Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umi njengenye yezincwadi ezinethonya kakhulu emlandweni wezwe, umisa uhlelo lwesimiso sentando yeningi nesimiso sokubusa. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo ngo-1788, uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-77, kusukela ngeBhill of Rights, izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, imvume egunyaziwe, i-tectedmentations ziye zaguqula umphakathi waseMelika, zivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, zandisa amalungelo omphakathi, futhi zavumelanisa ibhukwana lesizwe elisungulile lokuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi oshintshile. Ukuqonda inguquko ebaluleke kakhulu kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile emalungelweni nenkululeko okuchaza okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseMelika.

Nakuba zonke izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile, izinguquko ezithile ziye zaba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu ekuphileni kwaseMelika. Kusukela ekuvikelweni kwesisekelo seSikhathi samalungelo abantu kuya ekuguqukeni kweZigwegwegwe ezilandelayo iMpi Yombango, nakulokhu kwanda kwamalungelo okuvotayo kuvikelwe inqubo efanelekile nokuphathwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, lokhu kulungisa kumelela umzamo oqhubekayo wokwakha isibopho esiphelele. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola ukuncitshiswa okubaluleke kakhulu komthetho-sisekelo, sihlola umongo wawo ongokomlando, ukubaluleka okungokomthetho, kanye nethonya elihlala njalo emphakathini waseMelika.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwezinguquko ezithile, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungashintshwa kanjani. ISiqeshi se-5 soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sinikeza imininingwane ngenqubo ethatha izinyathelo ezimbili zokulungisa icebo lesizwe likahulumeni. Izigwebo kumelwe zihlongozwe futhi zigunyazwe kahle ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. Le nqubo yayiklanyelwe ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzishintsha okungapheli nokungaguquguquki.

Kungahlongozwa ukubuyiselwa futhi kuthunyelwe ezizweni ukuze kuhlatshwe imviyo ngo-250 eSigele naseNdlu yabameleli, noma ngomhlangano wesizwe obizwa yi-Congress ekusebenzeni kwezishaya-mthetho zezimo ezimbili-ntathu. Ukuba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo, ukubuyiselwa kumelwe kugunyazwe yizingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezifunda (38 kusukela ngo-1959).

Cishe iziphakamiso ezingu-11 985 zokulungisa loMthetho-sisekelo ziye zamiswa eKhondlelweni kusukela ngo-1789, kodwa 27 kuphela abagunyazwe ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isigxobo esiphakeme ngamabomu esimiswe abaQhingi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusekelwa okunganqamuki kuphela kuba yingxenye yomthetho ophakeme wesizwe.

I - Bill of Rights: Iziphetho 1 - 10

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zamukelwa futhi zathunyelwa kuhulumeni njengeqembu, futhi kamuva zagunyazwa kanyekanye; lezi zihlanganisa izinguquko ezithi iBill of Rights. Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo uvunyelwa ngo-1789, abanye abantu baba nomuzwa wokuthi awuwavikeli amalungelo athile ayisisekelo nokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele ushintshwe ukuze uvikele lawomalungelo. NgoDecember 15, 1791, kwenziwa izinguquko kuMthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi, isiqinisekiso senkululeko ekhethekile namalungelo; ndawonye zibizwa ngokuthi i-Bill of Rights.

IBhili yamaLungelo yayibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhlaziywa koMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. IBhili yamaLungelo yahlongozwa ekumelaneni noMphathiswa woMthetho-sisekelo omelene noMkhosi-sisekelo. Lezi zinguquko zamiswa izivikelo eziyisisekelo eziye zaba isisekelo sokubekwa kweMelika kanye nokubuswa kwentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Senkululeko

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala cishe singesisici esidume kakhulu futhi esithandwa kakhulu kuMthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States sivimbela uKhomishane ekwenzeni imithetho ephathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo; sinqabela ukusebenzisa inkolo ngenkululeko; noma sinqande inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yezindaba, inkululeko yenhlangano, noma ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. Samukelwa ngoDecember 15, 1791, njengenye yezikhangiso eziyishumi ezakha iSikhamuzi Samalungelo Amalungelo Amalungelo Abantu.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili zenkolo: u-Dianation Claus ne-Free Execrect Claus. Lapho kwenziwa isiVumiso Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo, iSivumelwano sakwenza kwacaca ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni wawungavunyelwe ukudala inkolo emisiwe. Lesivikelo savela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamakoloni, lapho abaholi benkolo babevame ukuphatha ithonya lezombangazwe eliphikisana nelezikhulu zikahulumeni ezimisiwe. Abefundisi baseSheshi, ngokwesibonelo, babethweswa ukukhokha intela kohulumeni bendawo ukuba bakhokhele intela. Labo abenqaba ukukhokha lentela, kanye nalabo ababeshumayela ngaphandle kwemvume yokusebenza, babevame ukumangalelwa ngecala yiziphathimandla.

Ngesikhathi iUnited States imemezela ukukhululeka ngo - 1776, iContinental Congress yavumelana ngokuthi ukuphoqelela umphakathi ukuba ukhulekele ngaphansi kwesonto eliduzane nohulumeni kwakumelene nenkululeko ababeyisungula. i - Free Execree Claus iqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela futhi ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekile kokholo kubo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nokucindezela

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma. Inkululeko yokukhuluma inikeza amaMelika ilungelo lokuveza imizwa yawo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuphazanyiswa nguhulumeni. Iyisici esiyisisekelo senkululeko yokuveza. Lenkululeko ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma, nakuba ingephelele.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ngokuvamile iye yazama ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zenkulumo ezivikelweyo. Ngokomthetho, izinto ezibizwa ngokuthi zingcolile ziye zakhishwe ngokomlando ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa ukunquma ukuthi yini efanelekile njengeyihlazo eye yaba yinkinga. Izenzo ezicasulayo zokukhuluma ezingalimaza abanye − ukushukumisa kwangempela kanye nokusongela (nesibindi), kodwa futhi ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amagama aye afaneleka njengesikhuthazo sangempela kuye kwanqunywa ngesisekelo sendaba esisekelwe esisekelweni esiphelele.

Inkululeko yezindaba ivikela umbiko nokusakazwa kokwaziswa. Ku-Near Minnesota (1931) kanye ne-New York Times Co. United States (1971), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikelekile ekuvinjelweni kwangaphambi kokubekwa kwecala (h_angaphambili) ukucushwa kwezincwadi (emacaleni acishe onke. Nokho, izinkulumo ezingamanga noma zokuhlambalaza) ezibizwa ngokuthi i-librel(aren's' azivikelwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.)

Inkululeko Yomhlangano Nesicelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula noma ukuhlangana ndawonye noma nokuhlangana neqembu labantu ngezinjongo zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, zezombangazwe nezenkolo. Sivikela futhi ilungelo lokuphikisa uhulumeni. Umhlangano unweba inkululeko yokukhuluma emaqenjini, kunokuba udlulisele abantu njengemidanti yenkululeko yokukhuluma" ekuqaleni eyayibhekiswe esiQinisisweni Sokuqala.

Iqembu lezombangazwe, ukuqedwa kobugqila, ukukhokhwa kwabesifazane, izinhlangano zezisebenzi, nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi konke kuye kwasebenzisa ilungelo lokuhlangana phakathi nezenzo zomphakathi. Ilungelo lokucela livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zisayine isicelo noma zifake icala kuhulumeni.

Okwenza ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Sibaluleke

Inkululeko emihlanu yonke ifeza injongo efanayo: ukuvikela ukungavumelani, ukukhuthaza impikiswano, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano ezinamandla zinecala. Uma sikubeka, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sikhona ukuze kugcinwe idemokrasi iphila futhi isebenza. IsiHlanzi sokuQala sabekwa khona kanye ekuqaleni kweSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu ngesizathu. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili nje ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, iZimemezelo zoFathers zazibona izingozi zikahulumeni ongalawula inkulumo, inkolo, nokuphikisa. Zaziyazi ukuthi lenkululeko yayibalulekile ekuhloleni uhulumeni.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela nje ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Asiyivimbeli inkampane ezimele noma umqashi ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nawe ngenxa yalokho okushoyo, futhi asiwavimbeli amayunivesithi ekubekeni imithetho yokuziphatha. Nokho, kusho ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni njengezikhulu zamaphoyisa, othisha-kakhulu besikole, nabezombangazwe bendawo ngeke bakujezise ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo akho okukhuluma, ukukhulekela, ukuhlangana, noma ukunxusa.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "IMilitia ebekwe kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izikhali, ngeke ligxambuzeke. Lenguquko ibiyindaba yempikiswano enkulu nempikiswano kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokulingana kwamalungelo abantu ngezibhamu nezimiso zokuphepha zomphakathi.

Inguquko ibonisa ukuthi uMsunguli ukhathalela ukulondoloza amabutho ahlomile ukuze avikeleke futhi alwe amabutho amile. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lolu shintsho ukuze ivikele umuntu ngamunye onelungelo lokuphatha izibhamu ngezinjongo ezingokomthetho, kuyilapho futhi ivumela nemithetho enengqondo. ISichibiyelo sesibili singenye yamalungiselelo aphikisana kakhulu kwezombangazwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, ngempikiswano eqhubekayo ngobukhulu nemisebenzi yayo emphakathini wanamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi ekufuneni okungacabangeki nokuquleka uhulumeni. Kudinga ukuba kusekelwe yisizathu okungenzeka futhi kuchazwe ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Lokhu kuphendulwa kwavela ezikhalweni zobukoloni ezigunyaza amaNgisi futhi zivunyela ukuphenya okubanzi, ukuphenya okungenalusizo.

ISichibiyelo sesine sinemiphumela ejulile yokwahlulela kobugebengu, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezakhamuzi nokugcinwa komthetho. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula ukucusumbula okukhulu kulokho okuhlanganisa "ukufuna" imvume, lapho kudingeka, futhi ukuthi yini engekho ngokwemfuneko efunekayo. Kusukela enkathini yobuchwepheshe, iSichibiyelo sesine siye sadluliselwa ekuxhumaneni ngemishini nasemininingwaneni, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe zekhulu le-18 kuyaqhubeka kuvela.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuzixazululeni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Sidinga ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwabahluleli ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína bukahulumeni, sivimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo), sivikela ekuzibekeleni icala, siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho ngaphambi kokuphucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, futhi sidinga ukukhokhwa lapho impahla yomuntu siqu ithathwa ukuze isetshenziswe obala.

Isivikelo ekuzichayeni cishe siyisici esaziwayo kakhulu seSichibiyelo sesihlanu, sinikeza inkulumo ethi "ukuthatha i-"Nhlanu". Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abanakuphoqelelwa ukuba bafakazele ngokumelene nobugebengu. I-Gast Process Claus ihunyushwe kabanzi ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi kuqinisekiswe izinqubo ezilungile ezingokomthetho. Ukuthatha u-Claus kuqinisekisa ukuthi uma uhulumeni elawula indawo ephakeme, abanikazi bempahla bathola inkokhelo elinganiselwe.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa becala lobugebengu elisheshayo nelinomphakathi banelungelo lokuqulwa icala abahluleli abangakhethi, lokutshelwa amacala abamangalelwa ngawo, ukubhekana nofakazi, ukuphoqelela ofakazi ukuba bafakazele, nokuba bathole usizo lweseluleko ukuze bavikele.

Ilungelo leseluleko lichazwe ukuba kudinge ukuba abamangalelwa abakhokhiswe ngokungemthetho banikezwe abameli ngezindleko zikahulumeni emacaleni obugebengu angathi sína. Isigaba sempikiswano siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bangahlangana nofakazi abamelene nabo. Ndawonye, lezizivikelo ziyisisekelo sesibopho somthetho wobugebengu baseMelika sokuqulwa ngokulunga nokubekwa kwecala.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Ukulahlwa Kwesijeziso Esinonya Nesingavamile

ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, ukuhlawuliswa ngokweqile, nezijeziso ezinonya nezingajwayelekile. Lokhu kulungisa kubonisa ukukhathazeka ngokulingana kwesijeziso nokuphathwa ngobuntu kwalabo ababoshelwe emacaleni. "unya nesijeziso esingavamile" kuye kwaba indaba yokubekwa isigwebo esikhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesigwebo sokufa, izimo zasejele, kanye nezenzo zokugweba.

Izinkantolo ziye zachaza lokhu kulungisa ukuguqula ngezindinganiso zomphakathi zokuziphatha okuhle, okusho ukuthi isijeziso esamukelekayo ezikhathini zangaphambili singabhekwa njengesingavumelani nemithetho namuhla. Ukulungisa kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni ukuze ajezise, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izijeziso zobugebengu zihlala zilinganisiwe futhi zingabantu.

Izinqumiso Zesine Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Namandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo seNinth sikhuluma ngesidingo sokuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile kungachazwa njengokulahla noma ukwehlukanisa amanye amalungelo agcinwe abantu. Sisho ukuthi ukumiselwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo ngeke kuthathwe njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu abalondolozwe abantu.

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigcinwe ezifundazweni noma kubantu yonke imibuso engaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe emibusoni. Silondoloza imibuso enganikezwanga uhulumeni wase-U.S. ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, noma inqatshelwe eMbusweni we-U.S., kubantu nase-United States. Lokhu kulungiswa kusemqoka kuhulumeni waseMelika, kumisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe unalawo mandla anikezwa wona ngokuqondile, kanye nawo wonke amanye amagunya kahulumeni akhona ezwe noma abantu.

Izichibiyelo Zokwakha: Ukuguqula Umphakathi WaseMelika

Izivumelwano ze-13, 14th, no-15 zisingatha ubugqila, isivikelo esilinganayo namalungelo athile omthetho-sisekelo; zonke lezi zaziwa ngokuthi iziphendu ze-Reconstruction. Lezi zinguquko ezintathu, zaqinisekiswa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, zaguqula umphakathi waseMelika ngokuyisisekelo kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Zimelela umzamo wesizwe wokukhuluma ngefa lobugqila futhi zimise isisekelo samalungelo omphakathi nokulingana.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nantathu: Ubugqila Obuphoqelelayo

ISichibiyelo se-13 mhlawumbe siyisici esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Salungiswa ngo-1865, sasiyinguquko yokuqala kwezintathu "Izinguquko" ezamukelwa ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Ukubuyiselwa kuthi: "Abukho ubugqila noma ubugqila obubodwa, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu lapho leliqembu liyobe liboshelwe khona ngokusemthethweni, lizoba khona e-United States, noma kunoma iyiphi indawo engaphansi kwegunya lalo".

Izigqila eziningi zase zikhululiwe kakade ngokobuchwepheshe yi-Emanciption Proclation kaMongameli Lincoln, kodwa iSichibiyelo se-13 saqinisa isikhundla sazo esingokomthetho njengamadoda nabesifazane abakhululekile. I-Emancip Proclation yayiyisilinganiso sesikhathi sempi esasisebenza kuphela ezindaweni ekuvukeleni futhi sasingase sibekelwe inselele noma sishintshwe ngemva kwempi. ISichibiyelo se-13th seSichililo, ngokuphambene, saqeda ubugqila babo bonke eUnited States njengendaba yomthetho womthetho.

Ukungalungisi kwesijeziso sobugebengu kuye kwaphumela ekuthatheni imingcele ehlala njalo, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni zokukhulula iziboshwa, amaqembu alandelanayo, nokugqunywa ejele. Nakuba ukulungisa kungasachazwa kakhulu izinkantolo, ithonya lako emphakathini waseMelika alinakuchazwa ngokweqile. Kwaphawula ukuphela okungokomthetho kwenhlangano eyayikhona eNyakatho Melika amakhulu amabili eminyaka futhi kwamisa isigaba sokulwa okuqhubekayo kwenkululeko yobuhlanga namalungelo omphakathi.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, singenye yezinguquko ezilandelayo nezivame ukubekwa eMthethweni. Sinemininingwane e-Ecult Protection Claus, Claus, i-Postry Communistism Claus, nemithetho ekhuluma ngeConfederacy nezikhulu zayo. I-mendement yaklanyelwa ukuvikela amalungelo ezigqila ezisanda kukhululwa futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso ayinakulandula amalungelo ayisisekelo kunoma imuphi umuntu.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi

Bonke abantu abazalwa noma abazalwayo e-United States, futhi abangaphansi kwegunya layo, bayizakhamuzi zase-United States naseMbusweni lapho behlala khona. Lesi sisho sasilahla isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kaDred Scott, esasithi ama-Afrika awanakuba yizakhamuzi. Samisa ubuhlanga njengesimiso somthetho-mthetho, siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi azinakwenqatshelwa ngenxa yobuhlanga noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila.

Inqubo Nesivikelo Esifanele

ISichibiyelo seSinyathelo seNguqulo se 14 seSikhawulo sika-Claus seSikhamiso sika-14 senqabela ukuncishwa noma ubani wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lesi sisho siye sachazwa ngokuthi "izehlulelo" eziningi zeMikhathi Yamalungelo Abantu, zenza lezo zivikele zisebenze kohulumeni kanye nohulumeni. Ukuqala ngeGtlow v. New York (1925), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa iSibuyekezelo Sokuqala ezindaweni,*a inqubo eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Claus of the Indation of 14.5.

I-Umeal Protection Claus idinga ukuba isho ukuthi inikeza isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho kubo bonke abantu abangaphansi kwegunya labo. Le mithetho ibiyisisekelo sezinqumo zamalungelo abantu abavelele, kuhlanganise noBrown v. Board of Education (okwaphela ukuhlukanisa ngokomthetho ezikoleni), uLouth Loving v. Virginia (owaqeda ukuvinjelwa komshado wezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene), no-Obergefell v. Hodges (okwamukelwa umshado owesizwe esifanayo). I-Exter Protection Claine iyaqhubeka ibhekwa ezimweni ezihilela ukucwasana okusekelwe ezinhlangani, ubulili, imvelaphi, nezinye izici.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukunikeza Amalungelo Amadoda AseAfrika AseMelika

I-Created yabekwa ngo-1870, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu seSichibiyelo seSikhathi sinqabela uhulumeni futhi sisho ukuthi izakhamuzi zingalifuni ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe "kwesizwe, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila. ” Igcina izakhamuzi amalungelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingohlanga luni, ibala, noma izigqila zangaphambili. Ukubuyiselwa kwakuhloselwe ukuqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota kubantu baseAfrika baseMelika ngemva kweMpi Yombango.

Nokho, isithembiso seSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu sancishiswa ngokulandelana kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene zobuhlanga cishe ngekhulu leminyaka ezihlanganisa ukuhlola ukubhalisa, intela yokuvota, izimemezelo zobukhokhokho, izigaba ezimhlophe, ubudlova obuqondile nokwesabisa. Lemigoqo yawaphula ngokuphumelelayo ama-Afrika eNingizimu naphezu kwesiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo. Isithembiso seSiphendulo seshumi elinesihlanu saqala ukuphoqelelwa, ibonisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho wemithetho adinga kokubili isivikelo esingokomthetho nesezombangazwe afezeka.

Ukwandisa Intando Yeningi: Ukukhipha Iziphetho Zamalungelo Abantu

Ngalé kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu, ezinye izinguquko eziningana ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota futhi zenza intando yeningi yaseMelika ihlanganiswe ngokwengeziwe. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokwandisa ukudayisa izakhamuzi zonke nokususa imigoqo ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Impoqo Yabesifazane

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 sagunyazwa ngoAugust 18, 1920. Siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba noma isiphi isakhamuzi sase-United States sivote, kungakhathaliseki ubulili baso obungokwemvelo, sinikeze abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Inguquko ithi: "Ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States lokuvota ngeke linqatshwe noma livinjelwe i-United States noma yinoma iliphi iZwe ngenxa yobulili."

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye sasiwumphumela wempi yamashumi eminyaka eyalwiwa abantu ababhalisayo abahlela, baphikisa, baphakamisa, futhi bakhuthazelela ukuboshwa nobudlova ukuze baqinisekise amalungelo okuvota abesifazane. Umzabalazo wabesifazane wawuhlanganisa izibalo ezifana noSusan B. Anthony, uElizabeth Cady Stanton, uAlice Paul, nabanye abangenakubalwa abanikezela ukuphila kwabo kule njongo. Lenhlangano yasebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene, kusukela ekunxuseni ngokuthula ekungalalelini komphakathi, futhi yakha izinxulumano eziqeshini ezihlukene.

Ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba kwamelela ukwanda okukhulu kwentando yeningi yaseMelika, okuphindwe kacishe ngokuphindwe kabili kokukhetha okufanelekile. Kwaphawula intuthuko ephawulekayo ekulweleni ukulingana kwabesilisa, nakuba abesifazane babeqhubeka bebhekene nezinye izinhlobo zobandlululo nezithiyo ukuze bahlanganyele ngokugcwele kwezombangazwe. Ingxenye yalesi simemezelo yabonisa futhi amandla okuhlela izimpande eziqinile nokwehlela ushintsho oluyisisekelo lwemithetho engokobukhomfa ngezindlela zentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo Se - 20 Seminyaka Engamashumi Amane: Intela Yempova Esakazeka

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane samiswa ngo-1964, sivimbela kokubili iziKhongolo kanye nezifundazwe ukuba zifake ilungelo lokuvota kuhulumeni ekukhokheni intela yenhlawulo noma enye intela. Intela yempoqo yayisetshenziswe, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseNingizimu, ukulahla abavoti abampofu, ikakhulukazi amaMelika ase-Afrika. Ngokufuna ukukhokhwa kwentela ukuze kuvote, lemithetho yabangela isithiyo sezomnotho ekuthatheleni iqhaza kwezombangazwe okwakuthikameze kakhulu labo abanemali elinganiselwe.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane sasiyingxenye yenhlangano yamalungelo abantu ebanzi yonyaka ka-1960, eyayifuna ukuchitha izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga nobandlululo. Nakuba ukuhlelwa kwalesinqumo kuphela kwasetshenziswa kukhetho lukahulumeni, kamuva iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma kuyi-Harper v. i-Virginia Board of Evotions (19666) yentela yokuvota yamazwe futhi yawuphula umthetho weSikhungo Sokuvikela u-Celasmente seSichithi seSichithi se-145th. Lokhu kunciphiswe kugcizelela isimiso sokuthi ukuvota kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo okungamelwe limiselwe engcebwebwebweni noma esikhundleni.

ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yokushibilika Kube Yiminyaka Engu - 18

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sagunyazwa ngo-1971, sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 kuwo wonke ama-ovent, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo. I-mendiation ithi: "Ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States, ezineminyaka engu-18 ubudala noma ngaphezulu, lokuvota ngeke linqatshwe noma livinjwe yi-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yobudala."

Umfutho walokhu kulungisa wavela kakhulu enkathini yeMpi yaseVietnam, lapho intsha iphikisa ngokuthi uma imdala ngokwanele ukuba ibuthwe futhi ilwele izwe lakubo lapho ineminyaka engu 18, kufanele ukuba ikhule ngokwanele ukuba ivote. Isiqubulo esithi "imdala ngokwanele ukuba ilwe, ikhule ngokwanele ukuba ivote" yathatha lomuzwa. I-mendement yahlongozwa yiKhomishani ngoMarch 23, 1971, futhi yagunyazwa emlandweni ngesikhathi [1] ezinyangeni ezintathu nje kuphela, ukumiswa kwayo kwasemthethweni.

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuvota ngokufaka izigidi zentsha yaseMelika. Saqaphela ukuthi asebekhulile abaneminyaka engu-18 banokuvuthwa okwanele futhi basengozini emphakathini ukuba bahlanganyele ekwenzeni izinqumo zentando yeningi. Inguquko iye yaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, yadala amavoti intsha okumelwe abazokuhlola emikhankasweni nasemikhankasweni yabo.

Ezinye Iziphendu Eziphawulekayo

Nakuba lezi zinguquko okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla ziphakathi kwezinguquko ezinkulu, ezinye izinguquko eziningana ziye zaba nethonya elibalulekile kuhulumeni nasemphakathini waseMelika.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha: Intela Yentela Yentela

ISichibiyelo seSinyakatho seSinyakatho sigunyaza iNguquko yeSigaba seSinyakatho ukuba ikhokhise intela yeholo ye-levy ngaphandle kokwabelana ngayo phakathi kwezifundazwe ezisekelwe emphakathini. Ithonya leSichibiyelo sekhulu le 16 kwakuyicala leNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iPollock v. Abalimi's Loan & Trust Co., eyayithi intela ehlawulwayo empahleni ilingana nentela eqondile futhi ngenxa yalokho yenqatshelwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, ingxenye engu-9 yoMthetho-Mpatho. Lapho lesi sidluliswa yinkantolo yase-Creastry, ngokwemvelo, kwathatha iminyaka eminingana futhi izinguquko ezinkulu kwezomnotho nezombangazwe ezweni ngaphambi kokuba ikhululwe ngo-1913.

Intela yeholo iye yaba umthombo oyinhloko wemali kahulumeni, ukuxhasa yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni izwe kuya ezinhlelweni zezenhlalo. Ukulungisa kwabuguqula kakhulu ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni futhi kwasiza ukwandisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni nezinkonzo phakathi nekhulu lama-20 nelama-20. Nakuba impikiswano ilapho ithathwa, intela yeholo isiyisici esiyinhloko senqubo yaseMelika engokwesiko.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesikhombisa: Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabahlaziyi

Ngo-1913, iSichibiyelo seSeventeenth samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwezikhulu ze-Sénators ngevoti ethandwayo yase-U.S., esikhundleni sesimiso sangaphambili lapho abameli bakhethwa khona yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kulunga kuthathwe ngo1913, abameli bakhethwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, okwaholela ekukhohlakaleni okucatshangelwayo kwezombangazwe kanye nomzabalazo wokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe ngokuqondile izinkampani zazo. Ukuziphindisela kwadlula ngokuphikisa okuncane, kodwa kwakunomphumela ongalindelekile wokubangela ukudidelwa ngokuthi zingabathatheli kanjani izinyusi izinyusi izinyushi zezikhulu zikahulumeni ezashiya izikhundla zezindawo zabo ngaphambi kokuba ziphele izibo.

Inguquko yayiyingxenye yempoqo yeNkathi eqhubekekayo yokugqugquzela izinguquko zentando yeningi nokulawula uhulumeni okuthandwa kakhulu. Yasabela ekukhathazekeni ngokonakala, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni eziboshwe ngebomu, nomqondo wokuthi abaphathi babesuswe kakhulu kubantu ababemelelwe. Ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabameleli kwenza iSigele sasabela ngokwengeziwe embonweni womphakathi futhi saqinisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi kuhulumeni kahulumeni.

Izinqumo Zeshumi Nesishiyagalombili Nezakuqala Ezingamashumi Amabili: Ukwenqatshelwa Nokubuyiselwa

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, esakhishwa yiSishaya-mthetho sangomhla ka-18, 1917 futhi sagunyaza umhla ka-January 16, 1919, sanqabela ukukhiqizwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kotshwala obudakayo e-United States. Lokhu kwasho isiphetho semizamo yenhlangano yokudambisa intukuthelo yemizamo yokuxazulula izinkinga zezenhlalo ezihlobene notshwala ngomthetho-mthetho.

Nokho, iSiphakamiso sabonakala sinzima ukuphoqelela futhi saholela emiphumeleni engafanele ehlanganisa ukuvela kobugebengu obuhleliwe, ukunganakwa komthetho okusakazekile, nokulahlekelwa intela. Lokhu kulungisa, kwagunyazwa ngo-1933, kwabuyisela inguquko ye-Amentiad Prohibition. Yalulaza imithetho kahulumeni evimbela utshwala futhi yabuyela ezindaweni amandla okumisa imithetho yazo siqu yotshwala. Yikho kuphela ukuqedwa kotshwala okulungisa inqubo elungisa ngokuqondile enye.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala samashumi amabili nanye, esagunyazwa ngo-1933, sihlukile emlandweni womthetho-mthetho waseMelika njengendlela okuwukuphela kwayo yokulungisa ukubuyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo. Kubonisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zingashintshwa uma zingasasebenzi noma zilahlekelwa ukusekela komphakathi. Ukwenzeka kweSigqizo somthetho kanye nokuziphindisela kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ngokulinganisela komthetho-mthetho wokulungisa ukuziphatha komphakathi nokubaluleka kokuvumelana komphakathi ekusekeleni imithetho.

ISichibiyelo Esingamashumi Amabili Nesibili: Imingcele Yemithetho Yomongameli

Edlula uMkhandlu ka - March 21, 1947 futhi wagunyaza u - February 27, 1951, akekho umuntu oyokhethwa ukuba abe yinduna yesikhundla sikaMongameli izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezimbili, futhi akekho umuntu oye waba negunya likaMongameli, noma owaba uMongameli, iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili yesigwebo omunye umuntu akhethwa ukuba abe ngasohlangothini lukaMongameli.

Lokhu kulungisa kwamiswa isiko lezikhathi ezimbili elamiswa uGeorge Washington futhi lalandelwa omongameli abaningi kwaze kwaba uFranklin D. Roosevelt, owakhethwa ukuba abe namagama amane. Ukulungiswa kwahlongozwa iRepublican Congress ngemva nje kokufa kukaRoosevelt futhi kuboniswa ukukhathazeka ngokugxilisa amandla kakhulu kumuntu oyedwa ngokuthatha isikhathi eside. Kuqinisekisa ukujika njalo kumongameli futhi kuvimbele ukuvela kwesikhulu esimbekile.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuphumelela Nokungalawuleki Kwamongameli

I-Applix yabekwa ngo-1967, i-Amakumi amabili nanhlanu yeSichibiyelo sicacisa izinqubo zokulandelana komongameli futhi simisa izinqubo zokusingatha ukukhubazeka komongameli. Inikeza ithuba lokuba uMongameli ongumongameli abe nguMongameli ekufeni, lapho ephelelwa umsebenzi, noma esuswa kuMongameli, futhi amise izinqubo zokugcwalisa izikhala kuBusikeli kanye nokudlulisela amandla obungamongameli okwesikhashana uma uMongameli engakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yehhovisi.

Ukulungiswa kwabangelwa ukukhathazeka okwaphakanyiswa ngemva kokubulawa kukaMongameli Kennedy nayizenzakalo zangaphambili zokukhubazeka kukamongameli. Kuye kwacelwa izikhathi eziningana, kuhlanganise nalapho abaPhathi bethathe umongameli kanye nalapho omongameli bethathelwe amandla okwesikhashana phakathi nezinqubo zezokwelapha. Ushintsho lunikeza ukucaca nokuzinza okubalulekile kokushintsha kobumongameli futhi luqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kukahulumeni phakathi nezinhlekelele.

UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Ukuchaza Nokusebenzisa

Izinguquko kuMthetho-sisekelo akuwona umbhalo ocacile kodwa umthetho ophilayo okumelwe uchazwe futhi usetshenziswe ezimweni ezishintshayo. Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zisho ukuthini ekusebenzeni. Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ihilela ukulinganisela ukuqonda kokuqala kokulungisa izidingo nezindinganiso zanamuhla.

Kukhona izindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza, kusukela ekuchazeni kobukho bangempela (ofuna ukusebenzisa incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo wombhalo) ephila ngomthetho-sisekelo (obheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengohlangene nomphakathi). Lempikiswano ephathelene nokuchazwa ayiyona nje imfundo kodwa inemiphumela yangempela yamalungelo abantu ngabanye, amandla kahulumeni, nenqubo yezenhlalo.

Imfundiso yokuhlanganisa, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa khona izivikelo eziningi zeSigqi Samalungelo esizwe kuhulumeni ngokusebenzisa iSichibiyelo seSikhawulo se 14th se-Accolas, ibonisa indlela ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo okungandisa ngayo izinga elisebenzayo lokulungisa. Ukuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo sokuqala kwaqala ngenkululeko yokukhuluma nokunyathelisa eGitlow v. New York (125), ukusebenzisa inkolo mahhala kuHamilton v. Regents of U.C. (1934), inkululeko yokuhlanganisa i-ngqungquthela/intekonxanxa yesicelo ku-De Jonge v. Oregon (1937), kanye ne-Admentation Claus in Eveson v.

Ukuhlehliswa Okuqhubekayo Kwezigwebo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko kuMthetho-sisekelo zisalokhu zibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwamanje kwaseMelika. Inkululeko yokuQonda yokuqala iyaqhubeka isetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngemithombo yezindaba yomphakathi, iziphakamiso zenkululeko engokwenkolo, kanye nezinhlangano zokubhikisha. ISichibiyelo sesine sivivinjelwa ubuchwepheshe obusha bezokuhlola nemisebenzi yokwaziswa. ISiphendulo seSichibiyelo seGajimende se 144 sibalulekile ekuhlazisweni okuqhubekayo okuhilela ukucwasana okusekelwe ohlwini lomphakathi, ubulili, indlela yokuzivumelanisa ngokobulili, nezinye izici.

Ukulungisa amalungelo kubhekene nezinselele ezintsha njengoba imibuso imukela imithetho ehlukahlukene yokhetho nezinqubo ezingase zithinte ukutholakala kwevoti. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo abantu negunya likahulumeni, isihloko esiyinhloko sokuncishiswa kwezindawo eziningi, kuyaqhubeka kuphikiswa ezindaweni ezisukela ekulawuleni izibhamu kuya kuhulumeni owephula umthetho owenziwe ngokushintsha izindlela zokusabela okuwumqedazwe.

Ukuqonda izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze kube nesabelo sesizwe esinolwazi. Lezi zinguquko zichaza amalungelo amaMelika anawo, imingcele emandla kahulumeni, nezindinganiso isizwe esizifisayo ukuzisekela. Zimelela kokubili ukufinyelela nokulwa okuqhubekayo, zifakazela intuthuko yesizwe ekusunguleni kwayo kuyilapho zivuma ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha isibopho esiphelele kakhulu awusoze waphela.

Izinqumo Ezihloswe Ukuba Zibe Khona Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ezinye izinguquko ezihlongozwayo ziye zabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu emphakathini, njengeSichibiyelo Samalungelo Abantu Esilinganayo (esizokwenqabela ngokucacile ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebulilini), izimemezelo zokulinganisela imali kahulumeni, ukuhlelwa kwezivumelwano zokuqeda izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nokulungisa umkhankaso wokuthuthukisa izimali noma i - Electoral College.

Ubunzima bokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuthi izinguquko ezihlongozwayo kumelwe zibe nokusekela okubanzi, okuqhubekayo ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene nasemibonweni engokwezombangazwe. Lomgoqo ophezulu uqinisekisa ukuqina futhi uvimbele izinguquko ezisheshayo, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungase untele ngemva kwezinguquko zomphakathi noma uhluleke ukusingatha izinselele ezivela ngokushesha ngendlela abanye abangathanda ngayo.

Inqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo ibonisa umbono wabasunguli kahulumeni othola igunya lawo kubantu kodwa ohlelwe ukuba uvimbele izinto ezinkulu zesikhashana ekwenzeni izinguquko ezinkulu. Izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo ziyoqhubeka ziphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana namalungelo, ukumelelwa, nendima efanele kahulumeni emphakathini waseMelika.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo KweziNkambiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States kumelela umzamo oqhubekayo wesizwe wokucwengisisa nokuthuthukisa isimiso sawo sikahulumeni nokunweba isithembiso senkululeko nokulingana kubo bonke abantu baseMelika. Kusukela ekuqiniseni kwesisekelo samaLungelo kuya ekuguqulweni kweZiphetho zenguquko zomphakathi waseMelika, kusukela ekunyukeni kwamalungelo okuvota kuya ekuzivumelani nohulumeni, lezi zinguquko ziye zaguqula okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseMelika ngezindlela ezinzulu.

Inguquko ebaluleke kakhulu − ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko eyisisekelo kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ukuqedwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sobugqila, isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seshumi nane sesivikelo kanye nenqubo efanelekile, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu nelesishiyagalo seSine seSichibiyelo sokwanda kwamalungelo okuvota, kanye nezinye ezixoxwe kulesiqondiso kulolu hlelo zenza isisekelo sentando yeningi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Zibonisa kokubili izifiso eziphakeme kakhulu zesizwe kanye nempicaba yaso ukuze siphile ngokuvumelana naleyo migomo.

Ukuqonda lezinguquko akuyona nje indlela yokuzivivinya yolwazi olungokomlando kodwa kuyisidingo esiwusizo nganoma ubani ofisa ukuqonda amalungelo akhe, ahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, futhi abe nengxenye ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nencazelo nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo, njengoba ulungiswa, ulokhu uyincwadi ephilayo eyaqhubeka ibumba umthetho waseMelika, ezombangazwe, nomphakathi.

Njengoba izakhamuzi zihlanganyela nezinselele zamanje − kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile enkathini yobuchwepheshe kuya ezinsongeni eziphathelene nokungena kovota, kusukela ekuguqulweni kwemithetho yezegebengu ukuya ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi, izivumelwano zomthetho-sisekelo zinikeza kokubili uhlelo lokuhlaziya nesikhumbuzo sezindinganiso eziye zaqondisa isizwe ezikhathini zangaphambili zoshintsho nezimpi. Izinguquko zibonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungaziguqula ukuze ubhekane nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho ulondoloza ukunamathela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo.

Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo umthetho womthetho-mthetho nohulumeni waseMelika, behlola ukulungiswa kwemidanti ngokuningiliziwe, funda umbhalo, bahlole izenzakalo zengqophamlando, futhi bahlole umongo ongokomlando (inzuzo). Imivubukulo enjenge i-National Constitution Center[, Izinqolobane [[FLT]], kanye [FLT] ne- Commentalgional [[FLT]] inikeza ukwaziswa okunegunya nge-antement nencazelo yazo.

Indaba yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ekugcineni iyindaba emayelana nekhono labantu baseMelika lokuzibusa kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukwakha umphakathi onobulungisa nokhululekile. Ushintsho ngalunye lumelela ukukhetha okwenziwe izizukulwane ezidlule ngohlobo lwesizwe ababefuna ukwakha namalungelo ababefuna ukuwavikela. Ukuqonda lezi zinguquko kusiza izizukulwane zamanje nezizayo ukuba zisebenze, ukuvumelanisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile ezindinganisweni ezihlala njalo zenkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nokuzifunela ngokwazo kwentando yeningi ukuthi le nkathi iyaqhubeka isebenza.