Table of Contents
UMthetho-sisekelo uyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe futhi umisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezibusa i-United States. Lencwadi ebanzi yomthetho ayikhiqizi nje uhlelo lukahulumeni wethu kuphela kodwa futhi ivikela amalungelo nenkululeko echaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseMelika. Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo nezinqubo zikahulumeni eziyinkimbinkimbi ozimisayo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifisa ukuhlanganyela ngokoqobo ekuphileni komphakathi, silwele ushintsho, futhi sibambe izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba ziphendule.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umfundisi, isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, noma umane nje ungumuntu onesithakazelo endleleni uhulumeni wakho osebenza ngayo, lo mqondisi uzakukunika ukuqonda okuphelele kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, izakhiwo zikahulumeni, nezinqubo ezilawula isimiso nomthetho e-United States. Kusukela ekuhlukaniseni kwemibuso kuya enqubeni yemithetho, kusukela ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni kuya ekulungiseni inqubo, sizohlola izinqubo eziye zasekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika amakhulu amabili eminyaka.
Isisekelo: Ukuqonda UMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States
Umlando Nendalo
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States wabuthelwa ukuba ume phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ePhiladelphia ngo-1787, esikhundleni seZihlokwana zoMhlangano ezazibonakale zingakufanelekeli ukubusa isizwe esincane. Umqulu ohlanganisa uJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton noBenjamin Franklin, wahlangana ukuze wakhe uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu kuyilapho usalondoloza ubukhosi bukahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Incwadi abayenzayo iye yaba umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wesizwe omdala obhalweyo osasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
UMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa ngo-1788 futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-1789, wamisa uhlobo olusha lukahulumeni olusekelwe embusweni wezwe, erpagani nasebuseni bomthetho. Abadwebi badweba i-flamers ngefilosofi yokukhanyiselwa, amasiko avamile esiNgisi, nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu ngokubusa kwamakoloni ukuze benze incwadi eyayizolinganisela amandla, ivimbele ubushiqela, futhi isungule isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe. Izimpikiswano ezizungezile zaholela esithembisweni se-Bill of Rights, eyanezelwa ngo-1791 njenge-andementments yokuqala yeshumi.
Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo
UMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa isiqalo, izihloko eziyisikhombisa, nezingalo ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa. Isaziso simisa injongo yalencwadi, kusukela ngamagama adumile athi "Thina bantu" futhi sidwebe imigomo eyisithupha eyisisekelo: ukwakha isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe, ukusungula ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya, ukulungiselela isivikelo esifanayo, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile, nokuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko.
Izihloko eziyisikhombisa ezilandela isisekelo sikahulumeni. ISiphakamiso I sakha igatsha lomthetho, iSiphakamiso II II simisa igatsha eliphetheyo, neSiphakamiso III simisa igatsha lokwahlulela. ISiphakamiso I-IV sikhuluma ngobuhlobo phakathi kwezindawo, iSiphakamiso V sichaza inqubo yokulungisa inqubo, iSiphakamiso VI sichaza umthetho-mgamu njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, neSiphakamiso VII uchaza inqubo yokuhlanganisa. Isihloko ngasinye siqukethe izingxenye eziningi ezinikeza amalungiselelo amaningi achaza ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele usebenze kanjani.
Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo
Izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo zisekela sonke isimiso somthetho-sisekelo. ubukhosi obuphakeme buqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uthola amandla akhe ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo. uhulumeni owenziwe ngempoqo[ usho ukuthi amandla kahulumeni avinjelwe umthetho, futhi izikhulu kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-mthetho. Ukwahlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene ukuze kuvinjelwe noma isiphi isitho esisodwa ukuba sibe namandla kakhulu. [[FLT:]
[[FLT: 0]] Amasethi nokulinganisela anikeza igatsha ngalinye ikhono lokulinganisela izenzo zamagatsha amanye, ukwenza uhlelo lobubonisi. Fateralist[ i-FLT] inikeza amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni, ivumela kokubili ubunye nokwehlukahlukahluka. [[FLT:] u-Jidician [, imiswe yiNkantolo ePhakathi yeNkathi eMarbury v. (1183], inikeza izinkantolo ukunquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana yini nomthetho. Okokugcina, [[FL:] [FLD] ilungelo eliphakathi] [FFLT] Fic.[FLT] ivikelewe-Requencestionstionstions ar ar no-omment arcembleagements povertivements, "magedment,[5]
Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni
Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela
Igatsha lemithetho, elamiswa yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, lihlanganisa iBacameral Congress: Indlu yabameleli neSigele. Leligatsha linamandla okwenza imithetho, ukulawula imali esetshenziswayo kahulumeni, ukumemezela impi, ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe ibhizinisi, nokuqondisa igatsha. Abaklami bezakhiwo baklama igatsha lokuqala nelinamandla kakhulu, babonisa inkolelo yabo yokuthi isishaya-mthetho kumelwe sibe seduze nabantu.
Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-355 ahlukene phakathi kwezwe elisekelwe emphakathini, ilungu ngalinye elikhonza iminyaka emibili. Abameleli kumelwe babe neminyaka engu 25 ubudala, babe isakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-7, futhi bahlale esifundazweni. Indlu inemibuso eminingana ekhethekile, kuhlanganise nekhono lokusungula intela, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizihambelayo, futhi ibambise umongameli uma kungekho mvoti omkhulu.
I- i-Seneta inamalungu ayikhulu, namalungu amabili avela esifundazweni ngasinye, anezinqumo zeminyaka eyisithupha. Abahlaziyi kumelwe babe neminyaka engu-30 ubudala, babeyisakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-9, futhi bahlale esifundazweni. ISigeqe sinawo esikhethekile kuhlanganise nokumisa umongameli, ukuqinisa izivumelwano, nokuqhuba ukuvinjelwa. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele futhi angavota amavoti.
Umthetho uhlela imibuso eminingi ehlelwe eqenjini leSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 8, kuhlanganise namandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zasezweni nakwamanye amazwe, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukunikeza imvume nemvume yokugunyaza, ukwakha izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, futhi ukwenza yonke imithetho "edingekile nefanele" yokukhipha amandla ayo omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Lemithetho yokugcina, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Ellastic Clausle orcedwordod noSed Claus, iye yahunyushwa kabanzi ukuze yandise igunya lokuhlela umthetho ngesikhathi.
Igatsha Eliphethe: UBusi
ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli wase-United States. Umongameli ukhonza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho, ophatha imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, oyala amabutho ahlomile, futhi ophatha i-gumperal. Umongameli ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emine futhi, agcine iSichibiyelo sama-22, angafeza amagama amabili.
Ukuze afanelekele umongameli, umuntu kumelwe abe isakhamuzi esingokwemvelo sase-United States, okungenani esineminyaka engu-35 ubudala, futhi ubehlala e-United States okungenani iminyaka engu-14. Umongameli ukhethwa ngesimiso se-Electoral College, lapho uhulumeni ngamunye ethola amavoti alingana khona nengqikithi ye-athonsi yayo. Umfundi kumelwe amukele amavoti amaningi (manje angama-270 kwengama-58) ukuze awine i-presidential.
Amagunya obumongameli ahlanganisa ukusayina noma ukumisa umthetho, ukumisa amajaji angokomthetho nezikhulu zikahulumeni (ezinesiqinisekiso seSigele), ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano (ezibekwa kubaphathi beSigele), ukukhipha iziyalo zezikhulu, ukuthethelela nokubuyisela, nokukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko wezempi. Umongameli futhi uthumela iSizwe sekheli se-Union futhi utusa umthetho kuKhongolo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-Preciension iye yakhula kakhulu emandleni nasethonyeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zesimiso sangaphandle nokulondeka kwesizwe.
Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iRecience Presidential, iKbitte, nezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni neminyango. IKhabhinethi inezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, kuhlanganise noHulumeni, iNdawo, i-Defense, uMahluleli, nezinye. Lezi zikhulu ziluleka umongameli futhi zengamele ukumiswa kwemithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni. Inhlangano kahulumeni isebenzisa izigidi zezisebenzi zomphakathi ezisebenza usuku lonke kuhulumeni.
Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Isimiso SeNkantolo Kahulumeni
ISiphakamiso III simisa igatsha lokwahlulela, ukunikeza amandla okwahlulela e "iNkantolo eyodwa ephakeme" nezinkantolo eziphansi njengeSishaya-mthetho. Isimiso senkantolo sezwe sichaza imithetho, sisebenzisa uMthetho-sisekelo emacaleni athile, futhi sixazulule izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma amaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukene. Abahluleli bamaPhoyisa bamiswa umongameli ngokuqinisekiswa kweSigele futhi bakhonza ukumiswa phakathi no "ukuziphatha okuhle," ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kokwahlulela.
INkantolo iphakeme imi esiqongweni sejaji likahulumeni, enezinkantolo eziyisishiyagalolunye: iJaji elilodwa eliyinhloko namaJaji angu-8 ahlangeneyo. INkantolo inegunya lokuqala emacala ahilela amanxusa nezingxabano phakathi kwezwe, kodwa umsebenzi wayo omningi uhilela ukulawula, ukubukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi nezinkantolo eziphakeme ngemibuzo kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yamukela izinkulungwane zezicelo minyaka yonke kodwa ngokuvamile ilalela amacala angu-70-80 kuphela.
Ngezansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme kunezindawo zokudlulisa izikhalo [[FLT:] , ezihlelwe zabayi 13 ezizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezisezindaweni zazo. Lezi zinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho kodwa aziqhubeli macala amasha noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha. Izinkantolo zeSikhathi [[FLT:] zikhonza njengezinkantolo zokuqulisa izigwebo zesimiso sombuso, ezinezifunda ezingu-949 ezinqamula izwe. Lezi zikhothamo zokuqala zezinkantolo zezinkantolo zecala zecala ezingokomthetho kodwa aziphathi macala amasha, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zomthetho, izimpikiswano zomphakathi ezihilela amaqembu ahlukene ahlangene, kanye nezinkantolo ezihilela izigaba ezihlukene lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano emali engaphezu $75].
Amandla okubukeza okulawulayo, nakuba kungashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo, amiswa ecaleni lengqophamlando iMarbury v. Madison (1803). Lomandla avumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo, zenze ikomiti yejaji ibe yinhlolo-nqumiso enzima emagatsheni omthetho nasebusweni be-gunyeni. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaguqula umphakathi waseMelika ngezindaba zezentele yomphakathi kusukela emalungelweni omphakathi kuya empumeleni yabantu ngabanye.
Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo
Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu ngokunika igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi akhethekile okulinganisela izenzo zamanye. Lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sidala ukucindezeleka okunamandla okuye kwasiza ekulondolozeni uhulumeni womthetho - sisekelo amakhulu amabili eminyaka.
Izazi Zomthetho Zihlola Amanye Amagatsha
UKhomishane ulawula igatsha eliphethe ngezindlela eziningi. ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli eKhabhinethi, ejaji likahulumeni, nezinye izikhundla eziphakeme. UKhomishane ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuhulumeni ngenqubo yokuqulwa kwezicelo, ukunquma ukuthi inkampani ngayinye nezinhlelo zithola malini. Indlu ingazikhipha izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, "ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme," kuyilapho iphethe icala futhi ingasusa izikhulu ngovoti olubili.
ISishaya-mthetho singanqoba ama-vetoe athatha ama-presidential ngevoti yama-3 amabili kuwo womabili amakamu, nakuba lokhu kungavamile ngenxa yomnyango ophezulu. ISigele kumelwe sivumelene nomongameli ngevoti eyisithathu. ISishaya-mthetho futhi siqondisa ngokuqulwa, ukuphenyiswa, nokucelwa kokwaziswa yizinhlangano eziphethe. Ngokuqondene ne-jadicariary, iSishaya-mthetho weNkantolo Ephakeme, imisa izinkantolo eziphansi ze-ovent, futhi ingakhipha abahluleli bezwe.
Ukuqondisa Amanye Amagatsha
Umongameli angamisa umthetho omiswe yiSishaya-mthetho, ephoqelela abamisi-mthetho ukuba bashintshe noma bazame ukuqeda umthetho. Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, alolonge indlela yamajaji aqanjwe ngayo kanye neziqondiso zefilosofi zezizukulwane. Ngemithetho yezikhulu nangezenzo zokuphatha, umongameli angathonya indlela imithetho esetshenziswa futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela iziNkathinga eyayingazilindele.
Umongameli angabiza izinkathi ezikhethekile zeSishaya-mthetho futhi unamandla okuthethelela futhi anikeze iziphakamiso zecala likahulumeni, anikeze isheke ezinqumweni zokwahlulela. Njengomphathi-mphathi-nhloko, umongameli uqondisa imisebenzi yezempi, nakuba uHulumeni ephethe amandla okumemezela impi nokuxhasa imisebenzi yezempi. Umongameli futhi uthinta uhlelo lwemithetho ngekheli le-State of the Union, iziphakamiso zomthetho, kanye ne-advocacy yomphakathi.
Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha
Ngokuhlolwa kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingamemezela imithetho edluliswa yisiKhongolo noma izenzo ezithathwa igatsha eliphethe ngaphandle komthetho, eliziqeda ngokuphumelelayo. INkantolo Ephakeme ichaza incazelo yemithetho namalungiselelo omthetho, ngokuvamile ixazulula ukulahlwa kanye nezikhala ezikhungethe inqubo yokushaya umthetho engabekwanga cala. Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalo ezivimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu lapho kunqunywa amacala.
Amajaji azimele asebenza ekumisweni kukho konke ukuphila kwawo konke, ebavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi abavumela ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kunokuba zisekelwe embonweni othandwayo noma ezicatshangelwayo zezombangazwe. Ijaji libuye livikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekuphathweni uhulumeni, lisebenze njengendawo lapho izakhamuzi zingabekela khona inselele izenzo ezingavumelani nemithetho noma izikhulu zamagatsha.
Inqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Imithetho Eyenziwa Ngayo
Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyakhiwe ngayo kuyisisekelo sokufunda nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Inqubo yemithetho iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngamabomu, iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa okuphelele kwemithetho ehlongozwayo nokuvimbela imithetho esheshayo noma engahlolwanga kahle.
Ukusungulwa Nokuvuselelwa
Inqubo yomthetho iqala lapho ilungu leSishaya-mthetho limisa umthetho. Amalungu oMkhandlu kuphela angamisa umthetho, nakuba imibono yezindleko ingavela ku-aquant, amaqembu enzalo, umongameli, noma amalungu ngokwawo. Endlini, amalungu afaka izikweleti ku-"Phost," ibhokisi lokhuni eliphansi kwendlu. ESigqeni, abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe baqashelwe isikhulu ukuba simemezele ukusungulwa komthetho.
Iphepha ngalinye lithola isiqu esibonisa isizinda salo nenombolo ebonisa uhlelo lwesethulo (umz. H.R. 1 semali yokuqala yendlu, S. 1 kumthetho weSigele sokuqala). Izindleko zemali yenkokhelo kumelwe zivele eNdlu yabameleli, njengoba kuchazwe eMthethweni. Ngemva kwesethulo, lolu phawu lubhekiswe ekomitini efanelekile esekelwe endabeni yayo. U-Sheaker we House noma i-Majonaracy Industry inquma ikomiti ekhomba i-katel, futhi izikweleti zemali zingabhekiswa emakomitini amaningi uma ekhuluma ngezihloko zemithetho ehlukene yekomiti.
Ukucabangela Ikomiti
Amakomiti asebenza njengamahhashi asebenzayo eSishaya-Mkhandlu, ahlola umthetho ohlongozwayo ngokuningiliziwe. Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini, zingaphinde zihlolwe. Uma ikomiti inquma ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho, ingabhekisela ekomitini engaphansi ukuze ihlolwe ngokukhethekile. Ikomiti ephethe ukuqulwa lapho ochwepheshe, abagcini bezimali, nabathathi-mdlali bafaka khona ubufakazi ngemiphumela engenzeka yemali, izinzuzo, kanye neziphazamiso.
Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti encane inesimiso "sokuphawula" lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngecala futhi esikisela ukubuyiselwa. Uma ikomiti encane ivumela izindleko, ibuyela ekomitini egcwele ukuze ibukeze. Ikomiti egcwele ingazigcina ngokwayo izikhalo zayo kanye neziqephu zokuphawula ngaphambi kokuba ivote ukuthi izobika ukuthi imvume ikhona yini egunjini eligcwele. Amakomiti angabika izikweleti ezivumayo, ngokungafanele, noma ngaphandle kokutusa, nakuba imibiko engemihle ivela kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi amakomiti avele angafuni ukuthatha isinyathelo ezinqingweni aphikisa.
Uma ikomiti ibika isikweleti, ilungisa umbiko obhaliwe ochaza injongo yemali, imiphumela yayo elindelekile, kanye nokucabanga kwekomiti ukuyisekela. Lombiko uba yingxenye yomlando wemithetho ongase uhlolwe izinkantolo nezinhlangano lapho kutolikwa umthetho. Ikomiti ingahlela ukulungisa isikweleti ngaphambi kokuba isithumele phansi.
Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano
Uma isikweleti sifika phansi kwendlu noma iSishaya-mthetho, izinqubo zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabili. Endlini, iKomiti Yemithetho ivame ukukhipha "imthetho" elawula impikiswano engokomthetho, isho ukuthi singakanani isikhathi esizobekwa ukuze kuxoxwe futhi isiphi inguquko, uma sikhona, singanikezwa. Imithetho ingaba "yivuleka" (ivumele noma isiphi isiphendulo), "ukungavumeli sivumelwano sokuqeda), noma "imvume" (ivumela izivumelwano eziqondile"imvume) kuphela).
Ingxoxo yasekhaya ilinganiselwe, futhi amalungu avame ukwamukela imizuzu embalwa yokukhuluma. Ngemva kokuba impikiswano iphelile, indlu ivotela noma ikuphi ukushintshwa bese idlula ekugcineni. Indlu ngokuvamile ivota ngocingo, amalungu esebenzisa amakhadi okuvota ukuze abhale izikhundla zawo. Kudingeka ukuba kudluliswe iningi lalabo abakhona kanye nabavoti.
Izinqubo zeSigele zivumelana kakhulu futhi zivumela ukuba kube nempikiswano ethathelwe isikhathi eside. Abahlaziyi bangakhuluma isikhathi eside uma nje befisa ukuvota okukhulu ukuze kuvulwe ukuqina, kuphele impikiswano. Lelisiko livumela i-palbuster, lapho ababambi be-jenali bengavimbela khona umthetho ngokunqaba ukukhipha iphansi. Ukubheja kudinga amavoti angu-60, okwenza kube nzima ukunqoba ukuphikiswa okumisiwe. Abaqondisi bangaveza ukuncitshiswa kwanoma isiphi isihloko, ngisho noma kungahlobene nesivumelwano, ngaphandle kokuba imingcele yemvume ehlangene.
IKomiti Yengqungquthela Nokubuyisana
Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kokubili iNdlu neSigele kumelwe zidlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo. Uma lamakamelo amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, kumelwe avumelane nomehluko. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokulungisa, lapho elinye igumbi lamukela khona inguqulo yelinye, noma ngekomiti yengqungquthela ekhiwe amalungu asemagumbini womabili axoxa ngokuhlehla.
Ikomiti yengqungquthela ikhipha umbiko wengqungquthela oqukethe ukuvumelana kwesivumelwano. Lombiko awunakulungiswa; womabili amagumbi kumelwe avote ukuze avume noma alahle njengoba kulotshiwe. Uma amagumbi evumela umbiko wengqungquthela, isaziso siyaqhubeka kumongameli. Uma noma iliphi icala lisenqaba, isikweleti singabuyela emhlanganweni noma sife.
Isenzo Sobumongameli
Uma isikhwama semali sifika kumongameli, kukhona izindlela eziningana zokukhetha. Umongameli angasayina incwadi yemali, ayenze umthetho. Umongameli angayibuyisela eKhonsele ngokuphikisa. Khona - ke uKhongolo lungazama ukukhipha i-veto ngevoti eyisithathu kuzo zombili izikhundla. Uma umongameli engenzi lutho izinsuku eziyishumi (ngeSonto) ngesikhathi uMkhandlu usesakhelweni, umthetho uvele uthathe isigqebhezana.
Uma iziKhongolo-mkhandlu zibambene ngaphambi kokuba kuphele izinsuku eziyishumi futhi umongameli engasayinanga umthetho, ufa nge-"pocket trato" lolu hlobo lwe-veto alunakungagcwali ngoba uKhongolose alusekho esimisweni ukuze luzame ukudlula. Ngezinye izikhathi abameli bakhipha izinkulumo lapho kusayina izikweletu, bechaza incazelo yabo ngomthetho noma izinto ezithile, nakuba lamazwi engenawo amandla angokomthetho.
Ukusebenzisa Nokuphoqelelwa
Uma isikweleti sesiba umthetho, izinhlangano eziphethe ziwusebenzisa futhi ziwugunyaza. IziKhomishane zivame ukuthumela igunya elibalulekile ezinhlanganweni ukuba zithuthukise imithetho egcwalisa imininingwane yendlela imithetho eyosebenza ngayo. Izinhlangano zikhipha imithetho ehlongozwayo eFederal Register, zamukele izinkulumo zomphakathi, bese zikhipha imithetho yokugcina. Lemithetho inamandla omthetho futhi ingabekelwa inselele enkantolo uma idlula igunya lenhlangano lomthetho noma iphula izimfuneko zomthetho.
Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nabantu Ngabodwa
IBhili of Rights, eyakhiwa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo, yagunyazwa ngo - 1791 ukuxoxa ngezinkathazo zokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala awuyivikeli ngokwanele inkululeko yabantu. Lezi zinguquko zilinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi ziqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo abalulekile emphakathini okhululekile.
Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo emihlanu: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nesicelo. Izimemezelo zenkolo zivimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho futhi zivikele amalungelo abantu okusebenzisa ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekile. Isivikelo sokukhuluma sidlulela ezinhlotsheni eziningi zenkulumo engokomfanekiso, kuhlanganise nenkulumo eyisimanga, nakuba ezinye izigaba zinjengokusongela kweqiniso, ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo esiseduze sokungabi namthetho, kanye nehlazo lithola isivikelo esincane.
Inkululeko yezindaba iqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yezindaba ingabika ngemisebenzi kahulumeni nezindaba zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa noma ukucushwa. Amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo kwenza izakhamuzi zihlele, zibhikishe, futhi zisekele ushintsho. Lenkululeko yokuVunyela Yokuqala yakha isisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi futhi iye yachazwa njengenesimo “esihloniphekile" emthethweni wemithetho yezomthetho.
Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buvikela
Izinguquko eziningana zivikela abantu abamangalelwe ngobugebengu. ISichibiyelo sesine senqabela ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka futhi sidinga imvume yokusekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izivikelo eziningi: ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwejaji elikhulu ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili, ilungelo lokumelana nokuzilahla, nesiqinisekiso sokuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.
ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bamangalelwa ngecala lobugebengu elisheshayo nelinomphakathi abahluleli abangakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa amacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqa ofakazi ukuba bafakaze, nelungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko. ISichibiyelo Sesi - 8h senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile.
Amanye Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo
ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, nakuba izinga lalelilungelo lisalokhu liseyimpikiswano eqhubekayo nempi.ISichibiyelo Sesithathu sivimbela ukufakwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha emizini yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume, siveza izikhalo zamakoloni ngokumelene nemikhuba yaseBrithani. ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamacala ejaji ezinkantolo ezihilela amaRandi angaphezu kwamashumi amabili.
ISichibiyelo seNinth sicacisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo ashiwo ngokuqondile. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi asiwaphathi uhulumeni noma abantu, siqinisa isimiso sobuhulumeni. Lezi zinguquko, nakuba zinganxuswa kakhulu kunabanye, zinikela ekwakhekeni okuphelele kukahulumeni olinganiselwe nenkululeko evikelekile.
Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zingaphezu Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu
Kusukela kuyiBhili of Rights, izinguquko ezengeziwe ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa ziye zagunyazwa, zikhuluma ngezindaba ezisukela ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni kuya ekwandisweni kwamalungelo omphakathi. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho zilondoloza izimiso zakhe eziyisisekelo.
Iziphendu Zokulungisa
ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, seshumi nane neseshumi nanhlanu, sagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, sashintsha umthetho-mthetho waseMelika ngokuyisisekelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu seSigqi seSiphamiso seSiphakamiso seMinyaka Engamashumi Amathathu neshumi nanhlanu ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. ISichibiyelo seMithelela seshumi nane, mhlawumbe esibaluleke kakhulu ngemva kweSiphendulo Samalungelo Omthetho, siqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadaliweyo eUnited States babe nezakhamuzi babe nezakhamuzi ezingekho emthethweni noma ezigodlweni zokugonywa, futhi sidinga ukuba kunikezwe inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo semithetho.
ISichibiyelo se 14 seSinqumo iSinyathelo sika-Claus saBacred Processol seshumi nane siye sachazwa ngokuthi "i-corporate" izivikelo eziningi zamalungelo, ezizenza zisebenze kohulumeni bezwe kanye nohulumeni kahulumeni. I-Ecumetic Protection Claus ibiyisisekelo sezinqumo ezingokohlanga, ubandlululo lwabesifazane, nezinye izindaba zamalungelo omphakathi. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sinqabela ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ohlalweni, ebala, noma esimweni sangaphambili sobugqila, nakuba isithembiso saso sasingafezeki ngokugcwele kuze kube yilapho amalungelo omphakathi ewa kuma-1960.
Ukwandisa Intando Yeningi
Izinguquko eziningana ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth, esagunyazwa ngo-1913, samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabameli abavoti abadumile kunokuba kukhethwe ama-partimenti athandwayo. ISichibiyelo seSichithi seshumi Elikhulu, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, senqatshelwa ukuvota okusekelwe ebulilini, okwaqeda amashumi eminyaka okulwa kwenhlangano yabesifazane.
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu, sagunyazwa ngo-1961, sagunyazwa ukuvota okugunyaziwe eSifundeni saseColumbia, savumela izakhamuzi zaso ukuba zivote kukhetho lomongameli. ISichibiyelo senhlawulo samashumi amabili namathathu eSigqi sagunyazwa ngo-1964, sanqabela intela yokuvota kuhulumeni, sisusa umngcele owawusetshenziselwa ukususa abampofu nabavoti abambalwa. ISiphendundulo samashumi amabini namashumi amabili nanye, sagunyaza ngo-1971, sehlisa inkathi yokuvota kusukela esukela eminyakeni engu-21 kuya kwengu-18, saqaphela ukuthi labo abadala ngokwaneleyo ukubuthelwa inkonzo yezempi kufanele babe nelungelo lokuvota.
Izinqumo Zokwakha Nezenqubo
Ezinye izinguquko ziye zaguqula izakhiwo zikahulumeni nezinqubo. ISichibiyelo seTelfth, esagunyazwa ngo-1804, sashintsha inqubo ye-Electoral College ukuze kuvinjelwe izinkinga ezavela kukhetho lwango-1800. ISichibiyelo seSigamethe Esineshumi Nesithupha, sagunyazwa ngo-1913, iSivumelo esigunyaziwe sokukhokha intela yeholo ngaphandle kokuyabela izifundazwe. ISichibiyelo se-1970, sagunyaziswa ngo-1933, sashintsha izinsuku zasekuqaleni komfantu nemithetho kamongameli, sasusa inkathi ende "lame", i-" yenkathi ende ye-"lame".
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane se-Secondd Amendment, esagunyazwa ngo-1955, sagunyazwa ngo-1951, sanikwa amagama amabili. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, sagunyazwa ngo-1967, samiswa izinqubo zokulandela umongameli nokukhubazeka. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu seSigunyazwe ngo-1992 ngemva kokuhlongozwa ngo-1789, iholo lenhlangano linyuswa lisuka ekusebenzeni kuze kube ngemva kokukhethwa kwabameleli abameleli abalandelayo.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo
ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo simisa inqubo yokulungisa lencwadi, ukwakha inqubo enzima ngamabomu edinga ukuvumelana okukhulu. Iziphetho zingahlongozwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ngevoti lezindlu zombili ezithathu, noma ngomhlangano womthetho-sisekelo obizwa ngama-3 ayizi-2. Zonke izinqumo ezingu-7 zahlongozwa yi-Congrrence; awukho umhlangano womthetho-mthetho oye wabizwa kusukela ngowokuqala ngo1787.
Kuke kwahlongozwa, ukulungisa kumelwe kugunyazwe ngezithathu ezine zezifundazwe (manje ezingu- 38 kwezingu-50). Izingqungquthela zingasho ukuthi ukufakwa kwentambo kufanele kube yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni noma ngemihlangano kahulumeni yokugunyaza. ISichibiyelo sakuqala samashumi amabili kuphela, esaphinda sagunyazwa yimihlangano kazwelonke; yonke eminye yagunyazwa yizishaya-mthetho. Ingqungquthela ingamisa futhi umkhawulo wokwakhiwa kwe-rat, ngokwesiko iminyaka engu-7, nakuba lo mkhuba uye waphikiswa.
Ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa buye baphumela ekulungiseni okumbalwa kakhulu naphezu kwezinkulungwane zezihlongozo ezasungulwa eSishaya - mthetho. Lesi siqobolo esiphezulu sokulungisa siye sanezela ekuzinziseni komthetho ngokomthetho kuyilapho siholela kwezinye izindlela zoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nencazelo yomthetho-mthetho, imithetho, kanye nemikhuba eshintshayo namasiko.
Umbango: Ukwehlukana Kwegunya
UFederalism, ukuhlukana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, kuyisici esichazayo sesimiso somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika. Lelilungiselelo livumela kokubili ubunye besizwe nokuhlukahluka kwemibuso, okwenza kube nezinqubo ezihlukene emazweni ahlukene kuyilapho kugcinwa isizwe esihlangene.
Amandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni
UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni obala imibuso kahulumeni, ehlelwe ngokukhethekile eSiphakameni I, isiqephu 8. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukunikeza imvume yamalungelo nemvume yokugunyaza, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa amabutho, nokwenza imithetho edingekile nefanele ukukhipha imibuso yawo. ISupremacy Claus eSiphakameni VI iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho kahulumeni ophikisanayo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umbuso kahulumeni uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngencazelo ebanzi yeCommerce Claus, iEdict and Theological Clause, kanye namandla okusebenzisa imali. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wasebenzisa lamagunya ukuqondisa izindawo ezingase zibonakale ngokuyinhloko zisendaweni, njengamalungelo omphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nomthetho wobugebengu, lapho lezozindawo zithinta ezentengiselwano yamazwe noma zihilela ukuxhaswa kwezwe.
Amandla Ohulumeni BoMbuso
Amazwe anemibuso egciniwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi, kuhlanganise neSiphendulo se-opera" jikelele "amandla okulawula impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zawo. Amazwe anomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko ngomthetho wobugebengu, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wesivumelwano sempahla, umthetho wesivumelwano, imfundo, nemithetho eminingi yezebhizinisi. Amazwe aqhuba nokhetho, kuhlanganise nokhetho lukahulumeni, olungaphansi kwezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho wezwe.
UMthetho-sisekelo wenqabela izenzo ezithile zikahulumeni, njengokungenela izivumelwano, ukusungula imali, noma ukukhubaza isibopho sezivumelwano. Amazwe awakwazi ukucwasa izakhamuzi zamanye amazwe noma ukuphazamisa ezohwebo ezisezweni. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane senqabela ukunqaba inqubo efanele noma isivikelo esifanayo, futhi ukulungisa okulandelayo kuvimbela amandla ombuso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
Ukubambisana Kwamaqembu Ezenhlalo
Amanye amagunya avumelana, okusho ukuthi kokubili ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bamazwe bangawasebenzisa. Womabili amazinga angakhokha intela, kuboleke imali, amise izinkantolo, futhi aphoqelele imithetho. Uma izingxabano zomthetho kahulumeni nokahulumeni zikhona ezindaweni ezihlangene, umthetho kahulumeni ukhona ngaphansi kweSipremacy Claus.
Uhulumeni wanamuhla uhlanganisa ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni kahulumeni zinikeza izimali kaningi emazweni anezimo ezihlangene, uvumela uhulumeni ukuba uthonye isimiso sikahulumeni ezindaweni ezivunyelwe izifundazwe. Lokhu "ukubusa kwesizwe" kuye kwaba yisiko ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezokuthutha, nokuvikela indawo ezungezile, nakuba kuye kwabangela impikiswano mayelana nokucunuleka kukahulumeni kanye nesimiso sombuso.
Indima Yezidili Zezombangazwe
Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo ungakhulumi ngamaqembu ezombangazwe, aye aba abalulekile ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni waseMelika. Abasunguli ngokuvamile baphikisa amaqembu, bewabheka njengemithombo yehlukana nenhlangano, kodwa amaqembu avela ngokushesha futhi aye athonya ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe nokubusa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Amaqembu ezombangazwe enza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile: ajoyina futhi ahlela abameleli, ahlela imikhankaso, aqoqa abavoti, anikeza izikhundla zabavoti ngezikhundla zabavoti, ahlela uhulumeni wake wakhethwa, futhi anikeza inqubo yokuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyolandisa. Isimiso sengxenye ezimbili siye sabusa ezombangazwe zaseMelika ingxenye enkulu yomlando waso, nakuba amaqembu athile nezikhundla zawo zishintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
KuMaKhomishana, amaqembu ahlela inqubo yokushaya umthetho ngezikhundla zobuholi, izabelo zekomiti, nokubambisana kwezimiso. Iqembu elikhulu egumbini ngalinye lilawula uhlelo, amakomiti ezihlalo, futhi linamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa noma ukuvimbela umthetho. Ukushaya umthetho kweqembu ngokuvamile kubuthakathaka eUnited States kunasezimisweni zephalamende, kodwa liye lakhula emashumini eminyaka amuva njengoba amaqembu ehlukene kakhulu futhi ehlukene.
Ukukhetha Nokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi
Izindawo zokukhetha ziyindlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa ngayo ubukhosi obuthandwayo futhi zigcine uhulumeni unecala. UMthetho - sisekelo umisa imithetho ethile eyisisekelo yokhetho lukahulumeni kodwa ushiyela imininingwane eminingi kuKhongolose nasezifundeni.
Ukukhethwa Komongameli
Ukhetho lukamongameli luqala njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Lenqubo iqala ngokhetho oluyinhloko nangokukhetha lapho amaqembu ekhetha khona ombaleki bawo. Le mincintiswano iyahluka ngokwezwe, eminye isebenzisa amaprimie (okhetho) kanti eminye isebenzisa i-caususe (imihlangano yamalungu eqembu). Inkathi yokuqala iqala kusukela ngoFebruary kuya kuJune wonyaka wokhetho.
Ukhetho oluvamile lusebenzisa isimiso se-Electoral College, lapho abavoti esifundazweni ngasinye bevota khona abavoti abathembiswe ukusekela abavoti abathile. Umbuso ngamunye uthola amavoti alingana nawo wonke ummeleli wawo we-constal. Izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa uhlelo oluthatha umnqobi lapho abavoti abaningi bezuza khona bonke abavoti abavoti bakahulumeni. I-Maine ne-Nebraska zisebenzisa isimiso sombuso lapho amavoti akhethiwe angahlukaniswa khona.
Ukuze awine umongameli, umvoti ozothatha i-offail kumelwe amukele amavoti amaningi (270 kuya ku-58). Uma kungekho mvoti othola iningi, iNdlu yabameleli ikhetha umongameli, lapho abameleli bombuso ngamunye bevota kanye. Lokhu kwenzeke kabili kuphela, ngo-1800 nango-1824. Isimiso se-Electoral College siye saphikisana, ikakhulukazi uma umzuzi wamavoti okhethiwe ehlukile kowaziwayo owawina ivoti, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1924.
Ukukhethwa Kwezishaya - mthetho
Zonke izihlalo zendlu ezingu-435 zivulelwe ukhetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, nabameleli abakhethwe ezifundeni ezinezitho eyodwa esifundazweni ngasinye. Imingcele yesigodi iyaphinde iphinde iphinde ikhishwe ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ukuze kuboniswe izinguquko zenani labantu. Le nqubo yokuguqula isuke yenziwa ngokwezombangazwe kakhulu, futhi iqembu elilawula isishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile lidweba izigodi ukuze libonise abazothatha isifunda, umkhuba okwaziwa ngokuthi igerrymaniling.
Ukhetho lwezigele luyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha, cishe nesigaba sesithathu sokhetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Izimemezelo zikhethwa embusweni wonke, zenza izinhlanga zezigele zincintisane futhi zibiza kakhulu kunezinhlanga zezindlu. Lamagama ashaqisayo aqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka eSigqeni futhi avimbela ukuguqukela ngokuphelele kwamalungu.
Ukuhlanganyela Namalungelo
Ukhetho lukamongameli luvame ukubonakala luphakeme kakhulu kunokhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi yomhlangano, futhi amadala, afundile, futhi acebile ezakhamuzi avota ngamazinga aphakeme kunezakhamuzi ezisezincane, ezingafundile, nezingafundile, nezimpofu.
Amalungelo okuncoma aye anda ngokuphawulekayo emlandweni waseMelika ngezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho, umthetho, nezinqumo zenkantolo. IVoing Rights Act ka-65 yayibaluleke kakhulu ekususeni izithiyo zokuvota ama-Afrika eNingizimu. Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngezimfuneko zokuvota, izinqubo zokubhalisa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota, nezinye izindaba zokulawula ukuvota ezithinta ukufinyelela kombheki.
Ukuhlanganyela Ngaphandle Kokukhangwa
Nakuba ukuvota kuyindlela ebonakala kakhulu yokuhlanganyela emphakathini, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kuhulumeni futhi zithonye inqubo ngezinye izindlela eziningi.
Ukuxhumana Nezikhulu Eziqashelwe
Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameleli neziqu zabo ukuze ziveze imibono yazo ngomthetho, zicele usizo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma ziphakamise ukukhathazeka ngezimiso zikahulumeni. Amalungu oMkhandlu alondoloza amahhovisi eWashington, D.C., nasezifundazweni noma ezifundazweni zawo, futhi ziqashe izisebenzi ukuze ziphendule izigijimi ezihlangene. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nezikhulu ezikhethiwe kuhilela ukucaca mayelana nokuma kwakho, ukuchaza ukuthi indaba ithinta kanjani wena noma umphakathi wakho, nokucela isinyathelo esithile.
Imihlangano yasedolobheni, lapho abameleli behlangana nabameleli ezifundeni zabo, inikeza amathuba okuthembisana ngokuqondile. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela futhi ezikhathini zokuphendula obala lapho izinhlangano zimisa imithetho emisha, ziba khona emihlanganweni kahulumeni wendawo, noma zikhonza emabhodini omphakathi nasezindaweni ezikhomishani.
Ukuzitika Nokuthatha Isinyathelo
Ukujoyina izinhlangano zobushiqela kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhulise amazwi azo futhi zisebenze ndawonye ukuze zishintshe. Amaqembu anesithakazelo ahlanganyela ekufuneni izihambeli, emfundweni yomphakathi, ekuhlomeleni inqubo ethonyayo, nasezimpandeni zotshani. Izakhamuzi zingahlela noma zihlanganyele ekubhikisheni, emibhikishweni, nakwezinye izindlela zesenzo esiqondile esivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
Izokuxhumana namathuluzi ezokuxhumana avulele amathuba amasha okuthembisana, asiza ekuqoqeni izivumelwano zomphakathi ngokushesha, ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa nokubambisana kwemizamo yokusebenzisa i-offset. Izicelo zocingo, imikhankaso ye-imeyili, kanye nezenzo zobungane zingakhulisa ukuqapha nabenzi besinqumo esicindezelayo, nakuba ukuphumelela kwazo kushintshashintsha.
Ukuhileleka Komphakathi
UKUHLANGANISA kwezombangazwe zesizwe kudlulela ngalé kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni wezwe, lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yebhodi yesikole, ukuhlanganyela ekulahlweni kwezindlebe, ukukhonza emabuthweni omakhelwane, nokunikela ngokuzithandela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi konke kunengxenye ekubusweni kwentando yeningi nasenhlalakahleni yomphakathi.
Inkonzo kaJury imelela olunye uhlobo olubalulekile lokuhlanganyela komphakathi, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqondile ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.
Izinkinga Zomthetho - sisekelo Zesikhathi Esidlule
Izimpikiswano eziningana eziqhubekayo zibonisa ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo ukhona nokuthi izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ziyaqhubeka zisebenza.
Amandla Okuqondisa Nokulondeka Kwesizwe
Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla obumongameli negunya lobukhomanisi kusaphikiswana, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nempi, ukuqapha, nemibuso ephuthumayo. Omongameli baye benza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokwethulwa ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nokulondeka kwesizwe, ngezinye izikhathi bethi banegunya elingokwefa lomthetho-sisekelo iSishaya-mthetho iSishaya-Mnyango seMpi, izinhlelo zokuhlola, ukuboshwa kwamaphekula asolwayo, nokusetshenziswa kwebutho ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwesivumelwano kuyaqhubeka kuhlola imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.
Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha enkathini ye-inthanethi. Imibuzo iphakama mayelana nemithetho yezezindaba zomphakathi, ukusakazeka kokungaqondi kahle, ukuhlukunyezwa kuyi - Internet, nokulinganisela phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezinye izindinganiso ezinjengokungasese nokulondeka. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ekuxhumaneni ngemishini, ukulinganisela kwemithetho yezokuxhumana, kanye nokubekwa kwemibandela yesikhulu akukaxazululeki.
Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nobuchwepheshe
Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngokucacile ngemfihlo, izinkantolo ziye zawaqaphela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu emongweni ohlukene. Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvimbela ukuphenywa okungacabangeki nokuthuthwa kocingo nezokuxhumana, kodwa isivikelo silokhu singaziwa. Impikiswano enjengokuqoqwa kokwaziswa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, ukulandelela indawo, nokufihlwa kwe-email kubekela izinkantolo inselele yemibono engokwesiko yemfihlo futhi ifuna izinkantolo zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho nezobuchwepheshe obusha.
Ukugunyaza Amalungelo Nobuqotho Obuyintandokazi
Izimpikiswano ngamalungelo okuvota, ukulondeka kokhetho, nokuqondisa kokhetho ziye zakhula eminyakeni yamuva. Izinkinga zihlanganisa izimfuneko zokuvota, izinqubo zokubhalisa, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota, ukuvota, ukuvuselela izimali zomkhankaso, nokungenela kwezezimali zomkhankaso kwamanye amazwe. Lezimpikiswano zibonisa ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo phakathi kokuqinisekisa ubuqotho bokuvota nokukhipha ukungenela kokhetho, phakathi kokulawula kohulumeni kanye nokuvikela amalungelo okuvota.
Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo
Ukuqonda izinqubo zoMthetho - sisekelo nohulumeni kuwumzamo wokuphila konke. imithombo eminingi ingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zijulise ulwazi lwazo futhi zihlale zinolwazi ngentuthuko yomthetho - sisekelo.
I- i-National Constitution Center ePhiladelphia inikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa, imiboniso, nemithombo yezomthetho-sisekelo we-inthanethi ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-sisekelo. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza ukufinyelela kuMthetho-sisekelo, amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme, nezinto zokufundisa iminyaka eminingi. Ungahlola ingcebo yabo i-stitunioncenter.org
I- ilondoloza iqoqo elikhulu lemibhalo engokomlando, izinto zomthetho, nemithombo yemfundo. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza ukufinyelela ku-Congregational Record, izingcabo zokulandelela, imibiko yamakomiti, nemibhalo engokomlando. Ukuvakashela u-All.Gov ukuthatha umthetho futhi ufunde ngenqubo yomthetho.
I-website ye-' inikeza imibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nokwaziswa ngezinqubo zeNkantolo. Izakhamuzi zingafunda izinqumo zamuva, zilalele izimpikiswano zomlomo, futhi zifunde ngomlando weNkantolo namasiko ku-[FLT].gov.
Amayunivesithi nezinhlangano eziningi zinikeza izifundo zesihle nge - Internet eziphathelene noMthetho - sisekelo, uhulumeni waseMelika, kanye nezivumelwano zomphakathi.
Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo
UMthetho-sisekelo uye wakhuthazela amakhulu amabili eminyaka ngoba wamisa izimiso eziyisisekelo kuyilapho uhlala uvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Ukwakheka kwemibuso ehlukene, ukuhlola, ukulinganisela, uhulumeni, namalungelo avikelwe kuye kwabonakala kuqinile ngokwanele ukuba kuhlangatshezwane noshintsho olukhulu lwezenhlalo, lwezomnotho, nolwezobuchwepheshe kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuzinza kukahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu siqu evikelekile.
Ukuqonda izinqubo zoMthetho-sisekelo nohulumeni akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kodwa isidingo esiwusizo sokuba isakhamuzi esiphumelelayo. Umthetho-sisekelo ungowamaMelika onke, futhi izimiso zawo zimane zisho okuthile uma izakhamuzi ziwaqonda, ziwacela, futhi ziwavikela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokhetho, ukuvota, ukuhileleka komphakathi, noma ngokumane nje uhlale wazi, sonke isakhamuzi sinendima yokufeza indima ekusekeleni umbuso wentando yeningi.
Izinselele ezibhekene nentando yeningi yaseMelika namuhla − ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi, ukudukiswa, ukuncipha kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni, ukusongela amalungelo okuvota, nezimpikiswano ngobukhulu bombuso kahulumeni − funa izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nozibophelene. Ngokuqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo, lokho uMthetho-sisekelo okukufunayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo ngokuphumelelayo, abantu ngabanye banganikela ekuxazululeni lezinselele nasekuqiniseni ukubusa kwentando yeningi.
Amazwi okuvula oMthetho-sisekelo, "Thina bantu," asikhumbuza ukuthi uhulumeni uthola igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kwababuswayo futhi ukuthi izakhamuzi zinomthwalo wemfanelo ophelele wokulondoloza uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo. Lomthwalo wemfanelo udinga ukufunda okuqhubekayo, ukugxeka, ukuxoxa ngomphakathi, nokuhlanganyela ngentshiseko. Njengoba isizukulwane ngasinye sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha namathuba amasha, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza kokubili isisekelo sokuhlala njalo kwezimiso nesimiso sokuhlela nokwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi.
Ngokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuqonda izinqubo zikahulumeni, nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, izakhamuzi zihlonipha umbono wabasunguli kuyilapho zivumelanisa lowombono nezidingo zamanje. UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona isiqinisekiso esiqinile ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili kodwa uhlaka oluphilayo oluqhubeka lubumba idemokrasi yaseMelika futhi luvikela amalungelo ayo. Ikusasa lalo lixhomeke ezakhamuzini eziqonda izimiso zayo, eziqaphela ukubaluleka kwazo, futhi ezizibopha ukusekela uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo wezizukulwane ezizayo.