwa yisiphithiphithi sokhetho lwango-1800, olwaveza amaphutha esimisweni sokuqala.

ISichibiyelo se-sententh (113) samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabameli ngevoti ethandwayo, esikhundleni sesimiso sokuqala lapho izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zikhetha khona izinyunyana. Lokhu kulunga kwakuyingxenye yokugqugquzela kweNkathi eqhubekekayo ukubusa kwentando yeningi okwengeziwe.

Isichibiyeli se-Twentieth (1933) saguqula izinsuku zokuqala kwemisho ye-cornion ne-presidenti, ukususa inkathi ende "yedada" phakathi kokhetho nokumiswa okwakukhona ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala.

Isichibiyeli esihlangene [ (11951) sabekwa amagama amabili esikhundleni, simiswa isiko elamiswa nguGeorge Washington futhi laphulwa nguFranklin D. Roosevelt.

Isichibiyeli se-Fetth (1967) sacacisa ukulandelana komongameli kanye nezinqubo ezimisiwe zokubhekana nokukhubazeka komongameli, sikhuluma ngezenzo ezicatshangelwe ezabangela izinkinga eziqondiswe kubaphathi bangaphambili.

I- Isichibiyeli seshumi nambili-shumi nanhlanu [ 1992 ivimbela umholo wenhlangano ukuba uthathe ukusebenza kuze kube ngemva kokhetho olulandelayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu oMkhandlu awakwazi ukuvota ukukhokha inzuzo esheshayo.

Amandla Empi Ayandayo

ISANTENTY [ [1913] yagunyaza uMkhandlu ukuba ukhokhe intela yeholo ngaphandle kokwabela intela yeholo phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe kubantu. Lokhu kulunga kwasichitha isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme futhi kwanikeza uhulumeni inzuzo ethembekile eyabangela ukwanda kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni ekhulwini lama-20.

Ukusingatha Izinkinga Zezenhlalo

ISichibiyelo se-Evereenth (1919) savimbela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kweziphuzo ezidakayo, ukuletha inkathi yobuProjiyo. Lokhu kulokhu kungukuphela kwenguquko eyamukelwayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuziphatha komuntu siqu kunokuthuthukisa amalungelo noma ukulungiswa kwesimiso sikahulumeni.

[[NT.0] Isichibiyeli sokuqala esingamashumi amabili (1933) saphinda sayikhipha iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, saphela i-Picebition. Lokhu kuyisimo sokulungisa esinye ngokuphelele, okubonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungawalungisa amaphutha awo.

Ingabe Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Zingancishiswa Noma Zishintshwe?

Yebo, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zingabuyiselwa noma zishintshwe, nakuba lokhu kuye kwenzeka kanye kuphela emlandweni waseMelika. ISichibiyelo sakuqala, sagunyazwa ngo-1933, saphinda sayibuyisela ngokucacile iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, esasisungule iProjinition. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awugcini qhazo elikhona.

Ukulungisa noma ukulungisa okukhona, ukulungisa okusha kumelwe kuhlongozwe futhi kugunyazwe ukulandela inqubo efanayo esetshenziselwa ukulungisa noma yikuphi ukuguqula komthetho-sisekelo. Ukulungisa okusha kumelwe kusho ngokucacile ukuthi kuyabuyisa noma kuguqula ukulungiswa kokuqala. Lenqubo inzima njengokuthatha ukulungiseka endaweni yokuqala, idinga izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu eMkhandlwini nasekwenziweni okungathandekiyo kwamalungu amathathu amashumi amane alezi zindaba.

Ubunzima balenqubo busho ukuthi ukushintshwa kwenguquko akuvamile ukuphendulwa. Kunalokho, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kushintsha ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ezingalungisa ngokuphumelelayo indlela yokuqonda nokusebenzisa izinguquko ngaphandle kokushintsha umbhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo "yokulungisa nesijeziso esingavamile" ngaphansi kweSigqizo seSichibiyelo se-Eighth iye yashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ukuthi incazelo yencazelo yeNkanto ehloniphekile kumelwe ichazwe ngokwezindinganiso zenhlonipho."

Ezinye izazi nabashisekeli baye bacela ukubuyiselwa noma ukulungisa ukulungisa okuhlukahlukene phakathi neminyaka. Izinqubo ziye zahlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kweSichibiyelo Sesibili, ukulungisa isimiso se-Electoral College esimiswe yiSichibiyelo seTwelfth, noma ukubuyisela iSichibiyelo seSinezelwe seSinethi seSinethi sokuqeda intela yeholo. Nokho, ayikho kuleyo mizamo eye yasondela ekufinyeleleni impumelelo edingekayo.

Kungani Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Inzima Kangaka?

Abalawuli boMthetho-sisekelo ngamabomu benza inqubo yokulungisa yaba yinselele. Babefuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho oyisisekelo ngeke uthonywe izinguquko ezisheshayo ezibangelwa izifiso zesikhashana noma izici ezingathi sína. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqaphela ukuthi indlela ethile yoshintsho yayidingeka ukuze uMthetho-sisekelo ungaphelelwa isikhathi noma ulungise amaphutha.

Izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu kulokhu kusikisela nezigaba zokulungisa impumelelo zisho ukuthi izinguquko eziphumelelayo kumelwe zibe nezinguquko ezibanzi, ukusekela okuqhubekayo ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene nasemazingeni ezombangazwe. Ukuvota okubili kwesithathu eSishaya-Mkhandlwini kudinga ukubambisana kwe-bipartisan, kuyilapho ukuhlaziywa ngezifunda ezintathu ezine kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa ukuvumelana kwesizwe kunokukhetha amazwe ambalwa andandile noma isifunda esisodwa.

Lobu bunzima bunakho kokubili izinzuzo nezingasizi. Ohlangothini oluhle, bukhuthaza ukuzinza futhi buvimbela ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ulungiswe ukuze ulwenzele inzuzo yabashokobezi noma ubhekane nezinhlekelele zesikhashana. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo oluqinile amaMelika angathembela kulo, azi ukuthi imithetho eyisisekelo ngeke ishintshe ngokushintsha kwemiyalo yonke kwezombangazwe.

Ngapha kwecala elibi, ubunzima bokulungisa bungenza ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uthathe ijubane ekuphenduleni izimo zezenhlalo noma ekulungiseni izinkinga. Izinkinga ezingase zixazululwe ngokulungisa umthetho- sisekelo kwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile kumelwe zixazululwe ngencazelo yomthetho-mthetho, umthetho, noma ushintsho olungokwemvelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinye izazi ukuba ziphikise ngokuthi inqubo yokulungisa inqubo inzima kakhulu nokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele kube lula ukuyiguqula.

Izibalo zifakazela ukuthi le nqubo inzima kangakanani. Kusukela ngo-1789, kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-11 000 eSixukwini, kodwa ezingu-33 kuphela eziye zathola amavoti adingekile amabili-sithathu kuzo zombili lezi zindlu. Kulezo zindawo ezingu 33, 27 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa yizifundazwe − izinga lempumelelo elingaphansi kuka-0.25 lazo zonke ezihlongozwayo.

Izigwebo Eziyehluleka: Izivumelwano Ezingazenzanga

Ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinguquko eziye zahluleka kungaba okufundisayo njengokuhlola lezo ezaphumelela.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo

I - Aumetic Rights Amencial Rights Amendment (ERA), eyayizokwenqabela ngokuqondile ukucwasana okusekelwe ebulilini, yahlongozwa uMkhandlu ngo - 1972 futhi ngokushesha wagunyazwa amazwe angu - 35.

ISichibiyelo Sokusebenza Kwezingane

Uma kwamiswa ngo-1924, lolu shintsho lwaluyonika uMkhandlu amandla okulawula ukugqilazwa kwezingane. Kwahlongozwa ukusabela ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezishaya imithetho yezingane engokomthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, kwagunyazwa yizifundazwe ezingu-28 kuphela, ihluleka kakhulu inani elidingekayo. Lendaba yagcina ikhululwe nge-Fair Labor Standard Act ka-1938, eyasekelwa yi-Proverse Court yamandla amakhulu ombuso.

ISifunda SeSichibi Samalungelo Abantu SaseColumbia

Uma kwahlongozwa ngo-1978, lokhu kulungisa kwakuyonikeza i-District of Columbia izimpawu ezigcwele eKhongolose, kubhekene naso njengokungathi siwumbuso onezinjongo zokumelelwa. Izifundazwe eziyi 16 kuphela ezawugunyaza ngaphambi kokuba kuphele iminyaka eyisikhombisa ewunyaka ophelile ngo-1961, zincane kakhulu kwengu-38 eyayidingeka.

ISichibiyelo Sokusetshenziswa Kwemali Ngokulinganisela

Izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zenguquko ezidinga uhlelo olulinganiselwe lwemali kahulumeni ziye zahlongozwa izikhathi eziningi, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngawo-1980. Nakuba lezi ziphakamiso ngezinye izikhathi ziye zasondela ku-Congress edlulayo, azikho eziye zafinyelela inani elidingekayo eliyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuzo zombili izindlu.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqeda Ifulege

Ngemva kwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezivikela ukushiswa kwefulege njengenkulumo engokomfanekiso ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, uMkhandlu uye wabheka izinguquko ngokuphindaphindiwe njengokuvumela ukuvinjelwa kokungcoliswa kwefulege. Lezi ziphakamiso sezicishe zadlula, enye inguqulo yehluleka ngevoti elilodwa ngo - 2006, kodwa ayikho eye yafinyelela ukufaneleka okubalulekile kokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwefule.

Izinqumo Ziwathinta Kanjani AmaMelika Osuku Lonke?

Izinguquko zomthetho zinemiphumela emikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabantu baseMelika, ngisho noma leyomiphumela ingacaci ngokushesha. Amalungelo nesivikelo esibekwe ngokulungisa kuthonya yonke into ngokwalokho esingakusho futhi simemezele indlela esisebenzelana ngayo nokugcinwa komthetho, kusukela kongavota indlela izikhulu zethu ezikhethiwe ezikhethwa ngayo.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokuqhuba inkolo, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukusakaza imibono ehlukene, ukubuthana ngokubhikisha, nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba ashintshe. Lenkululeko yenza izigcawu zemibono ephawula ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo seSiphendulo sokuqala, i-Internet njengoba sazi ukuthi ayinakho, ukuphendulwa kwamaphephandanda ngophengululo kungacindezelwa kakhulu, futhi ukuphikisa okunokuthula kungalawulwa uhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo se-FLT se-Fourth Isichibiyeli sivikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeli, sidinga ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuze uthole izivumelwano ezisekelwe ekufuneni izimfuneko ezingenzekayo ngaphambi kokuhlola amakhaya noma ukuthatha impahla. Lokhu kulungisa kuthinta yonke into kusukela ekumesheni kwezimoto kuya ekuzinzeni kwamanani, futhi izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nendlela isivikelo seSijikelezo sesine esisebenza ngayo kubuchwepheshe obusha obunjengomakhalekhukhwini, i-GPS, ukulandelela i-mfashini, kanye nokuxhumana kwe-inthaneti.

ISichibiyelo seNguqulo seSihlanu neseSihlanu simisa isivikelo esibalulekile kunoma ubani omangalelwa ngobugebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo, kanye nesivikelo ekumpontshelweni okuphindwe kabili. Lezisivikelo, ezijwayelene nanoma ubani oye wabukela amaphoyisa kuthelevishini, ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu sisebenza kahle futhi uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise ukuthi unecala elingenakungabaza okunengqondo.

IsiHluvathi se-Forenth's isiqinisekiso sesivikelo esifanayo siye saba isisekelo sezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakemekazi ezivimbela ukwahlukana ngokohlanga, ukuvikela amalungelo abesifazane, nokunyusela amalungelo ku-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwachazwa ngokuthi "umthetho-sisekelo wesibili," ngokuyinhloko ukuvuselela ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni.

Izindawo zokuvota ziye zaguqula ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika ngokuya kwanda ngokuqhubekayo.Namuhla, noma isiphi isakhamuzi esineminyaka engu - 18 noma ngaphezulu singavota kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siluphi uhlanga, ubulili, noma ikhono lokukhokha intela yokuvota, okungaqinisekisiwe ngeningi lomlando waseMelika.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Ekuchazeni Izichibiyelo

Nakuba izinguquko zishintsha umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme inendima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi lezozinguquko zisho ukuthini ekusebenzeni. Ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo akuyona inqubo ezenzekelayo yokusebenzisa imithetho ecacile ezimweni ezithile. Kunalokho, idinga amajaji ukuba alwisane nezimiso ezibanzi, umlando, kanye nezimo zezenhlalo ezixazululayo.

Izahlulelo ezihlukene nezazi zomthetho zihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Izazi zomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi, phela amagama ashiwo yilabo abawagunyaza. abasekela umthetho-sisekelo uphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ivela esikhathini eside futhi leyo ncazelo kufanele ibonise izindinganiso nemibandela yamanje.

Lezizindlela ezihlukene zingaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, abasunguli bangase baphikise ngokuthi umthetho weSichibiyelo se-8h owenqabela "isijeziso esingavamile" kufanele uchazwe ngokwesijeziso esasibhekwa njengesinonya nesingavamile ngo-1791. Izazi zomthetho sisekelo eziphilayo zingaphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yencazelo yenguquko kumelwe iguquke ngokwezindinganiso zomphakathi ezishintshayo zokuziphatha okuhle.

Izincazelo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zokulungisa zingaba nemiphumela ecishe ibe nemiphumela ebaluleke njengenguquko ngokwayo. Incazelo yeNkantolo yeSichibiyelo seSiphamiso se 14 se-Emedial's Protection Claus yaholela ekupheleni kokwamukelwa komthetho Brown v. I-Board of Education[. Ukuchazwa kwayo iSichibiyelo sokuqala kuye kwavikela inkulumo eyimpikiswano, kusukela ekushisweni kwefule imijelo kuya emidlalweni yevidiyo enobudlova.

Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela iziKhokhiso nezifunda ezingavumelani ngazo, ikhambi elingokomthetho liwukwamukela ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho kusibhidlize isinqumo. Nokho, uma kubhekwa ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa, lokhu akuvamile ukwenzeka. Okuvame kakhulu ukuthi iNkantolo ngokwayo iyaphinda futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibuye iphendule izincazelo zayo zakuqala, noma amagatsha ezombangazwe athole izindlela zokusebenza ezinqumweni zokwahlulela.

IMithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni iphikisana neSichibiyelo Sezigwegwe ZeFederal

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ekulungiseni uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umbuso ngamunye unomthetho-mthetho wawo, futhi lemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukuguqulwa kalula kunomthetho-mthetho kazwelonke. Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso futhi ithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi inemininingwane eminingi, ibhekisa izindaba ezishiywe nguMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke emthetho noma umthetho ofanayo.

Izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo woMbuso ngokuvamile zihlongozwa futhi zigunyazwe ngezimiso zentando yeningi eziqondile njengezinyathelo zokuthatha i-ocester, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zidlulise izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwenza imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ikwazi ukusabela kakhulu ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi kodwa futhi kugunyazwe kakhulu ekulungiseni izinjongo ezincane noma zesikhashana.

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni kumele ivumelane noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. . inganikeza isivikelo esikhulu samalungelo abantu kodwa ingakwazi ukunikeza isivikelo esincane kunesidingo soMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukulungisa umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kubeka isakhiwo esiphansi, hhayi uphahla, lwamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungalivikeli ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuzifihla, imithetho-mthetho-mthetho eminingana kahulumeni yenza kanjalo.

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni nombuso buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buye baba umthombo wengxabano kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sigcinwe ezindaweni zonke ezingekho kuhulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa iSupremacy Claus yenza umthetho kahulumeni ube mkhulu uma kunengxabano. Iziphendulo ezinjengezeshumi nane ziye zandisa kakhulu amandla kahulumeni ngokuncitshiswa kwentengo kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi endawo yamalungelo omphakathi.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Ngeziphendulo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda lezi ziphakamiso nezimpikiswano ezihambisana nazo kanye nezimpikiswano zazo kunikeza ukuqonda izingxabano eziqhubekayo embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika owenziwa ngomthetho - sisekelo.

I - Electoral College Reformation Noma Ukuvinjelwa

Isimiso se-Electoral College sokukhetha amongameli siye sahlolwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokhetho lapho umnqobi we-Electoral College elahlekelwa khona yivoti ethandwayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-Electoral College inikeza amandla ahlukene okuguqula amavoti athandwayo ukuze ahlele indlela akhethwe ngayo. Abaxhasi besimiso samanje baphikisa ngokuthi ivikela izithakazelo zemibuso emincane futhi ifuna abazakwabo ukuba bakhe izivumelwano ezihlukene ngokwendalo. Abagxeki bathi inikeza amandla angenakulinganiswa okupheka futhi iveza imiphumela ephikisana nentando yeningi.

Umkhankaso Wezimali Wokushintsha

Kulandela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme njenge Ama-Citage ahlangene v. FEC, aqeda imingcele ethile yezezimali njengokwephulwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma, abanye abashisekeli baye bacela ukumiswa komthetho- sisekelo ukuze bavumele ukuhlelwa kwemali engcono kwezombangazwe. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokungenamkhawulo kwabantu abacebile nezinhlangano bonakalisa umbuso wentando yeningi. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchitha imali ukuze kuthuthukise imibono yezombangazwe kuyisimo senkulumo evikelekile nokuthi imingcele ingephula iSiphendumiso sokuqala.

Imingcele Yezinkathi Zokumiswa Kwezishaya - mthetho

Iziphakamiso zokubeka imingcele enqunyiwe kumalungu eSishaya-mthetho ziye zathandwa umphakathi kodwa azizange zithuthuke eSixukwini ngokwaso, lapho amalungu angenamdlandla kungadingeka avote ukuze anciphise imisebenzi yawo siqu. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele yamagama inganciphisa ithonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile futhi ilethe imibono emisha kuhulumeni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele yamagama ingandisa amandla ezisebenzi ezingahleliwe nabagqugquzeli abanikeza ulwazi lwezenhlangano, nokuthi ukhetho kakade lunganikeza indlela yokususa izishaya - mthetho ezingasebenzi.

Imfuneko Elinganiselwe Yohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Izinhloso zokufuna uhlelo olulinganiselwe lwemali kahulumeni ziye zaphikiswana amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ushintsho olunjalo lungaphoqelela ukujeziswa kwemali futhi luvimbele ukunqwabelana kwezikweletu okungalawuleki. Abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi kungavimbela ukuncishiswa okudingekile phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho futhi kungaba nzima ukuphoqelela, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuthi yiziphi izimo ezithi" ezilinganayo nokuthi ungasingatha kanjani izimo eziphuthumayo.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Nokuzalwa Unelungelo Lokuba Izakhamuzi

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siqinisekisa ukuthi noma ubani ozalwe e-United States uyisakhamuzi. Abanye baye basikisela ukuba kukhishwe leli lungiselelo lokukhipha izingane zabafuduki abangabhaliwe noma izivakashi zesikhashana. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kunganciphisa izisusa zokufuduka okungekho emthethweni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuba izakhamuzi zaseMelika ziyisimiso esiyisisekelo nokuthi ukulishintsha kungadala isigaba esihlala njalo sabantu abangenahulumeni.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nenqubo Yesichibiyelo

Nakuba inqubo yokulungisa idinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esithathwa yizishaya - mthetho zombuso, izakhamuzi ezivamile zinendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezihlongozwayo nokuthi ziyaphumelela yini. Ukuqonda ukuthi zingahileleka kanjani kule nqubo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela embusweni wentando yeningi womthetho - sisekelo.

Uhlangane nabameleli abakhethiwe: Amalungu oKhongolo-bumba nabezishayamthetho bombuso basabela ezimkhathazweni ezihlangene. Imikhankaso ehleliwe yezincwadi, ama-imeyili, nezingcingo zocingo ingathonya ukuthi izishayamthetho ziyazisekela yini izinguquko ezihlongozwayo. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zisengozini enkulu yokusekela ukulungisa uma zikholelwa ukuthi zikhathalela indaba.

Izinhlangano zezempango: Amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberties Union, i-Brennan Center yeJaji, nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene eziphicotheneyo zisebenza ukuthuthukisa noma ukuphikisa ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Lezinhlangano ziqhuba ukucwaninga, izigebengu, futhi zikhuthaza ukusekela komphakathi.

Isigaba semfundo yomphakathi: Abaningi abahlongozwayo ukulungisa abahluleka ngenxa yokuphikiswa okuhleliwe kodwa ngenxa yokunganaki komphakathi noma ukungaqondi. Izakhamuzi zingasiza ngokuzifundisa zona nabanye ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo, ukubhalela amaphephandaba, ukuthatha iqhaza emphakathini, nokusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuthuthukisa ingxoxo enolwazi.

I-vote:[ izakhamuzi azivoti ngokuqondile ezilungisweni zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, zikhetha abameleli abahlongoza futhi babaqinise. Ukusekela abazohlanganyela imibono yakho ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuthembisana.

Paricipate emizamo yombuso: Uma izishaya-mthetho zombuso ezimbili-ntathu zibiza umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo, kumelwe ukuba kuqhutshwe oyedwa. Nakuba lokhu kungakaze kwenzeke ngempumelelo, imizamo eminingana ehleliwe iye yazama ukusebenzisa lendlela ukuze ihlongoze ukubuyisa. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela nezishayamthetho zezwe ukuthi zingasekela yini izingcingo ezinjalo.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuchaza lokhu kungaqondani kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuthembisana komphakathi okunolwazi oluthé xaxa ngezinguquko ezibangelwa umthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuguqula: Umthetho-sisekelo ungashintshwa ngempoqo yesikhulu noma umthetho. Iqiniso: Inqubo engokomthetho kuphela engaguqula umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Iziqondiso eziphetheyo nomthetho okumelwe kuvumelane noMthetho-sisekelo njengoba kuchazwa izinkantolo. Nakuba lezenzo zingaba nemiphumela emikhulu, azikwazi ukususa izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo.

Intethelekiso: Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zilungisa uMthetho-sisekelo. Iqiniso: Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo kodwa aziwushintshi umbhalo wawo. Nokho, lezincazelo zingaba nemiphumela efana nenguquko ngokuguqula indlela izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo eziqondwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo. Ngokungafani nezinguquko, izincazelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zingashintshwa iziNkakhulu kamuva.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-Misc: Wonke amalungelo kumelwe ashiwo ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo ukuze avikelwe. Iqiniso: ISichibiyelo se-Ninthrst sisho ngokucacile ukuthi ukumiselwa kwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo akusho ukuthi amanye amalungelo akhona. Izinkantolo ziye zawaqaphela amalungelo ahlukahlukene angagunyazwanga, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokwethulwa, ilungelo lokuhamba, nelungelo lokushada.

Ukulungisa okungasetshenziswa: Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zingamukelwa nge-patrolium yesizwe. Iqiniso: Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awunikezi imvume yesizwe. Izigwebo kumelwe zihlongozwe yiKhomishane noma umhlangano womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi zigunyazwe yizishaya-mthetho-mthetho noma imihlangano yombuso. Akukho nqubo yokuvota okuqondile okuthandwayo ekwamukelwayo ekwakheni kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuveza: Uma sekwamukelwe, ukulungisa kusebenza ngokushesha yonke indawo. Iqiniso: Nakuba izinguquko ziba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo owake wagunyazwa, ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngokuvamile kudinga umthetho owengeziwe, ukuchazwa kwenkantolo, nezimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho. Imiphumela yokulungisa ingathatha iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ukuze ifezeke ngokugcwele.

Ikusasa LeziNguquko Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukushintsha komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwancipha kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ukulungiswa kokugcina kwagunyazwa ngo-1992, futhi ngaphambi kwalokho, ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwagunyazwa ngo- 1971. Lokhu kumelela inkathi ende kakhulu engenanguquko kusukela eminyakeni ephakathi kweSichibiyelo seTwelfth (1804) neSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu (1865).

Izici eziningana zichaza lokhu kuncipha. Ezombangazwe zaseMelika ziye zahlukana kakhulu, zenza ukuba izakhiwo ze-bipartisan ezikhulu kakhulu ezidingeka ukuze kufinyelelwe inguquko kube nzima kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathatha indima eqhubekayo esebenzayo ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, inikeza enye indlela yokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo okungadingi inqubo enzima yokulungisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobonhlobo ze-United States yanamuhla yenza kube nzima ukufinyelela ukuvumelana okubanzi ezifundeni nasemiphakathini edinga ukuvumelana okuphumelelayo.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zisangenzeka. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 sibonisa ukuthi ukulungisa kungaphumelela ngomzamo oqhubekayo wotshani. Izinkinga ezibangela ukusekelwa okubanzi, kwebhipartis ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene futhi izakhamuzi zingaholela ekulungiseni okuphumelelayo.

Ukubheka phambili, izici eziningana zingathinta ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ulungiswa kanjani. Ushintsho lwesizukulwane lungaguqula umbono womphakathi ezindabeni ezinjenge-Electoral College noma izimali zomkhankaso. Intuthuko yezesayensi yomthetho-sisekelo ingadala imibuzo emisha edinga ukulungiswa kunokuchazwa. Izinkinga ezinkulu zezomnotho (zezomnotho), ezihlobene, noma zendawo ezungezile) zingabangela umuzwa wokuphuthuma okudingekile ukuze kunqotshwe izithiyo ezivamile ukuze kulungiswe.

Ezinye izazi ziye zasikisela ukuba lenqubo ilungiswe kalula, ziphikisa ngokuthi isimiso samanje siqine kakhulu ezidingweni zanamuhla.

Ukwazi Okwengeziwe Ngezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona. Izinqolobane zesizwe zilondoloza imibhalo yokuqala futhi zinikeza imithombo yemfundo ngoMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo. [ Umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [ ePhiladelphia] unikeza imibukiso ehambisana nezinhlelo zemfundo ezihlola umlando womthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano zamanje.

Imithombo yezomthetho ihlanganisa izincwadi zomthetho - sisekelo, izihloko zezazi nemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme, enikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwendlela izinguquko eziye zachazwa futhi zasetshenziswa ngayo. Izikole eziningi zomthetho namayunivesithi zinikeza izifundo zesihle kuyi - Internet eziphathelene nomthetho - sisekelo ezihlanganisa inqubo yokulungisa nokuthuthukisa umthetho - sisekelo.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo emithonjeni eyinhloko, inikeza imibono yokulungisa izingqungquthela. Imiphakathi engokomlando nezinqolobane zinikeza imibhalo ehlobene nokulungisa okuhlongozwayo, kuyilapho i- Supreme Court [ inikeza imibono echaza ukumiswa komthetho-msuka. Izinhlangano ezingokomlando nezinqolobane zigcina imibhalo ehlobene nokumiswa kweziphendulo ezihlukahlukene, inikeza ukuqonda ezimpikiswaneni nasezimpikiswaneni ezizungeze ukwamu.

Ukuhlanganyela nalemithombo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zingaqondi nje kuphela lokho okushiwo uMthetho - sisekelo, kodwa nokuthi kungani usho, ukuthi incazelo yawo iye yavela kanjani, nokuthi iyaqhubeka ithonya kanjani ukuphila kwaseMelika. Lokhu kuqonda kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni kobubusi bentando yeningi okunolwazi nokuvumelana okuqhubekayo nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngoshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo.

Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Nombuso Wentando Yeningi

Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zimelela uhlobo oluyisisekelo kakhulu lokuzilawula kwentando yeningi,(-) ikhono labantu lokuhlanganisa ukunquma imithetho eyisisekelo abazophila ngaphansi kwayo. Inqubo yokulungisa ilinganisela ngokuvumelana nokuvumelana, iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungaguqula ngokuphazima kweso kodwa uvimbele izinguquko ezintula ukusekela okukhulu.

Izinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa ezamukelwa phakathi namakhulu amabili zilandisa indaba yokwanda kwentando yeningi ne evolution yaseMelika. Ziphazamisa uhambo lwesizwe ukusuka eriphabliki lapho ukuvota kwakulinganiselwe ekubekeni amadoda amhlophe impahla ezindaweni zentando yeningi lapho zonke izakhamuzi ezikhulile zingavota khona. Ziveza khona ukuqedwa kobugqila, ukwanda kwamalungelo omphakathi, nomzamo oqhubekayo wokwakha "isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe."

Ukuqonda izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo − indlela ezisebenza ngayo, lokho ezikushoyo, nendlela ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kudingekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Lezi zinguquko aziyona imiqondo engokomthetho engekho kodwa izimiso eziphilayo ezithinta yonke into kusukela kulokho esingakusho ngokuphathelene nendlela esikhetha ngayo abaholi bethu, kusukela endleleni amaphoyisa ahlola ngayo ukuqulwa kwezinkantolo.

Ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa busho ukuthi ushintsho olungokomthetho lomthetho-sisekelo luyivelakancane. Kodwa futhi lobu bunzima busho ukuthi lapho izinguquko ziphumelela, zimelela ukuvumelana kwangempela kwesizwe ezindabeni eziyisisekelo. Ushintsho ngalunye lubonisa umzuzwana lapho amaMelika enqamula izifunda, amaqembu, kanye nabantu abavamile bevumelana ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kudingeka ushintshe.

Njengoba amaMelika eqhubeka ephikisana ngezimpikiswano ezifana namalungelo okuvota, umkhankaso wezimali, kanye nokwakheka kukahulumeni, inqubo yokulungisa ihlala ikhona njengenqubo yokushintsha komthetho-sisekelo. Ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyosebenzisa lendlela kaningi njengakuqala, noma ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho-sisekelo kuzoqhubeka ngokuyinhloko ngencazelo yokwahlulela noshintsho oluthunyiwe, kusazobonakala. Okuqinisekile ukuthi ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokulungiswa ("ukushintsha) njengaleyo nqubo kungaba(ukuqhubeka) kwenqubo yayo eqhubekayo nokubaluleka kwayo ezweni elishintshayo.

Ngokuqonda indlela ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho okusebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kangcono ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngomthetho oyisisekelo waseMelika futhi zingasekela ngokuphumelelayo izinguquko ezikholelwa ukuthi ziyadingeka. Lokhu kuqonda kuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo usuka ebhukwini elikude elingokomlando ube yisici esiphilayo sokuzilawula ngentando yeningi.