Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Isizathu Sokuba Izinqumo Zidingeke Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ungenye yezincwadi ezinethonya kakhulu nezihlala njalo emlandweni wesintu. Ukulungisa ngo-1787 okwenziwa ngoFata Abasunguliwe, lesi simiso esiphawulekayo siye saqondisa irepublic yaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Nokho okwenza ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uhluke ngempela akuwona nje umbhalo wawo wokuqala, kodwa ikhono lawo lokuziguqula ngenqubo yokulungisa. Ukulungisa umthetho - sisekelo kumelela indlela lencwadi yesisekelo evumelana ngayo nokushintsha izikhathi, ukulungisa ukungalungi kwangemthetho kwangesikhathi esidlule, futhi idlulisele isivikelo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinjani ukuzalwa kwazo.
Inqubo yokulungisa ihlanganisa iqiniso elibalulekile: akukho mbhalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlonishwe kanjani, ongabheka phambili kuyo yonke inselele izizukulwane ezizayo ezizobhekana nayo. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa nokuguquguquka kwakhiwe ngokuhlakanipha esimisweni abasenza. Ngokulungisa, uMthetho-sisekelo uye washintsha wavumela ubugqila futhi waphika abesifazane ukuba bavotele ukuthi isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho futhi banika zonke izakhamuzi ezikhulile amalungelo okuvota. Lo kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa ukuthi kungani ukulungisa izinto ngezimiso ze-Caltics (izinguquko) yenza wonke umuntu abonise kangcono ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo wethu uveza izinkolelo zethu eziphakeme nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Ukulinganisela Ukuqina Noshintsho
Inqubo yokususa uMthetho-sisekelo yaklanyelwa ngamabomu ukuba ibe yinselele, ifuna ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Lomnyango ophakeme uqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa kubonakalisa ukuvumelana kwangempela kwesizwe kunokusekela kwesikhashana kwezombangazwe noma izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe. Abahleli bezakhiwo bazama ukwakha isimiso esingeke sibe esiqinile kakhulu noma esivumelanayo, bevumela izinguquko ezidingekile kuyilapho bevimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo ezingase zilulaze ukuqina kwephepha lencwadi.
Ukusikisela ISichibiyelo
Kunezinqubo ezimbili zokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo, zombili zibekwe eSiphakamisweni V sencwadi yokuqala. Indlela yokuqala nevame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa idinga amavoti amaningi kokubili eNdlu yabameleli naseSikhungweni seNdlu. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungisa kuhlongozwa kusekelwa kakhulu abameleli abakhethiwe abanqamule imigqa yeqembu nasemazweni ahlukene anezithakazelo nezici ezihlukene.
Indlela yesibili yokulungisa ayizange isetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo emlandweni waseMelika, nakuba iye yathola ukunakekela eminyakeni yamuva. Ngalendlela, izishaya-mthetho zombuso ezimbili eziphindwe kathathu zingacela umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo ukuba uhlongoze ukubuyiselwa. Leli lungiselelo lahlanganiswa ukunikeza amazwe indlela yokudlulisa iSishaya-mthetho uma isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni singasabeli ekwakheni intando yabantu. Nakuba izinkulungwane zezicelo zomhlangano onjalo ziye zathunyelwa ngamazwe ahlukahlukene phakathi neminyaka, umnyango odingekayo awuzange uxazululwe, futhi imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuthi umhlangano onjalo usebenza kanjani.
Ukugunyaza Isichibiyelo
Uma nje isilungiso sesiceliwe ngendlela ngayinye, kumelwe sigunyazwe yizifunda-ntathu ezine zezwe ngaphambi kokuba sibe yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokuvunyelwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni noma ngemihlangano ekhethekile e-accompers enquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela ezosetshenziswa. Imfuneko yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuthi ukusekelwa kwendawo kunakho ukusekelwa okukhulu futhi akuwona nje umkhiqizo wesikhashana kuhulumeni wombuso.
Inqubo yokulungisa ingathatha isikhathi esithe xaxa. Nakuba ezinye izinguquko ziye zagunyazwa ngokushesha, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, ukunciphisa inkathi yokuvota ibe yi-18, kwagunyazwa ngezinyanga ezintathu nje .Njengoba ezinye ziye zafa iminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili noma amakhulu. ISichibiyelo sesikhombisa seSiphendulo, iholo le-adistionunion, ekuqaleni sahlongolwa ngo-1789 kodwa asizange samukeleke kwaze kwaba ngo-192, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-200 kamuva. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezikhathi zesikhathi sokwakha kubonisa isimo esihlukene sokuncishiswa kwemizwa kwemizwa ehlongozwayo kanye namazinga ahlukene okuphuthuma kanye nokuvumelana komthetho ohlukene.
IBhili yamaLungelo: Iziphetho Zokuqala Eziyishumi zeMelika
Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo, ezaziwa njengeSigqebhezana samalungelo abantu, zagunyazwa ngo-1791, eminyakeni emine nje ngemva kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo usutholiwe. Lezi zinguquko azizange ziqikelelwe ngemva kokucatshangelwa kodwa kunalokho zazingagcwaliswa kwesithembiso esenziwa phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuhlanjululwa. Izifunda eziningi zaziveze ukukhathazeka ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawungenazo izivikelo ezicacile zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi eziningi zagunyaza le ncwadi ngokuqonda ukuthi isivikelo esinjalo sasizonezelwa ngokushesha.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sodwa sivikela inkululeko ehlukene emihlanu: inkolo, inkulumo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nezicelo. Lenkululeko yakha isisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nokuzibusa komuntu siqu. Izinguquko ezilandelayo kuyiBhili of Rights zikhuluma yonke into kusukela elungelweni kuya ehlolweni lokuthwala izikhali nokuvikela ekuhloleni okungenangqondo kwelungelo lokuqulwa yijaji nesivikelo esivela enkantolo ekhonweni nakujeziswa ngonya nakuyisijeziso esingajwayelekile.
Okwenza iBill of Rights ibaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuthi yamisa isimiso sokuthi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo kakhulu kangangokuthi kumelwe abekwe ngaphandle kokufinyelela iziphathimandla ezivamile zezombangazwe. Ngisho noma iningi lezakhamuzi noma abameleli bazo abakhethiwe befisa ukulinganisela inkululeko yokukhuluma noma ukumisa inkolo engokomthetho, iBill of Rights iyivimbela ukwenza kanjalo. Lengxenye ephikisanayo yokulungisa umthetho-mthetho ivikela amaqembu amancane nemibono engathandeki ekucindezeleni kweningi, iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ukhonza wonke umuntu, hhayi nje lowo onamandla ezombangazwe nganoma isiphi isikhathi.
Izinqumo Ezandisa Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nokulingana
Ngaphandle kweBhill of Rights, izinguquko eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho ziye zagxila ekuthuthukiseni ukuthatha uhlangothi kwentando yeningi nasekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lezi zinguquko zimelela umzabalazo oqhubekayo waseMelika wokuphila ngokuvumelana nemibono yawo eyisisekelo yenkululeko nokulingana, ukulungisa ukuhlukanisa nokungabi nabulungisa okwafakwa eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wokuqala noma okwavela lapho kusungulwa isizwe.
Izinqumo Zokwakha: Ukuqeda Ubugqila Nokusungula Isivikelo Esilinganayo
ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, seshumi nane neseshumi nanhlanu, sagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, saguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kanye nesimo sesizwe saseMelika. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu seSichibiyelo sagunyazwa ngo-1865, saqeda ubugqila nobugqila obungahlosiwe kulo lonke elase-United States, ekugcineni sasusa isakhiwo esasiyisono sokuqala nembangela yempi echitha igazi elikhulu.
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, mhlawumbe siyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esake sanezelwa kuMthetho-sisekelo. Saqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwayo noma abadalwe eUnited States bayizakhamuzi futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mbuso ongancisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho noma uphike noma ubani olingana nemithetho. La malungiselelo aye ayisisekelo sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme evikela amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi, kusukela ekuqedeni ukulingana kwesikole nokuqaphela ukulingana kwemithetho.
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu seSichibiyelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1870, sanqabela ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni ukuba banqande ilungelo lokuvota izakhamuzi ngokusekelwe ebala, noma esimweni sangaphambili sobugqila. Nakuba lokhu kulungisa kwakumelela ukuqhubekela phambili okubalulekile, isithembiso saso asizange sifezeke ngokugcwele cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngenxa yezenzo zobugebengu njengentela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukufundela ukufunda nokuzihlolela ubudlova obuqondile. Umzabalazo wokuphoqelela iSichithi seshumi Nanhlanu seSiphendulo somthetho - sisekelo uveza ukuthi ukuncishiswa, nakuba kubalulekile, asidingi ukuzibopheka nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe isivikelo sabo sisebenza.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye: Impoqo Yabesifazane
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, savimbela ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni ukuba baphikise ilungelo lokuvota ngesisekelo sobulili. Lokhu kulunga kwaba ukuphela komzabalazo wamashumi eminyaka owenziwa amashumi amaningi abantu ababhala izincwadi zezincwadi ababehlela, bephikisa, futhi bekhungatheka ngokungakhathali ngenxa yokulingana kwabesifazane kwezombangazwe. Inguquko yaphindeka kabili ukukhethwa okungase kuthathwe futhi imele ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo kwedemokramente yaseMelika, iqaphela ukuthi ukuthatha iqhaza kwezombangazwe akufanele kulinganiselwe ngokobulili.
Ukulwela ukulwa kwabesifazane kubonisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kokulungisa komthetho-mthetho. Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye sasiyimpumelelo enkulu, asizange siqinisekise ngokushesha amalungelo okuvota kubo bonke abesifazane. Abesifazane abanombala, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu, baqhubeka bebhekene nemingcele efanayo yokuhlukanisa imibala eyayivimbela amadoda ukuba avote. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukulungisa akumelwe kuqondwe njengezindawo ezisekupheleni kodwa njengezezikhundla eziqhubekayo zohambo oluya elingana ngokuphelele nasemnyangweni osuselwa kuwo.
ISichibiyelo Sehora Lama - 20: Ukuqeda Intela Yempova
Ngo-1946, iSichibiyelo sezentengiselwano samashumi amabili nane senqabela intela yokuvota kuhulumeni wokhetho. Intela yokubheja yayisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emazweni aseNingizimu ukuze kuvinjelwe ama-Afrika nabelungu abampofu ekuvoteni, njengoba abaningi babengenakukwazi ukukhokha intela. Ngokususa lesisithiyo sezomnotho sokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, ukuncishiswa kwasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amalungelo okuvota awasoze axhomeke engcebweni noma ekuzimeleni kwezomnotho. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa lomthetho nokhetho lwendawo, iqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota libalulekile esimisweni sethu sentando yeningi futhi akufanele likhokhelwe.
ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha: Ukunciphisa Inkathi Yokudla
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sagunyazwa ngo-1971, sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 kuwo wonke uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo. Lokhu kulungisa kwaqhutshwa kakhulu yiMpi yaseVietnam futhi kwaqulwa ngokuthi uma abantu abadala abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala babekhule ngokwanele ukuba bajoyinwe futhi balwele izwe labo, babebadala ngokwanele ukuba bavote abaholi abenza izinqumo eziphathelene nempi nokuthula. Ukuncitshiswa kwavunyelwa ngesivinini esiphawulekayo, bathatha isilinganiso esingaphezu nje kwezinyanga ezintathu bethathelwe ekuhlolweni umkhosi, bebonisa ukuthi abantu abadala abakhulile babefanelwe amalungelo aphelele ezombangazwe.
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye sandisa ukuvota ngezigidi futhi sanikeza intsha imvume eqondile ezimisweni zokulungisa ezaziyothinta amakusasa azo. Saqaphela ukuthi imingcele esekelwe ebudaleni ekuvoteni, njengaleyo esekelwe ohlangeni noma ebulilini, yayiyimingcele esekelwe ngokungenangqondo ekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yeningi okungenakuthethelelwa emphakathini ozinikele emalungelweni ezombangazwe alinganayo.
Izinqumo Eziguqula Ukwakhiwa Kukahulumeni Nezinhlelo
Nakuba izinguquko eziningi ziye zagxila emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye nasekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yeningi, ezinye ziye zakhuluma ngezici zokwakha zikahulumeni, zaguqula indlela izikhulu ezikhethwa ngayo, isikhathi ezisebenza ngaso, nendlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo awuyona nje kuphela inqubo yokuvikela amalungelo kodwa futhi nangokudala ukubusa okuphumelelayo nokulandisa.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Ukukhethwa Okushintshayo Komongameli
ISichibiyelo seTwelfth, esagunyazwa ngo-1804, sashintsha inqubo yokukhetha uMongameli noMongameli. Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, umvoti owathola amavoti akhetha kakhulu waba uMongameli, futhi umgijimi waba uMongameli osekela uMongameli. Lesi simiso sasheshe sabonisa inkinga, ikakhulukazi ekukhetheni ngo-1800, lapho uThomas Jefferson no-Aaron Bur bathola inani elifanayo lamavoti okhetho, adala inhlekelele engokomthetho. ISiphendulo se-Tweenfeth safuna abavotisi ukuba bavotele umongameli noMongameli ohlukene, sivikeli abavimbela izibo ezibo kanye nokuvumela ukuthuthuka kwesimiso sanamuhla sethikithi lapho abaholi bekhetha abangane babo besebenza.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabahlaziyi
Ngo-1913, iSichibiyelo seSeventeenth samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwe-United States Senators ngevoti ethandwayo. Ngaphambili, abameli babekhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, isimiso esabhekwa njengosingekho ngokwentando yeningi futhi esithambekele ekonakalani. Inguquko yenza iSigele saziphendulela ngokuqondile kubantu futhi sanciphisa ithonya lemishini yezombangazwe nezithakazelo ezikhethekile ekukhetheni izintambo ze-gundane. Lokhu kwamelela ukuncishiswa okuphawulekayo kombuso waseMelika, kwanika izakhamuzi ezivamile amazwi aqondile ekukhetheni zombili izindlu zeSishayamthetho.
ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili: ISichibiyelo esithi “ISiphendu SikaLame"
ISichibiyelo sonyaka ka-1970, esagunyazwa ngo-1933, sashintsha izinsuku lapho kuqalwa khona izinqumo zobumongameli nezingqungquthela. Ngaphambili, izikhulu ezazisanda kukhethwa azizange zithathe isikhundla kuze kube ngoMatshi, zishiye inkathi yezinyanga ezine lapho izikhulu ezinqobile zihlala zisebukhulwini. Le nkathi "ehlayo" yabonwa njengengenademokrati nenkathi yokungalawuleki, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele. Ukulungisa kwasusa ukuqala kwemiyalo kamongameli kuya kuJanuwari 20 nonyaka ka-3, kunciphisa inkathi yedada eliqhushubile futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezisanda kukhethwa zazingasabela ngokushesha kakhulu esivumelweni sabavoti.
ISichibiyelo Esingamashumi Amabili Esihlangene: Imingcele Yemithetho Yomongameli
Ngo-1951, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye salinganisela amongameli emagatsheni amabili akhethiwe. Lokhu kulungisa kwakuyimpendulo kuFranklin D. Roosevelt kumagama amane, ukwaphula isiko lezikhathi ezimbili elamiswa uGeorge Washington. Abaxhasi be-mende baphikisa ukuthi imingcele yenkulumo yayidingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubekwa amandla aphakeme egatsheni eliphethe futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuguqukela phambili njalo kobuholi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-demokhrasi yayivimbela ukukhethwa ngokwentando yeningi ngokuvimbela umongameli ukuba aphinde akhethe. Kungakhathaliseki lezimpikiswano, ukumiswa kwemithetho kumiswe imingcele eqinile kumongameli weshumi leminyaka ebumbe iMelika eneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70.
ISichibiyelo Se - 20 (Agameter): Impumelelo Kamongameli Nokungalawuleki
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sagunyazwa ngo-1967, sacacisa izinqubo zokulandelana komongameli futhi samiswa izinqubo zokusingatha ukukhubazeka komongameli. Ukulungisa kwabangelwa ukukhathazeka okwabangelwa ngemva kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ukubulawa kwabefundisi kanye nezenzakalo zangaphambili lapho bengasenakukwazi ukubulala abaholi ngenxa yokugula. Samisa izinqubo ezicacile zokuba uMongameli athathe i-presidente uma uMongameli efa, ephuma, noma esuswa esikhundleni, futhi sakha inqubo yokudlulisela amandla okwesikhashana uma uMongameli engakwazi ukukhipha imisebenzi yehhovisi. Ukubuyiselwa kombuso kuye kwasetshenziswa izikhathi eziningana, ngokuvamile lapho umongameli ethatha izinqubo zokwelapha ezidinga ukubulala isibindi.
Izichibiyelo Eziyehluleka Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo
Akuzona zonke izinguquko ezihlongozwayo eziphumelelayo, futhi umlando wokulungisa okuhlulekile wembula okuningi ngezindinganiso zaseMelika, izinto eziza kuqala, nokuhlukana kwezombangazwe. Izinkulungwane zezinguquko ziye zahlongozwa eSixukwini phakathi neminyaka, kodwa ezingu 27 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa. Ezinye izinguquko zehluleka ziye zaxazulula izindaba ezaxazululwa kamuva ngezinye izindlela, kuyilapho ezinye zihlala zisezingeni zempikiswano eqhubekayo.
I-Uncimence Rights Amelt Amencial Amendment (ERA), eyayizokwenqabela ngokuqondile ukucwaswa kwesocalo ngesisekelo sobulili, yahlongozwa ngo- 1972 futhi yagunyazwa okokuqala yizifundazwe ezingu-35, imane ifinyele kathathu kwezifunekayo ezingu-38, naphezu kokubekwa isikhathi esimisiwe, ukulungisa kwehluleka ukufinyelela izinselele ezidingekayo ngezibalo ezidingekayo phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe amathathu awengeziwe aye agunyaza i-ERA, aphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nokuthi ukubuyiselwa komthetho kungaba yini ingxenye yomthetho-sisekelo naphezu kokuphela konyaka. Umlando oyinkimbinkimbi uveza izinselele zokufinyelela izivumelwano ezidingekayo ngesigaba esimisiwe somthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ngisho nasezindabeni ezisekela iningi.
Ezinye izinguquko ezihlongozwayo eziye zahluleka ukufinyelela ukufinyelela ukuhlaziywa zihlanganisa lezo ezidinga uhlelo olulinganiselwe lwemali kahulumeni, zivumele umthandazo ezikoleni zomphakathi, zinqande ukungcoliswa kwefulegi, futhi ziqede iElectoral College. Ngasinye salezi ziphakamiso sinezisekelo ezinamandla nabaphikisi, futhi izimpikiswano ngalezizindaba ziyaqhubeka ziguqula izinkulumo zezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ukwehluleka kwalezi zinguquko akusho ukuthi impikiswano abakhuluma ngayo ayibalulekile, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi ayikafinyeleli izinga elingavamile lokuvumelana okudingekayo ekushintsheni umthetho.
Indima Yezinqumo Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Amancane
Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ekucindezeleni okungase kube khona kweningi. Ebugqilini obuphelele, iningi lingavota ukuba licindezele noma likhethe amaqembu amancane. Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, ngokubeka amalungelo athile nesivikelo okungafinyeleleki ezimisweni ezivamile zezombangazwe, kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo nokwelashwa okulinganayo kuqinisekisiwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuneziphepho zezombangazwe ezishintshayo noma ubandlululo oluthandwayo.
IziNguqulo ze-Reconstruct zinikeza isibonelo esicacile sale nkonzo evikelayo. Ngokuqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo semithetho nokunqanda ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, lezi zinqumo zamisa ukuthi amalungelo athile ayengeke ancishiswe ngisho noma iningi labavoti esifundeni esithile noma endaweni ethile befisa ukwenza kanjalo. Nakuba ukugcinwa kwalezi zivikelo bekungavumelani futhi ngokuvamile kunganele, isiqinisekiso somthetho - sisekelo ngokwaso siye sanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kanye nezinqumo zenkantolo eziye zanweba ukulingana nobulungisa kancane kancane kancane kancane.
Ngokufanayo, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo engathandeki, izinkolo ezimbalwa, kanye nemibono ephikisanayo ekucindezelweni iningi. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo somthetho sisekelo, idlanzana lezombangazwe, izinkolo ezincane, nalabo abanemibono engavumelani naso bebengachayeka ekushushisweni nasekuxazululeni. Ngakho inqubo yokulungisa ayisebenzi nje kuphela ekuvumelani noMthetho-sisekelo nezikhathi ezishintshayo kodwa futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuguquka kwenzeka ngezindlela ezivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nesithunzi sabantu.
Izinqumo Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi
Izinguquko eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho - sisekelo ziye zaba umphumela wezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezihleliwe, ezisekela, futhi ezihlongoza ushintsho eminyakeni eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka. Lenqubo, nakuba ingokomthetho nemithetho, ekugcineni ishukunyiswa izinhlangano ezithandwayo ezishintsha umbono womphakathi futhi zibangele ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kokuguqula umthetho.
Inhlangano yokuqeda inkathi yokuncishiswa kwezakhiwo, eyalwa nobugqila izizukulwane, ekugcineni yawufinyelela umgomo wayo ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu. Umza wabesifazane, owaqala ngobuqotho eSeneca Falls Convention ngo-1848, awuyibonanga imizamo yawo ivuzwa kwaze kwaba yilapho kuthathwa iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo Seshumi Nancuthi ngo-1920, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-70 kamuva. Umza wamalungelo abantu eSigwegwegweni seminyaka engu-1950 nowama 1960 waholela ekususeni intela yokukhokha futhi wasiza ekuthuthukiseni isimo sezombangazwe sokulawula iSichimbiso seMitheli seshumi Nane Nesihlanu Nezinzile.
Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo ludinga okungaphezu kwezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho noma ukuqondisa kwezombangazwe."idinga izinguquko eziyisisekelo ekuqapheleni komphakathi nasezindinganisweni. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifundisa umphakathi, zibekela inselele imicabango ekhona, futhi zidala ukucindezela kokuziphatha okukhona ukuze kushintshwe. Ziguqula izimiso ezingokomthetho ziphilele izicelo zobulungisa nokulingana. Inqubo yokulungisa inikeza indlela engokomthetho yokuhumusha lezinhlangano zezenhlalo zibe ushintsho oluhlala njalo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukunqoba okunzima akushintshwa kalula yizicingi ngobukhulu bezombangazwe esikhathini esizayo.
UMthetho - sisekelo Njengencwadi Ephilayo
Umqondo woMthetho-sisekelo njenge "incwadi ephilayo" ngezinye izikhathi uphikisana, ngezimpikiswano ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala noma uvumelani nezimo zamanje. Nokho, ukulungiswa ngokwako kubonisa ukuthi abahleli be-fream babehlose ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo uzenzeke. Ngokuhlanganisa i-Athis V nezinqubo zayo zokulungisa, bavuma ukuthi izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo ziyobhekana nezinselele ezingenakuzilindela futhi zidinge ikhono lokuguqula isimiso somthetho-sisekelo ngokufanele.
Izinguquko ezingu-7 ezigunyazwe ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka zibonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ovumela ukubhekana nokugqilazwa, ukwandiswa kwamalungelo okuvota, ukuguqulwa kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni, nokuvikela ukuqonda okusha ngenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwenzeka ngenqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa inqubo yezomthetho kuphela, unikeza izinguquko zomthetho ngokomthetho ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni nehlala njalo. Uma uMthetho-sisekelo ulungiswa, uveza ukuvumelana okukhulu kwesizwe okudlula izisekelo ezinkulu zezombangazwe noma imibono yamajaji ngamanye.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa buqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ushintsha kuphela uma kudingeka ukuvumelana okuqotho nokusakazekile. Lokhu kulinganisela phakathi kokuvumelana nokuzinza kuye kwavumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uhlale ubalulekile futhi unegunya phakathi kwezinguquko ezinkulu kwezobuchwepheshe, umphakathi, ezomnotho, nezomphakathi. Incwadi ebhalwe esikhathini sezinsika ze-quill kanye nezinqola zamahhashi iyaqhubeka ibusa isizwe sezingcingo kanye nohambo olusuka phezulu ngoba ingalungiswa ukuze ixazulule izinto ezintsha ezingokoqobo kuyilapho igcina izimiso nezakhiwo zayo eziyisisekelo.
Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwenqubo Yesichibiyelo
Nakuba inqubo yokulungisa iye yenza ukuba kulungiswe izinguquko ezibalulekile zomthetho-sisekelo, akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwabagxeki nezinselele zayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo inzima kakhulu, okwenza kucishe kungenzeki ukuxazulula izinkinga zamanje ngoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. I-United States inenye yezinqubo ezinzima kakhulu zokulungisa umhlaba, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo uye washintshwa kaningi kakhulu kunemithetho-mthetho yeningi. Lokhu kuqina kungakhungathekisa uma kunokusekela okukhulu koshintsho lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kodwa hhayi izinqubo ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuze kulungiswe.
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo yokulungisa inikeza amandla amaningi kakhulu ezifundazweni ezincane, njengoba ukuhlunga kudinga ukuvunyelwa yizifundazwe ezintathu ezine kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinabantu bani. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukumelela idlanzana lengqikithi yabantu kungavimbela ukuhlenga okusekelwa iningi lamaMelika. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu akunazo i-democratic futhi kuvumela izithakazelo ezimbalwa ukuvimbela izinguquko ezidingekile. Abavikeli besimiso samanje basabela ngokuthi umnyango ophezulu wokulungisa inguquko uvikela ekushintsheni ngokushesha futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho lwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho luye lwasekela kakhulu ngempela ezifundeni nasemiphakathini ehlukene.
Kukhona futhi ukukhathazeka ngendima yemali nezithakazelo ezikhethekile enqubweni yokulungisa. Lemikhankaso yokulungisa imishayo ingabiza kakhulu, futhi ukuphikiswa okunemivuzo emikhulu ngezinye izikhathi kungaqeda ukusekela okuthandwa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwenqubo nesikhathi okuthathayo kungakwenza kube nzima ukusabela ezinkingeni eziphuthumayo noma ezinkingeni ezidinga izixazululo zomthetho-sisekelo. Le zinselele zisikisela ukuthi nakuba inqubo yokulungisa iye yasiza isizwe ezicini eziningi, kungazuza ekuhlolweni okunengqondo nasemathubeni okungaguqulwa.
Ikusasa LeziNguquko Zomthetho - sisekelo
Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama-21, kuphakama imibuzo mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo ezingase zidingeke noma zifiseleke. Abanye abameleli bacela ukulungiselwa kwezimali zomkhankaso, bephikisa ngokuthi ukusebenzisa imali engapheli kukwenza kungabi nasilinganiso sokulingana kwentando yeningi. Abanye bahlongoza ukunqandwa okuhlobene nokuvikela kwendawo ezungezile, beqaphela ukuthi abakhiqizi be-freastria ngeke balindele ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezinhlekelele zendawo ezungezile. Abanye basikisela ukulungisa i-Electoral College, ukumisa imingcele yemithetho yezeNkathi Ephakeme yeNkanto, noma ukuqinisekisa amalungelo athile ezenhlalo nezomnotho.
Inkathi yezimiso zemishini iye yaphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuzifihla, ukukhuluma ngenkululeko nokuhlola kukahulumeni okungakaze kucatshangwe. Nakuba izinkantolo ziye zachaza amalungiselelo akhona omthetho - sisekelo ukuze zixazulule lezi zindaba, abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezicacile zomthetho zingadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo anele enkathini yobuchwepheshe. Ngokufanayo, intuthuko engokwesayensi yebhayoloji, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezivelayo ekugcineni zingadinga ukusabela komthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo nesithunzi somuntu kuvikelwa njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqala.
Ukuthi iziphi lezi zinguquko ezihlongozwayo ziyomukelwa yini kusazobonakala. Umnyango ophezulu woshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo usho ukuthi izinguquko azidingi nje kuphela izimpikiswano ezinhle kodwa futhi zidinga ukuhlongozwa kwezombangazwe nokuvumelana okukhulu. Nokho, umlando wokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo usikisela ukuthi lapho izimpikiswano ziba ezibaluleke ngokwaneleyo nalapho izinhlangano zezenhlalo zishintsha umbono womphakathi ngokuphumelelayo, ushintsho lomthetho ngokomthetho lungenzeka ngisho nasezindabeni eziphikisanayo.
Isizathu Sokuba Izinqumo Ziqhubeke Zibalulekile
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ngenxa yokuthi zimelela uhlobo oluphakeme lomthetho omiyo eMelika, oluphakeme kunezimiso, iziqondiso, ngisho nezinqumo zokwahlulela. Uma uMthetho-sisekelo ulungiswa, umisa izimiso nezivikelo ezingasuswa kalula ngezinqubo ezivamile zezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlala njalo kwenza amathuluzi anamandla okuvikela amalungelo nokumisa imithetho eyisisekelo yokubusa edlula ezombangazwe nemisebenzi emikhulu yesikhashana.
Iziphendu futhi zibalulekile ngoba zibonisa ukuqonda kwethu okuhlanganisayo ngobulungisa, ukulingana, nedemokrasi. UMthetho-sisekelo wango-1787 wawuyimpumelelo ephawulekayo, kodwa futhi wawuwumkhiqizo wesikhathi sawo, ubonakalisa ukuyekethisa ebugqilini nokususa abantu abaningi ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Ngokulungisa, amaMelika aye andisa izithembiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zenkululeko nokulingana ukuze ahlanganise abantu abe ngaphezulu futhi avikele amalungelo angaphezulu. Lenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ibonisa isibopho sokuthuthukisa nokuqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha isibopho esiphelele asisoze saphela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungisa izinto kungenxa yokuthi kunikeza ushintsho oluyisisekelo nendlela enokuthula nefanelekile. Kunokuba kufune inguquko noma ubudlova ukuze kuxazululwe ukuswela komthetho-sisekelo, inqubo yokulungisa ivumela ushintsho oluhlelekile ngezindlela zentando yeningi. Lokhu kuye kwanezela ekusimameni nasekuphileni isikhathi eside kukahulumeni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, kuvumela isimiso ukuba sizivumelane ngaphandle kokuhlehla.
Inqubo yokulungisa ifeza umsebenzi obalulekile wokufundisa nowenkululeko. Ubunzima bokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kusho ukuthi ukulungisa kudala impikiswano enkulu nolwengxoxo yomphakathi. Lezinkulumo ziphikisana zisiza ekucaciseni izindinganiso, zibone izindawo zokuvumelana nokungavumelani, futhi zifundise izakhamuzi ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezakhiwo. Ngisho nalapho kuhlongozwa ukuthi ukulungisa kuhlulekile, inqubo yokuzixoxa kungathuthukisa ukuqonda komphakathi futhi kungaholela kwezinye izinhlobo zenguquko.
Ukufunda Emlandweni Womthetho - sisekelo
Umlando wezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo unikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla ngokuphathelene nokushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo. Okokuqala, ubonisa ukuthi ushintsho olubalulekile lwezomthetho-sisekelo lungenzeka kodwa ludinga umzamo oqhubekayo, ukwakha izakhiwo ezihlangene, nokubekezela. Izinguquko eziphumelela kakhulu kuye kwaba yilezo ezisekelwa izinhlangano zezenhlalo ezinamandla ezaphikelela iminyaka eminingi, zifundisa ukusekela umphakathi futhi zakha ukusekela kwezombangazwe.
Okwesibili, umlando wokulungisa ubonise ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo luvame ukuvela, nenkathi yokulungisa okukhulu okulandelwa inkathi yokuzinza okuthatha isikhathi eside. ISikhathi samaLungelo, iZimemezelo Zokulungisa, neNkathi Eqhubekayo ngayinye imelela inqwaba yezinguquko zomthetho ngokomthetho ezisabelayo ezimweni ezithile ezingokomlando. Ukuqonda lezizimo kungasiza abashisekeli benguquko banamuhla ukuba bacabange ngokuhleleka ukuthi ushintsho lwemithetho yezwe luyokwenzeka nini futhi kanjani.
Okwesithathu, umlando wokulungisa wembula ukuthi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile aluphelele futhi ludinga ukugcinwa nokuchazwa okuqhubekayo. Isichibiyeli seshumi nanhlanu asizange siwathole ngokushesha amalungelo okuvota ama-Afrika, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesitho (97) asizange siqinisekise amalungelo okuvota bonke abesifazane. Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zimisa izimiso ezibalulekile nesivikelo, kodwa ukuhumusha lezozimiso kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukubuswa kwenhlangano, kanye nenguquko.
Okokugcina, umlando wokulungisa ubonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungowabantu, hhayi kunoma isiphi isizukulwane noma iqembu elithile labaholi. Isizukulwane ngasinye sinelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokucabangela ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziyadingeka yini ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zamanje futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ukhonza wonke amaMelika. Inqubo yokulungisa iyinqubo engokomthetho lengxoxo yomthetho-sisekelo eqhubekayo eyenzeka ngayo, ivumela isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba sibe nengxenye ekuphendukeni kwesimiso sobushiqela baseMelika sobushiqela.
Isimiso Somhlaba Wonke Sesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo
Ukuhlola inqubo yokulungisa iU.S. embulungeni yonke kunikeza umbono obalulekile ngamandla ayo nobuthakathaka. Izizwe eziningi zentando yeningi zinemithetho-sisekelo engalungiswa, kodwa izinqubo ezithile ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe adinga izikhulu ezilula zomthetho, kuyilapho amanye anezimfuneko ezifana neze-United States noma ngisho neziqinile kakhulu. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo iye yaguqulwa izikhathi ezingamakhulu amaningi, kuyilapho eminye ithukela ishintshwa.
Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uphawuleka ngenkathi yawo nokuzinza. Umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe omdala kakhulu obhaliwe osasetshenziswa, futhi uye walungiswa ngokuqhathaniswa neminye imithetho-sisekelo eminingi yesizwe. Lokhu kuzinziswa kunezinzuzo, kunikeza ukuqhubekeka nokuvimbela ukuguquguquka komthetho-sisekelo ongaguquki. Nokho, kusho futhi ukuthi ezinye izici zomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika zingaphelelwa isikhathi noma zingafanelani nezinselele zamanje. Ezinye idemocracyism ziye zakwazi ukulungisa izimiso zazo zomthetho-sisekelo ngokulula kakhulu, zivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshashintshayo ngokushintshashintshashintsha okukhulu.
Umthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke kanye nentuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo kwamanye amazwe zingazisa futhi izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Izizwe eziningi zinemilungiselelo yomthetho sisekelo evikela amalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho, amalungelo emvelo, noma amanye amalungelo angashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni-sisekelo we-U.S.. Nakuba lezi zibonelo zomhlaba wonke zingakulawuli lokho i-U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo okufanele ukukusho, zinganikeza izingxenyana eziwusizo nesikhuthazo kulabo abafuna ukwandisa isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngenqubo encitshisiwe. Ukuze bathole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, imithombo enjenge-Protothiwerve project [ CONSCIT] ewusizo emklamweni womthetho womthetho emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwesivumelwano Nokufunda Ngomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuqonda izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo nenqubo yokulungisa kuyisici esibalulekile sokufunda nokubhala kwezakhamuzi. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela lo Mthetho-sisekelo ongase ushintshwe ngayo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuthatha izimpikiswano ngoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo nokuhlola izihlongozo zokulungisa izinguquko ezintsha. Lolu lwazi lunika abantu amandla okufeza injongo yemibuzo eyisisekelo ephathelene namalungelo, ukubusa, kanye nokwakheka kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi saseMelika.
Izinhlangano zemfundo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nemithombo yezindaba konke kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukufunda nokubhala ngomthetho-sisekelo. Ukufundisa abafundi ngenqubo yokulungisa nomlando woshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo kubasiza ukuba baqonde ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi eqinile kodwa kunalokho uhlaka oluhlanganisayo olusiza ekulolongeni isizukulwane ngasinye. Lokhu kungakhuthaza ukubhalisa izakhamuzi nokuba nomuzwa wokuba nentando yeningi.
Izinhlangano ezinikezelwe emfundweni yomthetho-sisekelo, njenge- Constitution Center yesizwe, zinikeza imithombo ewusizo yokufunda ngenguquko nangomlando womthetho-sisekelo. Lemithombo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zingaqondi nje kuphela lokho okushiwo uMthetho-sisekelo kodwa nendlela oye washintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nendlela okungashintsha ngayo esikhathini esizayo. Ngokusenza ulwazi olusemthethweni lutholakale kubo bonke abantu baseMelika, lemizamo yemfundo iqinisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi kanye nesabelo sobuzwe esinolwazi.
Ukubophana ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo kungaba ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekuhlanganyeleni ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi ezihlongozwayo kuya ezinhlanganweni ezisekela inguquko yomthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabameleli bazo abakhethiwe ukuze baveze imibono yabo ngokulungisa okuhlongozwayo, bahlanganyele emikhankasweni yokuhluza enqunyweni yombuso, noma bajoyina izinhlangano zomphakathi ezisebenzela ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kubaluleke ngoba ekugcineni ukulungisa umthetho kuxhomeke ekusekeleni nasekugqugquzeleni okuthandwayo, hhayi nje ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho noma ezicini zezombangazwe.
Isiphetho: Intuthuko Eqhubekayo Yomthetho - sisekelo
Indaba yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ngokuyinhloko iyindaba yentuthuko nentuthuko. Ngenqubo yokulungisa, amaMelika aye alungisa ukungalungi okukhulu, andisa ukuthatha isigaba sentando yeningi, futhi avumelanisa umthetho wawo oyisisekelo nezimo ezishintshayo. UMthetho-sisekelo uye wavela encwadini evumela ubugqila nokuvota okulinganiselwe kwabamhlophe ukuba babe yindawo enikeza isivikelo esilinganayo futhi udlulisele amalungelo okuvota kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezikhulile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingohlanga luni, ubulili, noma isikhundla sezomnotho.
Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo akubanga lula noma kuzenzakalela. Ushintsho ngalunye olubalulekile luye lwadinga umzamo oqhubekayo owenziwa abashisekeli abazinikezele, ukwakha izakhiwo eziningi ezihlukene, futhi ekugcineni ukufezwa kwesivumelwano esingavamile emazweni ahlukene nasezindaweni. Ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa ngezinye izikhathi buye baphazamisa abashisekeli benguquko, kodwa futhi buye baqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo zibonisa izibopho zezwe zangempela kunokuba zibonise izisusa zesikhashana zezombangazwe.
Njengoba i-United States iqhubeka ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama-21, inqubo yokulungisa isalokhu ikhona njengethuluzi lokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukulungisa esikhathini esizayo kuyothinta umkhankaso wezimali, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, amalungelo okuvota, noma izimpikiswano ezingakaqashelwa ngokugcwele, inqubo esungulwe eSiphakameni V inikeza indlela yoshintsho olungokwentando yeningi nolungokomthetho. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi isibopho esiqhubekayo somphakathi, ukucabangela, kanye nesibopho sokwenza uMthetho-sisekelo sisebenze kangcono kubo bonke abantu.
Ekugcineni, ukulungisa kubangelwa ukuthi kuhlanganisa isimiso sokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungowabantu futhi ungathuthukiswa abantu. Isizukulwane ngasinye sinethuba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokucabangela ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ziyadingeka yini ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zamanje futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izithembiso zenkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa zingokoqobo kubo bonke abantu baseMelika. Inqubo yokulungisa akuyona nje inqubo engokomthetho kodwa kunalokho ukubonakaliswa okujulile kobudemokhrasi ukuzenzela izivumelwano zokwentando yeningi kanye nesakhiwo esiqhubekayo sokwakha isibopho esiphelele.
Ngokuqonda umlando, injongo, nenqubo yokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi zingakuqonda kangcono kokubili ukufezwa kwezizukulwane ezidlule namathuba okulungisa ikusasa. UMthetho-sisekelo uye wenziwa ngcono ngokulungisa, futhi ungaqhubeka uthuthukiswa uma nje amaMelika eqhubeka ezinikele ezimisweni zentando yeningi, ukulingana, nobulungisa obulawula umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo. Ngalendlela, indaba yokulungisa umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ayiyona indaba yalokhu kodwa indaba eqhubekayo okungahlanganyelwa kuyo, ilolo mthetho oyinhloko olawula umphakathi wethu futhi uvikele amalungelo ethu.
Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngoMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo, izinqolobane zeNational Archives zinikeza ukutholakala kwezincwadi zakuqala nemithombo yemfundo ebanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomthetho nohlelo. Lemithombo ingajulisa ukuqonda indlela ukuguqulwa kwemithetho okuye kwathonya ngayo ukubusa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi iqhubeke ithonya izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zamanje ezingokomthetho.
Inqubo yokulungisa imelela esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zesimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, silinganisa ukuzinza kanye nekhono lokushintsha, ukuvikela amalungelo amancane kuyilapho kudinga ukuvumelana okubanzi, futhi sivumela isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba sibe nengxenye ekuphendukeleni kwesimiso somthetho-mzimbuluko. Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele namathuba esikhathi esizayo, inqubo yokulungisa ilokhu iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka ufeza injongo yaso eyinhloko: ukumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthula kwasekhaya, ukunikeza isivikelo esivamile, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle, nokuzilethela inhlalakahle, nokuzilethela izizukulwane ezizayo izibusiso zenkululeko.