Inqubo Efanele Njengophawu Lobulungisa

Isiqinisekiso senqubo efanele singenye yezivikelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esizisholo ukuthi siyakwazisa ukulunga. Akusona nje isibopho somthetho esingokobuchwepheshe kodwa isibopho esiyisisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele imithetho emisiwe futhi ahloniphe amalungelo omuntu siqu ngaphambi kokuncisha noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, ukuqulwa kwamacala kubeka engozini yokuba amathuluzi azimele amandla kunamathuluzi obulungisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola injongo yenqubo efanele, izimpande zakhe zomthetho sisekelo, ukuziphendukela kwakhe ngomlando, kanye nokusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo ezimisweni zanamuhla ezingokomthetho.

Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo igcinwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu, esisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni, neSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esihlanganisa imfuneko yezifundazwe. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sithi akekho umuntu ozothi "uthole ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." ISichibiyelo seGajimi se 1450 sisebenzisa ulimi olufanayo. Engxenyeni yaso, inqubo efanelekile ifuna ukuba ukuqulwa okungokomthetho kwenziwe ngokufanelekile futhi abantu bathole isaziso esanele nethuba lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uthathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nabo.

Isiqinisekiso senqubo efanele sisebenza ezindizeni ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene: inqubo edingayo nenqubo efanelekile. Zombili zibalulekile, kodwa zivikela izici ezihlukene zamalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

Inqubo Eyisisekelo: Indlela Umthetho Osetshenziswa Ngayo

Inqubo efanelekile yokunikeza ubufakazi, ilungelo lokunikeza ofakazi abangalunganga, nesinqumo ngomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethiyo. Lezi zimfuneko zixhomeke kumongo wendaba. Njengesibonelo, ukuqulwa kwecala kudingwa enkantolo, nethuba lokuzwa, nelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, nokubiza ofakazi abamelene nofakazi abangalungile, nesinqumo ngomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Lokhu kudinga ukuhluka kuyehluka kuye ngomongo womuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqulwa okugcwele kwecala kuyadingeka enkantolo yobugebengu, kuyilapho ukuzwa okungahleliwe kunganelela inzuzo kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme imise ukulinganisa ukulinganisela okumelwe kuhlolwe, ukuhlolwa kwesithakazelo somuntu siqu ngezimiso ezikhona, izingozi zokuncishwa okungatshazwayo ngezakhono ezikhona. [FLC] [FEF]

Ukuqaphela Nethuba Lokuzwiwa

Izinsika ezimbili zenqubo yokuveza inqubo ziyisixwayiso esanele nethuba elibalulekile lokuzwiwa. qaphela kufanele ukuba kulinganiselwa ukuba kuqashelwe ukwazisa umuntu othintekayo ngesenzo esikhona kanye nesisekelo saso. "Ukuhlomela ukuzwakala" kusho ithuba lokuveza uhlangothi lwendaba phambi kwenkantolo engakhethi. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuzwa kumelwe kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba ukuncishwa kwento kusebenze, nakuba izimo eziphuthumayo zingavumela ukuzwa iposi lokuhlola isikhashana isikhathi eside kakhulu uma kutholakala ukubukeza okusheshayo.

Inqubo Eyisisekelo Elindelekile: Lokho UMthetho Ongenakukwenza

Inqubo efanelekile engabonakali idlulela ngalé kwenqubo yokulinganisela okuqukethwe imithetho ngokwayo. Ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni abonise isizathu esicindezelayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela umehluko wamalungelo ayisisekelo ngaphansi kwenqubo elindelekile, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokuqondisa abantwana, ilungelo lokuqondisa ukukhuliswa kwabantwana, ilungelo lokuqondisa ilungelo lomuntu lokwethule, ilungelo lokungena yimfihlo, nelungelo lokukhokha ngokomzimba. Uma umthetho uthwesa isilinganiso esiyisisekelo, izinkantolo zisebenzisa inqubo eqinile, izinga eliphakeme lokuhlola kokwahlulela, zidinga uhulumeni ukuba ufakazele ukuthi umthetho umiselwe ngokufanelekile ukuba usebenze isithakazelo esinenzuzo. Isizinda, bheka [[FL: 0] Iprojective yengxoxo eyisisekelo yenqubo engokomthetho.[FL:1]

Intuthuko Engokomlando: Kusukela EMagna Carta Kuya Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Umqondo wenqubo efanele awuzange uvele ngokugcwele kumthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Izimpande zawo zihlehlela emuva eNyakatho Ephakathi yeNgilandi, ikakhulukazi kuyiMagna Carta ka-1215. Isahluko 39 seMagna Carta sathi: "Akekho umuntu okhululekile ozobanjwa noma agqunywe ejele, noma aphucwe amalungelo akhe noma impahla, noma avinjelwe umthetho, noma aphucwe noma athunjwe ukuma kwakhe nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, noma sithunywe ngenkani, noma sithunywe abanye ukuba benze kanjalo, ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sabalingana naye noma ngomthetho wezwe."" Lesi sisho ukuthi inkosi ngokwayo ingaphansi komthetho nokuthi kumelwe ilandelwe noma inqubo ethile ilandelwe phambi komuntu.

Inkulumo ethi "umthetho wezwe" ekugcineni yaphenduka yaba "inqubo esele yomthetho" ngo-19354, umthetho ongaphansi kuka-Edward III wathatha indawo ecacile "yomthetho wezwe" ngokufaka "inqubo yokubekwa kwasemthethweni" ekuphindeni iMagna Carta. Umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi wasungula isivikelo njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, ilungelo lokumelana nokuzihlukanisa, nelungelo lokucebisa, konke okwathonya abalawuli baseMelika.

Inqubo Eyayifaneleka E - United States Yasekuqaleni

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ekuqaleni wawunezindlela ezimbalwa zokuvikela ezifanele. IsiHlanziso sesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeBill of Rights, sanikeza isiqinisekiso sokuqala esicacile. Nokho, lolushintsho lwasetshenziswa kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Amazwe ayeshiyelwa ukuchaza izinqubo zawo siqu, futhi amaningi awakwazanga ukukhokhela isivikelo esiqinile. ISiphendu se 144th, esagunyazwa ngo-1868 ngemva kweMpi Yombango, sashintsha ukuthi ngokusebenzisa i-Cal Procession Clause kuhulumeni. Lenguquko yabuye yasetshenziswa kuhulumeni. Le nqubo yayisekwakhona i-Comemble Protection Claus, eyaba isisekelo sezimiso eziningi zanamuhla zomthetho wangaphakathi.

Izici Eziwuphawu Ezathonya Inqubo Efanele

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zanikeza isiqinisekiso esicacile senqubo efanelekile. Amacala alandelayo aphakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu:

  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasolayo ngelungelo labo lokuthula nelungelo labo kummeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa ngelungelo lokuthola ilungelo. Izixwayiso "IMiranda" seziyingxenye ejwayelekile yenqubo yobugebengu baseMelika.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Lelicala laqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSithandathu secala sisebenza kuhulumeni abamangalelwa ngeSijikijelo se-Grandment's Reservement i-Ault Claus. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi kumelwe inikeze ummeli abamangalelwa ababhekene nezimangalo ze-calo, futhi kamuva yandisa lokhu ngokwephutha kwabamangalelwa abathwele isigwebo sokuboshwa.
  • Ku-rault (1967): INkantolo yanikeza inqubo yesivikelo efanelekile entsheni ekumangalelweni kobuhlongandlebe, idinga ukuqashelwa kwamacala, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokumelana nokuzilahla.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) ne-Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992:[ Lamacala, nakuba kuphikiswana, abonisa inqubo efanelekile engaphansi komsebenzi. INkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokufihla izinto zomuntu siqu elihlanganisa isinqumo sowesifazane sokuqeda ukukhulelwa, okumelwe aqondiswe umthetho ngemva kokusebenza.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo se 14 seSigqi seMbukiso se-Claus ne-Aumetic Programme Programme ne Protection Clauss ziqinisekisa imibhangqwana efanayo efuna ubulili obubodwa ukuba ishade.

Inqubo Efanele Kumthetho Olawulayo

Inqubo elindelekile idlulela ngalé kokuqulwa kobugebengu nomthetho. Izinhlangano eziphethe, ezenza izinqumo ezithinta izinzuzo zeNhlala- kahle, izimo zokukhubazeka, ukufuduka, amalayisense ochwepheshe, nezinye izindawo eziningi, kumelwe zinikeze futhi izinqubo ezilungile. Icala elivelele Goldberg v.Kelly[[[FLT:] [1970]] [1970]) ziphethe ukuthi abamukela inhlalakahle banelungelo lokuzwa ngokucacile ngaphambi kokuqedwa kwezinzuzo. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zadinga izinhlangano zezokunikeza isaziso, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukwenza izinqumo ngokungakhethi, nenkulumo ebhalweyo yezizathu zesinqumo. Izinqubo ezithile ezidingekayo ziyahluka kuye ngokwesimo senzalo esigxotsheni, kodwa ezihlala zingekho esimisweni esiqhubekayo: kusukela lapho inqubo ethembekile yokuphatha inzuzo. [Fotest]

Inqubo Efanelekile Ekwenzeni: Lokho Okukushoyo Ngentuthuko Engokomthetho

Ukuqonda inqubo efanele emfundisweni kubalulekile, kodwa uvivinyo lwangempela luza endleleni esebenza ngayo ekuqulweni okungokomthetho okungokoqobo.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi linikezwa abahluleli abangakhethi ezicabeni zobugebengu. Lokhu kuwukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwenqubo efanelekile yokukhipha imvume. Icala elilungile lidinga ijaji nabahluleli abangathathi hlangothi, imithetho yobufakazi evumela ummangalelwa ukuba anikeze izaba, futhi ithuba lokuwela ofakazi abanamaphutha. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji alikho ngokuphelele kodwa liphinde livikelwe iSichibiyelo seSevenge. Inqubo efanelekile ifuna futhi ukuba ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhutshwe ngaphandle kokulibala, njengoba ijubane elidlulele lingaliphula ikhono lommangalelwa lokulungiselela, futhi ukuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu kusekuthethweni kwecala.

Ilungelo Lokuthola Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

Njengoba kuqinisekiswe ku Gedeon v. Wainwright, abamangalelwa abakhohliswa ngecala abaqinile banelungelo lokumiswa. Lelilungelo libalulekile ngoba isimiso somthetho siyinkimbinkimbi, futhi abantu abangaqeqeshwanga bangakwazi ukusebenzisa kahle. Ilungelo lokululeka lidlulela emaqeleni abucayi emicimbi, kuhlanganise ne-arraignment, ukunxusa, ukunxusa, ukuqungaza, ukugweba, nokudlulisa isikhalo sokuqala njengesekulungile. Nokho, ilungelo alinwebi kuzo zonke izindaba zomphakathi noma izikhalo ezingokomthetho. Izinhlangano eziningi zokusiza ezingokomthetho zisebenza ukugcwalisa leligebezo, kodwa ukuntula kwezelelwa kwezindaba zomphakathi kuhlala kuyinselele enkulu. INhlangano yaseMelika iqaphela le nkinga njengesehlakalo: [FFOLD] [2]

Iqembu Elingakhethi

Inqubo elindelekile ifuna ukuba abahluleli bangandlululi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akumelwe babe nobandlululo, isithakazelo sezimali, noma ukuhileleka kuqala ecaleni elizobavimbela ekunqumeni kahle. I-AWT Procession Clause iye yachazwa njenge-accolas uma amathuba okucwaswa okungokoqobo ephakeme kakhulu ukuba angabekezeleleki ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [ku-] i-Caperton v. A.T. Massolel Co. [2009], iNkantolo ePhakathi ephethe ukuthi umahluleli othole iminikelo emikhulu evela e-ligigatentile.

Phawula Nemibhalo Elotshiwe

Abantu kumelwe bathole isaziso esicacile, esifike ngesikhathi sanoma isiphi isinyathelo esingokomthetho esimelene nabo. Isaziso kumelwe sihlanganise uhlobo lwamacala noma izikhalo, igunya elingokomthetho okuthathwa kulo isinyathelo, nemiphumela engenzeka. Kumacala obugebengu, lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe abhale incwadi engokomthetho. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe asebenzise izimemezelo nokukhononda. Inqubo idinga futhi ukuba kubhalwe noma kukhishwe isinqumo esilotshiwe, ukuze isisekelo sesinqumo sibukelwe ekudluliseleni.

Izinselele Zamanje Zenqubo Efanele

Naphezu kobungako bomthetho - sisekelo, inqubo efanele ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ezisebenzayo.

Ukufinyelela ekumelelweni okungokomthetho

Inselele esakazeke kakhulu ukuhluleka kwabantu abaningi ukuthenga ummeli. Nakuba abamangalelwa becala benelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, izimiso zomphakathi eziphethe izifunda zezindawo eziningi zigcwele izenzakalo ezenza ukuba ukumelela okungaphumelelanga. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, akukho lungelo elivamile lokunikeza iseluleko, futhi iningi lababengenele abambalwa abathola imali abaphumele ngaphandle kommeli, ngokuvamile babhekene nezitha ezingochwepheshe. Lokhu kululaza isithembiso senqubo efanelekile ngenxa yomphumela wecala ngokuvamile kuxhomeke kakhulu ekumeleleni okungokomthetho kunokumelelwa.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwezimiso Zezomthetho

Umthetho ngokwawo uye waba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Imithetho, imithetho, nemithetho yenkantolo ibhalwe ngolimi oluningi lobuchwepheshe. Imithetho iyahluka phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso, futhi phakathi kwemithetho yomphakathi, ubugebengu, nezokuphathwa. Kumuntu ongaqeqeshiwe ngokomthetho, uqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo okufanele azithathe, yiziphi izenzakalo ezimisiwe okumelwe zihlanganwe, futhi ukuthi yibuphi ubufakazi obungakholeki. Lobunkimbinkimbi buveza isithiyo esiqinile senqubo efanelekile ngenxa yokuthi abantu bangase balahlekelwe amalungelo abo abaziwa ukuthi abanawo noma bahluleke ukuphakamisa izivikelo ezifanelekele ukukhubazeka okungoko.

Ukubopha Ibhari Nokuthungatha Inqwaba

Kulesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu, amacala amaningi axazululwa ngokufaka isikhalazo kunokuba aqulwe. Nakuba abamangalelwa kumelwe bawalahle ngokuzithandela amalungelo abo, ukucindezela okukhulu kwemigwebo engenzeka kwakha isimo sokubambisana. Abamangalelwa abaningi bamangalela icala emacalani abawenzanga, noma emacaleni amancane, ukuze nje bagweme ingozi yesijeziso esinzima kakhulu ekuqulweni. Lesimiso siphakamisa inqubo engathi sína ngoba idlula ngokuphumelelayo isivikelo semidalo eklanyelwe ukuqulwa. Inkinga yangempela: ukuphenya okungamangalelwa ukuthi iziboshwa ezingu-4-6 azikhohlazeli ngokuyiqiniso, eziningi ezincenga icala.

Inqubo Yobuchwepheshe Nefanele

Ubuchwepheshe obusha bunikeza kokubili amathuba nezinsongo enqubweni efanelekile. Imithetho-algorithilithi esetshenziswa ekunqumeni ngebheyili, ekugwebeni, nasekunyanzeleni amaphoyisa ingaba nobandlululo futhi isebenze ngokunganaki, iphike abamangalelwa ikhono lokuncintisana nobufakazi obumelene nabo. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlola kwezemishini kanye neqoqo lemininingwane likahulumeni kuphakamisa imibuzo ngesaziso nelungelo lokubhekana nabamangaleli. Izinkantolo zisalwanisa nendlela izimiso ezingokwesiko zenqubo emisiwe ezisebenza ngayo ekwazini kolwazini, ukwenza izinqumo ezizinziwa ngemishini, nemithetho eyimfihlo. Ukuze uhlolo oluningi, bheka Brenan Centers ngenqubo efanelekile yeminyaka engokwezinombolo .

Umbono Womphakathi Nokwaziswa Okungalungile

Izindlela zokuvikela ezifanele ngezinye izikhathi ziyaqondwa noma zihlanjalazwe. Abagxeki bangase baziveze njengezingakhokhwayo ezivumela abantu abanecala ukuba bakhululeke, banganaki ukuthi lezisivikelo zivikela abantu abangenacala futhi zivikela. Uma umphakathi uphelelwa ukuthemba ekulinganiseni kwesimiso, kunengcindezi yezombangazwe yokunciphisa izivikelo ze-procedro. Ngokuphambene, isimiso senqubo efanelekile siqinisa ukuthembela ekulawuleni komthetho. Imfundo ngokuphathelene nenjongo nokubaluleka kwenqubo efanelekile idinga njalo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kwenqubo Edingekayo

Isiqinisekiso senqubo efanele asisona isiqinisekiso sokunethezeka noma sokuzimela. Yinqubo lapho isimo sibonisa khona ukuthi sihlonipha isithunzi namalungelo abo bonke abantu abangaphansi kwegunya laso. Ukusukela eMagna Carta kuya ekunqumeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme yamuva, isimiso siye sashintsha ukuze sibhekane nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho siqhubeka siqinile: Akekho ophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwethuba elifanele lokuzwakala. Njengoba izimiso zomthetho zikhula ngokuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe, isibopho senqubo efanelekile kumelwe sihlale siqinile. Yisivikelo esivikela abantu ngabanye emandleni angenaluntwini angenalusizo olungokomthetho naso esisekelwe ekulungeni obulungisa.