Table of Contents

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, esamukelwa ngoJuly 9, 1868, singenye yezinguquko ezinkulu emlandweni waseMelika, sikhuluma ngamalungelo ezakhamuzi nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Lokhu kuguqula kwakuyimpendulo eqondile ezimpini ezithinta izigqila ezikhululiwe ngemva kweMpi Yombango yaseMelika, futhi ukumiswa kwayo kwaphikiswana ngokunzima. Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seGajimende seshumi nane nesine kubalulekile ku isakhamuzi ngasinye esifisa ukuqonda amalungelo ayisisekelo nesivikelo esiqinisekiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola isihluthulelo sezimiso ezingoko, umlando, izingcingo zomthetho, izimemezelo zezelo zezente, nokusebenza kwaso eziqhubekayo emphakathini wanamuhla.

Umlando Nokuqoshwa Kwawo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane savela phakathi nenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwenkathi yenkathi yenkathi yenkathi yenkathi yeSiphendulo seshumi nane njengempendulo ezingxoxweni ezithinta izigqila ezikhululiwe ngemva kweMpi Yombango yaseMelika, nezifunda zeConfederacy ezinqotshiwe ezifunekayo ukuze ziphinde zivuselelwe ekufumeni komthetho weSishayamthetho. Ukulungiswa kwadluliselwa iSishayamthetho ngoJune 13, 18666, futhi kwagunyazwa ngoJuly 9, 1868. Inqubo yokulungisa i-ratiation ngokwayo yabonisa ukuhlukana okujulile phakathi kwesizwe, njengoba amazwe aseNingizimu ayengafuni ukumiswa kuqala.

ISichibiyelo se-14 sandisa inkululeko namalungelo anikezwa yiBill of Rights kubantu ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili. UKhongolose uJohn Bingham wase-Ohio, umlobi oyinhloko wengxenye yokuqala yeSichibiyelo se-14, wayehlose ukuba ukuguqula iSiphakamiso samaLungelo sobuzwe futhi kusenze sibophelele ezweni. Lo mgomo ohahayo wawuyobuguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni futhi ushintshe ngokuyinhloko isimo samalungelo abantu eMelika.

Inguquko yamelela ukushintshwa okukhulu komthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphambi kokuba inqanyulwe, iBhili yamaLungelo ngokuyinhloko yavimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni, ishiya izifundazwe ezinenkululeko enkulu endleleni ezaziphatha ngayo izakhamuzi zazo. ISichibiyelo seshumi naneth saguqula lokhu okunamandla ngokubeka izindinganiso zomthetho ngokomthetho kahulumeni kuhulumeni, sakha uhlelo olusha lokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nezenzo zikahulumeni.

Izingxenye Ezinhlanu ZeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sinezingxenye ezinhlanu ezihlukene, ngasinye sikhuluma ngezici ezihlukene zesizwe, ukumelelwa, negunya likahulumeni.

Ingxenye 1: Isisekelo Samalungelo Abantu

Ingxenye Yokuqala ihlanganisa i-Cisacity Claus, ama-Ouncil noma ama-Immunion Claus, i-Act Procesme Claus, ne-Encict Protection Claus. Ingxenye 1 yeSichibiyelo se 14th sichaza ngokomthetho ubukho be-United States njengendawo yokuhlala esemthethweni futhi ivikela amalungelo omphakathi ahlukahlukene ekubeni avinjelwe noma ancishwe yinoma yimuphi umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni. Lengxenye yakha isisekelo somthetho-mthetho esivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi amaningi akhiwe kuso.

Ngokuyinhloko ibhalwe yi-Daviter John Bingham, isiqephu 1 siyingxenye evame kakhulu yenguquko, futhi lenguquko iyingxenye evame kakhulu yoMthetho-sisekelo. Ukufakwa kwalengxenye kubonisa ithonya layo elijulile emthethweni nasemphakathini waseMelika, ethinta cishe zonke izici zobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni.

Ingxenye 2: Ukuhlawuliswa kwabameleli

Ingxenye emibili ikhuluma ngokuhlukaniswa kwabameleli bamaKhongolo. Abameleli bazohlukaniswa phakathi kwamaZwe amaningana ngokwenani labo, babale inani labantu eMbusweni ngamunye, bakhiphe amaNdiya ngaphandle kwentela. Ngemva kokuqedwa kobugqila, lokhu kumelelwa okukhushuliwe kwezifunda zaseNingizimu, futhi isigqebhezana se-Clack America sasihloselwe ukukhuthaza amazwe aseNingizimu ukuba anike ama-costance ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa i-Congress aqabukela ukuba agunyaze.

Ingxenye 3: Ukungavumelani nehhovisi

Ingxenye 3 ikhuluma ngokususwa kwabantu abathile ehhovisi likahulumeni noma likahulumeni. Lelilungiselelo laklanyelwa ngokukhethekile ukuvimbela ababeyizikhulu ezibusayo eziye zathatha isigaba sokuvukela ekubuyeleni ezikhundleni zegunya likahulumeni. ISishaya-Mkhandlu sasebenzisa igunya laso ukususa ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ababili abahlukene nesithathu ekamelweni ngalinye ngokudlulisa i-Mennesty Act ngo-1872, eyakhulula bonke abakhombathi ngaphandle kwalowo owaba i-Senator, abameleli, amajaji abaphethe, izikhulu zempi, izikhulu ze-parpolatime, namanxusa.

Ingxenye 4: Isikweletu Somphakathi

Isivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezwe sezentengiselwano senqatshelwa ukuba sikhokhe izikweletu zempi futhi sikhokhele ababengabanikazi bezigqila ukuze kuncishiswe abantu babo abagqilaziwe.

Ingxenye 5: Amandla Okuphoqelela Amandla Ombuso

ISishaya-mthetho siyoba namandla okuphoqelela, ngomthetho ofanelekile, amalungiselelo alesi sihloko. Lelilungiselelo laholela ekudluleni komunye umthetho ophawulekayo ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, kuhlanganise noMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1964, neSivumelwano samaHulumeni samaLungelo ka-1965. Ingxenye 5 inikeza igunya elibalulekile lokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi ngomthetho, nakuba izinga lalombuso belilokhu lingaphansi kwencazelo yokwahlulela eqhubekayo.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi: Ukukhetha Ukuba Izakhamuzi ZaseMelika

Bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalelwa eUnited States, futhi abangaphansi kwegunya layo, bayizakhamuzi zaseUnited States nezwe abahlala kulo. Lokhu okubonakala kulula kugwetshwe kwaguqula umthetho wezakhamuzi zaseMelika futhi kwagumbuqela esinye sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kakhulu emlandweni.

Izakhamuzi uClausde walawula isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kaDred Scott sokuba ama-Afrika aseMelika angabi yizakhamuzi. Umphakathi wanezelwa kuMthetho-sisekelo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi abantu ababegqilaziwe babeqashelwa njengezakhamuzi eziphelele, futhi kwakuyimpendulo eqondile kuDred Scott v. Sandford isinqumo, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ngaphambili yayinqume ukuthi amaBlack America ayengezona izakhamuzi.

Ngokwenza kanjalo, uMkhandlu wabekela eceleni iDred Scott, futhi wabuyisela imithetho engokwesiko yobuhlalo ngokuzalwa. Isivumelwano samisa ubuzibulo njengesimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho waseMelika, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuba izakhamuzi ngeke kuncishwe ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubuzwe, noma isikhundla sabazali.

Ukuzalwa Kwezakhamuzi Ngokufanelekile Kuyasetshenziswa

Kodwa isekelwe emshweni wokuqala wengxenye 1, iNkantolo iphethe ukuthi umntwana ozalwe e-United States wabazali baseChina abangakwazi ukuzenzela yena ngokwakhe uyisakhamuzi sase-United States esinelungelo kuwo wonke amalungelo namalungelo esizwe. Lesi simiso samiswa ecaleni elivelele le-United States v. Wong Kim Ark (198), eyaqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuba yisizwe lobuzibulo lisebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abazali banelungelo lokuthola imvelo.

Nokho, imfuneko yokuba umuntu athobele imibuso yayo ingabi nakusebenza kubantwana abazalwa ngabameleli bombuso wezizwe, abantwana abazalwa yizitha zezihambi ezilwayo, noma abantwana bamalungu ezizwe zamaNdiya angaphansi kwemithetho yesizwe. Lokhu kuveza izimo ezithile lapho iUnited States ingasebenzisi khona amandla aphelele phezu kwabantu abakhona emikhawulweni yayo.

Amalungelo Noma UClaus

Awukho uMbuso oyokwenza noma ophoqelela noma yimuphi umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo noma ukugoma kwezakhamuzi zase-United States. Lombhalo wawuhloselwe ukuvikela izinhlobonhlobo zamalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, kodwa izinga lawo lancishiswa ngokuphawulekayo incazelo yokuqala yeNkantolo Ephakeme.

INkantolo yanquma ukuthi isigqebhezana samalungelo avikela inani elincane kakhulu lamalungelo atholakala ngokuqondile ekubeni isakhamuzi sesizwe. Lamalungelo ambalwa ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuhamba phakathi kwezifundazwe nelungelo lokufuna isivikelo sikahulumeni lapho usolwandle luphezulu. Lesi sinqumo sasho ukuthi amalungelo noma amaImmunituni Claus angeke asetshenziswe ukuvikela iningi lamalungelo omphakathi noma ukusebenzisa iBhill of Rights ezindaweni, futhi esikhundleni salokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yasebenzisa i-Unist Procession Clausle ngaleyonjongo, okuyisizathu sokuba amalungelo amaningi amakhaya namuhla agxile enqubweni enqubweni efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo.

Inqubo Elindelekile KaClaus: Ukuvikela Ukuphila, Inkululeko Nempahla

Akukho Zwe eliyophuca noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. I-Certive Procession Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14th Integerment iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kumelwe iqikelelwe ngokungakhethi futhi ilandele izinqubo zobulungisa. Lelilungiselelo liye laba esinye sezivikelo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinkulu kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-mthetho.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo elindelekile ihlanganisa inqubo yokulungisa nokudinga okungakho. Inqubo efanelekile elandelwayo i-procedtural iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ulandela izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuqaphela, ithuba lokuzwiwa, umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi, nezinye izici eziyisisekelo zenqubo elungile.

Izindlela ezifanele zenqubo zidlulela emongweni ohlukahlukene, kusukela ekumangalweni kwezephulamthetho kuya emacaleni okuqondisa kuya ekuqulweni kwesikole. Izinqubo ezithile ezidingekayo ziyahluka kuye ngokuthi isithakazelo sinjani esisengxenyeni nangezimo zecala, kodwa isimiso esiyinhloko asiwaguquguquki: uhulumeni kumelwe enze ngokulinganayo lapho kuthinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa inqubo eyisisekelo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane ukuze iqaphele amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu eGriswold v. Connecticut (1965), yandisa lokhu kucabanga kwe Roe v. Wade (1973) ukuvikela amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu, futhi eLawrence v. Texas (2003) ukuqeda izenzo ezifanayo zobulili.

KuDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022), iNkantolo yagumbuqela uRoe, iphethe ukuthi ukukhipha isisu akuvikelwe njengengxenye yelungelo lokuba wedwa. Umthetho ubeka amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane uhlale unganeliseki futhi ngokunokwenzeka uyoba khona ezinqumweni zesikhathi esizayo. Lokhu kuziphendukela okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi incazelo engokomthetho iyaqhubeka ivumelana nokushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo namafilosofi okwahlulela.

Ukumiswa Kwezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu

EChicago, iBurlington & Quincy Railroup Co v. City of Chicago (197), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sokuthatha u-Claus egunyeni elivelele lohulumeni bakahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Ceclease ye-Century Procession, iqala inqubo eqhubekayo yokuhlanganisa. Ngale nqubo yokukhetha, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa amalungiselelo amaningi eSiphakamiso Samalungelo Ohulumeni ngokweSiphakamiso se-14 se-Indayst's Rendement's Processiaclace.

Ngaphambi kuka-19 1925, amalungiselelo eBill of Rights ayengaqiniseki ngaso sonke isikhathi esigabani sendawo futhi ngokuvamile ayesebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso kuphela, kodwa uGitlow wabonisa omunye wemizamo yakuqala yeNkantolo yokuhlanganisa, okungukuthi, inqubo lapho ilungiselelo leBhili Lomthetho Wamalungelo lisetshenziswa khona ezizweni. INkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sisebenza eNew York kusuka ku-Classiasme of the 14th Refection.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakwenqaba ngokucacile ukuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo seSiphendulo sesihlanu sikaGrand Jury Claus neSichibiyelo seSember, futhi ayikaze ibhekisele eSichibiyelweni sesithathu. Cishe wonke amanye amalungiselelo eSigqi Samalungelo esizwe manje asebenza kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni abafanayo, ngokuyisisekelo aguqula isivikelo samalungelo abantu eMelika.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo SikaClaus: Isisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi

Akukho Zwe eliyophika noma ubani ophakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. I-roe v. Wade v. Wade (ilungelo lokuzala) i-Gore (uphawu oluchazayo), Reed v. Reed (ubandlululo) ne University of California.

I-Umeal Protection Claus yabhalelwa ukwenza izimiso ezimelene nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho ezimelene nokwehlukana zomthetho-mthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1866 futhi ivimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho e-Black Codes. Imithetho e-Black yamiswa yimibuso yaseNingizimu ngemva kweMpi yoMdabu eyalinganisela kakhulu amalungelo nenkululeko yaseMelika abaNsundu, izama ukulondoloza isimiso sokuzithoba kobuhlanga naphezu kokuqedwa kobugqila.

Izinga Lokuhlola

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izinhlalo ezintathu ezivamile zokuhlola izinselele zokuphindelela isivikelo ezifanayo: Ukuhlolisisa okuqinile: uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi isenzo sawo siqhubekisela phambili isithakazelo sikahulumeni futhi sihlonyiselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo; ukuhlaziya okuncane: uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi isenzo sakhe siqhubekisela phambili isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlobene ngokuphawulekayo naleyosithakazelo; umbukezi we - Rationalal kumelwe abonise ukuthi inselele kumelwe ihambisane nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho.

Izinga lokuhlola elisetshenziswayo linquma ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuba uhulumeni athethelele ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile. Ukuhlola okuqinile kusebenza ekuhlelekeni okusekelwe ngokobuzwe, umsuka wesizwe, ukuvela kwelinye izwe, kanye nasemithethweni ethwesa amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukuhlola ngokuvamile kusebenza ekuhlelekeni kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Isisekelo se-gationalal, isisekelo esibhekene nendinganiso, sisebenza kwezinye izigaba eziningi, kuhlanganise nalezo ezisekelwe ebudalani noma esimweni sezomnotho.

Isenzo Sikahulumeni

The State Action Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prevents discrimination or other violations of rights by state agents or government entities, but not private actors. In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Court ruled that Congress cannot prohibit purely private discrimination under Section One, which applies only to state action.

Nokho, inhlangano ezimele eyenza umsebenzi womphakathi noma ehlangene eduze nombuso ingaba ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo. KuShelley v. Kraemer (1948), iNkantolo yathi ukugcinwa kwamacala esivumelwano sokwahlulela esigunyaziwe sobuhlanga esivimbela u-Exvince Claus. KuBurton Wilmington Parking Authority (1961), indawo yokudlela evaleka endaweni yomphakathi epakwakhiweni kwezimoto yathathwa ngokuthi ihlobene kakhulu nesivumelwano sombuso sokucwasa kohlanga.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Inguquko, ikakhulukazi ingxenye yayo yokuqala, ingenye yezingxenye ezicaciswe kakhulu zoMthetho-sisekelo, yakha isisekelo sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, njengoBrown v. Board of Education (1954; ivimbela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi), uLouning Vriginia (1967; iqeda ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlanga), Roe v. Wade (1973; iqaphela uhulumeni... lamacala nezinye eziningi ziye zaguqula umphakathi waseMelika futhi ziyaqhubeka zithonya izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo ngo-1896 ye-Plessy v. Ferguson, ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole zomphakathi ezisekelwe kuphela ezinhlangani kwakuvunyelwe yimibuso uma izakhiwo "zilingana," kodwa uBrown wasilahla leso sinqumo, enquma ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhiwo ezilinganayo, zihlukene, azilingani. Lesi sinqumo esihlangene saphawula inguquko emlandweni wesizwe waseMelika, simemezela ukuthi leyo ndawo yesizwe ehlangene ezikoleni zomphakathi yayiphula i-Ex Excial Protection Clausle.

Brown v. Board of Education ayizange isheshe iqede ukwahlukaniswa kwesikole, kodwa yanikeza isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo se - Civil Rights Movement ebanzi. Isinqumo saqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwako kwalimaza ngokwengqondo ezinganeni zaseMelika futhi kwazincisha amathuba emfundo alinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhiwo ezingokoqobo zilingana yini.

UPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Indlu yomthetho yaseLouisiana yayikhiphe umthetho oyala ukuba izakhamuzi ezinsundu nezimhlophe zihlukane, kodwa zilingana, zihambe ngesitimela, futhi ngo-1892, iLouisiana amaphoyisa abamba uHomer Adolph Plessy − owayeneminyaka eyisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili eCaucasiaan (ngoba wayehlala esihlalweni sakhe esinesitimela esigcinelwe "abamhlophe kuphela" ngoba wenqaba ukuthuthela esitimeleni sesitimela esihlukile esigcinelwe abamnyama. Esinqumweni sika-71, iNkantolo yayithi uma nje izakhiwo zilingana, ukuhlukana kwabo kwanelisa iSiphendulo se-14.

Isinqumo se-Plesty samisa imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyayizogunyaza ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha. Lencazelo ye-Excial Protection Claus yavumela amazwe ukuba alondoloze izimiso ezibanzi zobandlululo lobuhlanga, ithinta zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi kusukela ezikoleni kuya ezindlini zomphakathi ukuya ezindaweni zomphakathi zokulala.

Uthando Virginia (1967)

Isu lomthetho lokuvimbela imishado phakathi kwabantu ngesisekelo sokuhlukanisa ngokohlanga kuphela liphula iSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Ku-Loving Virginia, iNkantolo ePhakeme yavumelana ngokulahla imithetho enqabela ukushada kwezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, iphethe ukuthi imithetho enjalo yaphula kokubili i-Encictal Protection Clausle ne-Grast Clausle. Lesi sinqumo saqeda imithetho emelene ne-ocegenective eyayehlela ezifundazweni eziyishumi nesithupha ngalesosikhathi.

UGideon (1963)

Esinqumweni esahlanganyelwa uGideon noWainwright, iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seSihla sesithupha siyilungelo eliyisisekelo leseluleko, futhi isiHlulo se - 14 sidlulisela lelolungelo kubamangalelwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nalabo abamangalelwa ngecala lecala. Lesi sinqumo saguqula ukwahlulela kobugebengu ngokufuna ukuba ababusi banikeze abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ababhekene namacala angathi sína.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Reed v. Reed waphawula okokuqala lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya umthetho osekelwe ekucwaseni ubulili ngaphansi kwe-Unciple Protection Claus. Ngemva kokufa kombhangqwana ohlukanisile uSally noCecil Reed's, umthetho kahulumeni wavele wamisa indoda njengomphathi wezwe lendodana yabo. INkantolo yathi lokhu kukhetha okuzenzekelayo kwabesilisa kwakuphula isivikelo esilinganayo sika Claus, kuvula umnyango wezinselele ezilandelayo ezisekelwe ezinhlangothini ezisekelwe ebulilisweni zobufana.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga uhulumeni ukuba ugunyaze umshado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo futhi uqaphele umshado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo lapho umshado wabo ugunyazwe ngokomthetho futhi wenziwe ngaphandle kombuso. Lesisinqumo samisa ukulingana komshado njengelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo, siphethe leyomithetho yombuso evimbela ukushada okuxekethile kokubili i-Actsclaus ne-Exlimite Procement Clause.

Izithobo zamanje kanye nokubuyisela isosha

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane siyaqhubeka sifeza indima eyinhloko ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho nezingokombangazwe zanamuhla.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo seSinyathelo seshumi nane seSiphendulo iqinisekisa ukuthi kumelwe kunikezwe izinqubo ezilungile ekumangalelweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, isivikelo ekuzichaseni, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, kanye nezinye izivikelo zezezimali. Lezisivikelo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abamangalelwa abamangalelwa bamukele ukuqulwa ngokulunga futhi uhulumeni angemnqindise abantu ngenkani inkululeko.

Ukufakwa kweBhili Lamalungelo ngeSichibiyelo Se - 14 siye sakha izindinganiso ezifanayo zenqubo yobugebengu kuzo zonke izifundazwe.

Imfundo Namathuba Alinganayo

Ukwakhelwa kweBrown Board of Education, i-Umeal Protection Clausle iyaqhubeka ihlela isimiso sokufundisa kanye nokuqhuba. Izinkantolo ziye zakhuluma ngezindaba ezisukela ekutholeni imali ehlukene esikoleni kuya ekuvumeni ukuthatha isinyathelo emakholijini kuya emalungelweni abafundi abakhubazekile. Izinhlelo zasekholiji zaphula i-Excial Protection Clause lapho bentula ngokwaneleyo futhi bengenazinjongo ezifanele ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kohlanga, ngokungenakugwenywa okungathandekiyo okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kohlanga ngendlela ephambene, okuhilela ukuthathela i-ssslasssssss, futhi kungenawo amakhodi anengqondo.

Ukuveza Amalungelo Nokumelela Kwezombangazwe

I-Unicime Protection Claus idinga ukumelelwa kwemithetho elingana kakhulu kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlalaphi, njengoba izishayamthetho zimelela abantu, kunokuba zimelele izindawo, futhi amavoti asinda ngendlela ehlukile ngokwezindawo lapho izakhamuzi zihlala khona angenamthetho. Lesi simiso, esisungulwe eReynolds v. Sims (1964), sidinga ukuba izifunda zezomthetho zidonswe abantu abalinganayo, ziqiniseke ukuthi amavoti omuntu ngamunye athatha isisi esilinganayo.

Ukuba Wedwa Nokuzitika Komuntu Siqu

I - System Claus Claus iye yachazwa ukuze ivikele izici ezithile zokuzifunela izinto zomuntu siqu nokuzibusa ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa

Naphezu kwethonya laso lokuguqula, iSichibiyelo Se - 14th asizange ngaso sonke isikhathi sigcwalise isithembiso saso sokuvikela nokufaneleka kwabo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Ukuphumelela kwenguquko kuxhomeke ekuchazeni ukwahlulela, ukuthatha imithetho, nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Kuwo wonke umlando, izinga lesivikelo seSichibiyelo seshumi nane liye lakhula futhi lathola isisekelo esisekelwe ekushintsheni kwamafilosofi okwahlulela, izimo zezombangazwe, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Ukuqonda lesimo esinamandla kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kokubili ukuphumelela kokulungisa izinselele eziqhubekayo.

Isinyathelo Sikahulumeni Sokulinganisela

Imfuneko yokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sisebenza kuphela ekwenzeni isenzo sombuso, hhayi ukuziphatha komuntu siqu, iye yalinganisela ukufinyelela kwayo ekusingatheni ukunyathelwa kobandlululo namalungelo abadlali bomuntu siqu. i-Civil Rights Cases (1883) yakholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane asinikezi mandla uMkhandlu ukuba unqande ukucwaswa kwabantu ngabanye abantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukucwaswa kwangasese, nakuba kungenzeka ukuba kuxoxwe ngezindlela ezithile ezingokomthetho, ngokuvamile akukonakali ukuchithwa kweSichibiyelo se - 144 ngokwaso.

Izincazelo Ezishintshayo

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ayimi ndawonye, futhi incazelo yamalungiselelo eSichibiyelo seshumi nane iyaqhubeka iguquka. Amafilosofi ahlukahlukene okwahlulela athatha incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokungafani, kanti amanye agcizelela ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kanye nezinye zigxile ezindinganisweni eziguquguqukayo nakuzindinganiso zanamuhla. Lezimpikiswano ezichazayo zithinta indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo ezimweni zanamuhla abahleli be-fream abangenakuzilindela.

Amandla Enhlangano

INkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi iCandelo 5 lanika iSiphakamiso sokuphoqelela i-Exctal Protection Clause ezindaweni enqaba ukuphinda i-Expand Courts. EKattenbach v. Morgan (1966), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela uVoting Rights Act ka-1966 wokuqeda ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala ngokuthi iSishaya-Mnyango singawandisa amalungelo omphakathi ngaphezu kwejaji.

Nokho, ubukhulu bamandla ombuso ngaphansi kwe-Candelo 5 buye balinganiselwa ekwahlulelweni. Idolobha lase Boerne v. Flores (1997) lenqaba ukusebenza kweReligious Free Reformation Act kuhulumeni ngoba laguqula amalungelo ngaphansi kwe-Free Expression Clause, kunokuba livikele amalungelo akhona. Lesisinqumo samisa ukuthi isiqephu sesigungu 5 silungisa kunokuba sikhiphe iziphakamiso ezingaphansi kwe-Boerne. `Conrever's'' angaphoqesha amalungelo aqashelwa izinkantolo kodwa angakwazi ukunweba namalungelo omthetho.

KuFitzpatrick v. ku-Bitzer (1976), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-Candelo 5 yamandla eSichibiyelo se-Dine sokuphoqelela ukumiswa kwemithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho kuvumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ulinganisele imingcele yokuvikela uhulumeni. Leligunya livumela uMkhandlu ukuba ugunyaze ukumangalelwa kwangasese kwemibuso emelene nokuphulwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi Nane, unikeze isimiso esibalulekile sokugcinwa kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi nane kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela nokuqinisa amalungelo azo omthetho-mthetho. Iziphetho zesivikelo zithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa ngokufanele ekusebenzelaneni kukahulumeni kuya ekuvikeleni imithetho yokungandlululi ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela izinqubo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqaphela Amalungelo Akho

Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siqinisekisa isivikelo esithile esiyisisekelo esivikelweni sombuso nesendawo sikahulumeni. lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ilungelo lokuqondisa ngokufanelekile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni akuphuce ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni okungafanele.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuba Iqhawe

Umlando weSichibiyelo seshumi nane ubonisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awakona ukuzibulala. Adinga ukuba izakhamuzi zithembisene ngokuzikhandla, izinhlangano zezezimali, abameli, nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuze zenze inzuzo ekusebenzeni. Ukuqonda amalungiselelo ezakhamuzi avumela ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi futhi zisekele izimiso ezihlonipha izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuphindela Ngokomthetho

Uma uhulumeni ephula amalungelo eSichibiyelo seshumi nane, amakhambi ahlukahlukene angokomthetho angase atholakale, ahlanganise ukumangalelwa kwemithetho efuna ukunqandwa kwemikhuba engekho emthethweni, ukulimala ngenxa yokuphulwa umthetho, noma ukumangalelwa ngecala ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Isinqumo Esiqhubekayo Semfundiso Yemvelo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siseyingxenye ephilayo yomthetho-sisekelo, iyaqhubeka ivumelana nezimo ezintsha nezinselele. Izimpikiswano zeContemporary mayelana namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, isivikelo esifanayo, amalungelo okuvota, nenqubo efanele ibonisa ukuthi ukulungisa kuyaqhubeka kusebenza futhi kunamandla.

Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zakhuluma ngezindaba ezisukela ekuvumeni nasekushadeni okuhlangene nokuthatha isisu kuya emalungelweni okuvota, konke ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Lezi zinqumo zihlela injongo esebenzayo yesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo futhi zithinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika nsuku zonke.

Imicebo Yemfundo Nokufunda Okwengeziwe

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo iSichibiyelo seshumi nane zine ziyakwazi ukuthola imithombo eminingi yemfundo. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomlando nomthetho-sisekelo nencazelo. Izinqolobane zesizwe [[ zinikeza ukutholakala kwezincwadi zomlando nempahla yemfundo mayelana nokulungisa nokusetshenziswa kwakuqala.

Izinhlelo ezingokomthetho ezinjenge [[QULT: 0] Isikhungo sokwaziswa somthetho seSikole soMthetho inikeza ukuvunyelwa mahhala ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme, umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, nokuhlaziywa komthetho. Le mithombo yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukufunda amacala aphawulayo futhi ziqonde indlela izinkantolo eziye zachaza ngayo iSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine.

Izikhungo zezobuchwepheshe, imitapo yezincwadi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinikeza izinhlelo nezinto eziphathelene nomthetho - sisekelo namalungelo omphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela kulezi zindawo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibe nemibono eqondile ngezindaba zomthetho - sisekelo futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokuba Izakhamuzi Ezinokwethenjelwa

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane simelela enye yezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Amalungiselelo aso aguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni, amisa isivikelo somthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ekuphuzweni kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kahulumeni. Ukuqonda izakhi eziyinhloko zokulungisa kwenza izakhamuzi ziqonde ifa lazo lomthetho-sisekelo futhi ziqaphele amalungelo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo.

Izivikelo Zommbila

  • Ukuba isakhamuzi kwabo bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalwe e - United States, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga noma abazali
  • Isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho, ukunqabela ukuphathwa kohulumeni abaphethe kabi
  • Izindlela zokuvikela ezifanele zokuqinisekisa izinqubo ezifanelekile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uphuce abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo ngenqubo efanele
  • Ukusetshenziswa kweMikolo Yamalungelo Abantu eminingi kohulumeni ngokufakwa
  • Amandla ombuso ombuso okuphoqelela lezi sivikelo ngomthetho ofanele

Ukubaluleka Komlando

  • Isinqumo sikaDrede Scott sadlulela phambili futhi samisa ubuzibulo
  • Inikeza isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo sokuhlukanisa ubuhlanga
  • Izincwadi ezandile zamalungelo abantu zivikela ohulumeni bakahulumeni
  • Yakha uhlelo lokuvikela amalungelo abantu nenkululeko yabo
  • Uhulumeni ugunyaziwe ukungenela ukuze avikele amalungelo ekwephukeni kukahulumeni

Izithobo zohlelo lokusebenza

  • Kuqinisekisa izinqubo zobugebengu ezifanelekile ekumangalelweni kukahulumeni
  • Imithetho nemikhuba yobandlululo enikezwa uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo
  • Ivikela amalungelo okuvota nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe
  • Ivikela amathuba emfundo nokuthola izinkonzo zomphakathi ngendlela efanayo
  • Inikeza ilungiselelo lokusingatha izindaba eziveza amalungelo omphakathi

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika nesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi. Kusukela ekuqalekeni kwaso ngemva kweMpi Yombango kuya ekusebenzeni kwayo okuqhubekayo ezimpini ezingokomthetho zanamuhla, ukulungisa kuye kwawuguqula kakhulu umphakathi waseMelika nohulumeni. Ukuqinisekiswa kwawo kokuba yizakhamuzi, isivikelo esilinganayo, nenqubo efanele kunikeza wonke amaMelika isivikelo esidingekile futhi kumisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulunga nokulingana ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukuba yizakhamuzi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo kudinga ukuqonda lezisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kanye nezici ezisebenzayo. Umlando weSichibiyelo seshumi nane ubonisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awazona nje izimiso ezingekho kodwa ayiziqinisekiso eziphilayo ezidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuqapha, nokuphoqelela. Ngokuqonda amalungiselelo okulungisa, izinhlelo ezivelele, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo, izakhamuzi zingawazisa kangcono amalungelo azo, zifeze imithwalo yazo yemfanelo yesizwe, futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Isithembiso se-Imemostament sesivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanelekile kubo bonke abantu sisalokhu siwumsebenzi oqhubekayo, ofuna isizukulwane ngasinye sisebenzele ukwenza lezi siqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo zibe nengqondo. Ngemfundo, ukuthembisana komphakathi, kanye nokuzibophezela ezindinganisweni zomthetho-mthetho, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siyaqhubeka sifeza injongo yaso ebalulekile yokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokukhuthaza ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nemfundo yomphakathi, vakashela U.S. Courts Educational Resources futhi uhlole ingcebo yezinto ezitholakala kuhulumeni nomthetho waseMelika.gov, okunikeza ukufinyelela umlando wemithetho, imibhalo yemithetho-mthetho-siseko, kanye nemithombo yemfundo etholakalayo ngohulumeni nomthetho waseMelika.