Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Ilungelo Lakho Lomthetho - sisekelo Lokwelapha Ngokufanele

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane singenye yezici eziguqula kakhulu futhi eziwumphumela wokwenezelwa koMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Saqiniswa ngoJuly 9, 1868, ngemva kweMpi Yombango, lokhu kulungisa ngokuyisisekelo kwalungisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi ngabanye nohulumeni wazo. Samisa isivikelo esibucayi esiqhubeka sithonya umthetho waseMelika, amalungelo omphakathi, nobulungisa bezenhlalo eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu - 150 ngemva kokwamukelwa kwayo.

Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngokujule, sihlola umongo waso ongokomlando, amalungiselelo ayinhloko, izinhlelo ezingokomlando, nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo emphakathini waseMelika wamanje. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uthisha, uchwepheshe ongokomthetho, noma umane uyisazi esithembisene, lenkokhelo izokusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi lelungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo liwavikela kanjani amalungelo akho ayisisekelo empatho kanye nenqubo efanelekile ngaphansi komthetho.

Umlando Ogciniwe: Okwenza ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Sidingeke

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane, kumelwe siqale siqonde izimo ezingokomlando ezabangela ukuba sisungulwe. Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yombango ngo-1865, i-United States yabhekana nenselele enkulu yokwakha kabusha isizwe esihlukene futhi ihlanganise izigidi zabantu ababeyizigqila emphakathini waseMelika njengezakhamuzi ezikhululekile.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu, esagunyazwa ngo-1865, saqeda ubugqila kulo lonke elase-United States. Nokho, amazwe amaningi aseNingizimu amisa ngokushesha imithetho eyaziwa ngokuthi "Imithetho Emnyama" evimbela kakhulu amalungelo nenkululeko yaseAfrika. Lemithetho yobandlululo yazama ukulondoloza isimiso sokugqilazwa kwezinhlanga nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho esasifana kakhulu nobugqila kuzo zonke izinto kodwa igama. Imithetho eqinile e-Black America elinganiselwe lapho amaMelika ayengahlala khona, umsebenzi, uhambo, kanye nendawo yayo, yawancisha izinzuzo zesizwe ngokuphelele.

UKhomishane waqaphela ukuthi ukumane uqede ubugqila akwanele ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yeqiniso nokulingana.

Izingxenye Ezinhlanu ZeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sinezingxenye ezinhlanu ezihlukene, ngasinye sikhuluma ngezici ezihlukahlukene zezakhamuzi, amalungelo, negunya likahulumeni.

Ingxenye 1: Ukuba Izakhamuzi, Amalungelo Nezindawo Zokuhlala, Inqubo Efanele, Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

Ingxenye 1 iqukethe inguquko yamalungiselelo abaluleke kakhulu navame ukukhonjwa. Iqala ngokumisa incazelo ecacile yesizwe: "Bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalwe e-United States, futhi abangaphansi kwegunya layo, bayizakhamuzi zase-United States nase-Hulumeni lapho behlala khona." Le mvume yesizwe yawuqeda u-Dred Scott v. Sandford isinqumo sango-1857, esasikholelwa ukuthi ama-Afrika angekwazi ukuba izakhamuzi zase-United States.

Lengxenye iyaqhubeka ngezigaba ezintathu ezigxekayo ezakha umgogodla wesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye. Priviges noma i-Immunites Claus isho ukuthi akukho mbuso ozovikela amalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwezakhamuzi zase-United States. Nakuba lo mshwana uye wachazwa kancane yizinkantolo futhi ufeza indima elinganiselwe kumthetho wanamuhla wemithetho-mthetho-siseko, ekuqaleni wawuhloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi zesizwe ekuphazanyisweni yizwe yizwezwe.

I- i-Due shod Process Claus inqabela ukugodlela noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lelilungiselelo libonisa imfuneko efunekayo yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu, esebenza kuhulumeni kazwelo, kodwa linyusela lesisivikelo ezenzweni zikahulumeni kanye nohulumeni bendawo. I-STED Procession Claus itolikiwe ukuhlanganisa kokubili inqubo efanelekile, edinga izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni unciphe izithathele izithakazelo ezivikelekile, nenqubo efanelekile, evikela amalungelo athile abalulekile ekuphazameni kukahulumeni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqubo esetshenziswa.

Isivikelo se-Equal Claus imemezela ukuthi akukho mbuso ozophika noma yimuphi umuntu ophakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. Lo mshosho ungomunye wemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yokubekwa komthetho-sisekelo futhi uye wasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele imithetho nemikhuba yokulahla ubandlululo cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila kwaseMelika. I-Ecult Protect Claus ifuna ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu ngendlela efanayo futhi anqande ukucwaswa ngomthetho noma ngokungenangqondo.

Ingxenye 2-5: Ukumelela, ukungavumelani, isikweleti, nokuphoqelelwa

Isiqephu 2 sokumelelwa kwamakheli eSishaya-mthetho futhi siklanyelwe ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuba anike zonke izakhamuzi ezingabantu besilisa amalungelo okuvota. Kunikeza isiqinisekiso sokuthi uma uhulumeni enqaba ilungelo lokuvota noma isiphi izakhamuzi ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-21, ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela ekuvukeleni noma kwezinye izenzo zobugebengu, lokho kumelelwa kukahulumeni kuzakuncitshiswa ngokwesilinganiso. Nakuba lengxenye ingakaze iphoqelelwe, isho into ebalulekile mayelana namalungelo okuvota phakathi ne-conpolation.

Ingxenye 3 engakufanelekeli ukumiswa ehhovisi likahulumeni noma likahulumeni noma kunoma ubani owayefungelwe ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo futhi wabe esehlanganyela ekuvukeleni noma ekuvukeleni i-United States. Leli lungiselelo lahloselwe ababeyizikhulu ze-Conference futhi lahloselwe ukuba zibavimbele ukuba zingaphindeli ngokushesha ezikhundleni zikahulumeni. ISishaya-Mkhandlu singasusa lokhu kukhubazeka ngevoti eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu.

Ingxenye 4 yakhuluma ngemiphumela yezimali yeMpi Yombango ngokuqinisekisa isikweletu somphakathi saseUnited States kuyilapho imemezela ukuthi izikweletu eziba khona ziyize ekusekeleni iNjongo. Yanqabela futhi noma isiphi isinxephezelo sokulahlekelwa abantu abagqilaziwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi ababengabakhokhi bezigqila babengeke bakhokhelwe ukukhokhwa kwalabo ababeboshwe ebugqilini.

Ingxenye 5 inikeza uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo eSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngomthetho ofanelekile. Lomthetho ugunyaze ukuba iSishayamthetho umise umthetho obalulekile wamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise noMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, iVoting Rights Act ka-1965, kanye neminye imithetho eminingi eklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokuvimbela ubandlululo.

Inqubo Elindelekile KaClaus: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Enu Ezokungalungi Nenkululeko Eyisisekelo

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment serves two distinct but related functions in American constitutional law. Understanding both aspects of due process is essential for citizens who want to know how the Constitution protects them from arbitrary or unfair government action.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Ilungelo Lokulungisa

Inqubo efanelekile yokuhlela idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Izinqubo ezithile ezidingekayo zixhomeke ekutheni inzalo esesigxotsheni nakuziphi izimo zecala. Okungenani, inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuqaphela isenzo sikahulumeni, ithuba lokuzwiwa, nesinqumo somenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi.

Kumthetho wokwahlulela owenziwe ngecala, izimpawu ezifanele zenqubo zibanzi futhi zihlelwe kahle. Zihlanganisa ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokululeka, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elingathi sína, nemfuneko yokuba icala libonakale ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lezivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abamangalelwa ngecala bathola ukuphathwa ngokufanele ngaphambi kokuba bajeziswe.

Inqubo efanelekile engokwenqubo iyasebenza futhi ezindaweni eziningi zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uqede izinzuzo zenhlala- kahle, unciphe ilayisense yochwepheshe, umise umfundi esikoleni somphakathi, noma uthathe ezinye izenzo ezithinta izifiso ezivikelekile, ngokuvamile kumelwe inikeze isaziso nohlobo oluthile lokulalela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo ukuze inqume ukuthi iyiphi inqubo edingayo ezimweni ezithile, ilinganisa isithakazelo somuntu, ingozi yokuswela impofu, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Isivikelo Samalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo idlulela ngalé kokulunga okungokomthetho ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho nalapho uhulumeni elandela izinqubo ezifanelekile. Lemfundiso iyaqaphela ukuthi ezinye inkululeko zibaluleke kakhulu ekuzilawuleni komuntu ngamunye nesithunzi kangangokuthi uhulumeni akanakuwagcona ngaphandle kokuwathethelela ngokuphoqelela.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza amalungelo ahlukahlukene ayisisekelo avikelwe ngenqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokuba nabantwana, ilungelo lokuqondisa imfundo nokukhuliswa kwezingane zomuntu, ilungelo lobuqotho bomzimba, nelungelo lokuba yimfihlo. Uma isenzo sikahulumeni sithwesa ilungelo eliyisisekelo, izinkantolo zisebenzisa "ukuhlolwa kwezesayensi," ukufuna uhulumeni ukuba abonise ukuthi isenzo sakhe sihloselwe ukufinyelela isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelayo.

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo iye yaphikiswa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, abagxeki bethi ivumela amajaji ukuba abeke izindinganiso zawo siqu kunokuchaza umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi kudingekile ukuvikela inkululeko ebalulekile abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo abangenakuyibala ngokuqondile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano, inqubo edingayo eyisisekelo ihlala iwumthombo obalulekile wesivikelo somthetho-mthethweni wamalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo SikaClaus: Ukuqinisekisa Ukwelapha Okulinganayo Ngaphansi Komthetho

I - Act Evention Claus ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okulwa nobandlululo nokuqiniseka ukuthi umthetho waseMelika uphethe kahle.

Izinga Lokuhlola Ngokuhlola Okulinganayo

Akuzona zonke izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezibhekwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okulinganayo kwesivikelo. Izinkantolo ziye zasungula amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kuye ngohlobo lohlelo oluhilelekile namalungelo athintekayo. La mazinga okuhlola anquma ukuthi kuzoba nzima kangakanani ngohulumeni ukuthethelela isenzo sakhe sokuphatha icala.

Ukuhlola kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelweni kwesizwe, umsuka wesizwe, noma ukuphambuka, kanye nasezenzo zikahulumeni ezithwesa umthwalo oyisisekelo. Ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa okuqinile, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwawo kulinganiselwe ukuze kufinyelele isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphoqelelwe. Lokhu kuyindinganiso enzima kakhulu ukuhlangabezana, futhi imithetho eminingi ehlolwe ngokuqinile ishaywa njengengabhekisi ngokomthetho. INkanto ePhakathi ichaza ngokunemba i-" njengencazelo ecacile, kodwa ebulalayo.""

Ukuhlola okuphakathi [ kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelwe ebulilini noma ebulilini nasekuhleleni okuthinta izingane ezingekho emthethweni. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwayo kuhlobene kakhulu nesithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni. Lokhu kuyindinganiso enzima ngokulinganiselwe efuna uhulumeni ukubonisa ukulingana okuseduze phakathi kwezindlela zakhe nezingakho, kodwa akudingi ukuhlolisisa kakhulu.

Isisekelo sesisekelo se-paratiation [ isilinganiso esihlonipheke kakhulu sokuhlola futhi sisebenza kuzo zonke ezinye izigaba, kuhlanganise nalezo ezisekelwe ebudalani, ekukhubazekeni, engcebweni, noma ezithakazelweni zezomnotho. Ngaphansi kokubukezwa okunengqondo, umthetho uzosekelwa uma uhlobene nengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zicabanga ukuthi imithetho isekelwe ngokomthetho ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, futhi inselele inomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho unengqondo noma awunangqondo. Imithetho eminingi iyaqhubeka ihlola ngokuhluza.

Ukusebenzisa Izimiso Zokuzivikela Ezilinganayo Ezimweni Ezingafani

I-Umeal Protection Claus iye yasetshenziswa ekubekeleni inselele ubandlululo cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Emfundoni, kwakuyisisekelo sesinqumo sezemfundo esivelele seBrown v. Board, eyamemezela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kuphula uMthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi izindawo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo nokuthi ukucwasana kubangela imizwa yokuzicekela phansi okulimaza izinhliziyo nezingqondo zezingane ezincane.

Emsebenzini, izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela zivimbela abaqashi bakahulumeni ekukhetheni abaqashi ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubulili, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Nakuba abaqashi abazimele ngokuyinhloko beqondiswa yimithetho kahulumeni enjengethi Thit VII of the Civil Rights Act kunokuba i-Constitution ngokuqondile, abaqashi bakahulumeni kumelwe bavumelane nezimfuneko ezilinganayo zokuvikela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo abanakwenza izinqumo zemisebenzi ezisekelwe ezinqubweni ezingafanelekile ngaphandle kokulunga.

Kumalungelo okuvota, i-Uncimel Protection Claus ifuna ukuba ukuvota komuntu ngamunye kunikwe isilinganiso esilinganayo. Isimiso sika "umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa" siqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda zezikhulu zidonswa abantu abalingana kakhulu, kuvimbele ukuncishiswa kwamandla okuvota. Isivikelo esifanayo sivimbela futhi ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwezinhlanga kanye neminye imikhuba eklanyelwe ukunciphisa ithonya lezombangazwe labavoti abambalwa.

Kumthetho womshado nowomkhaya, isivikelo esifanayo siye sasetshenziselwa ukumisa imithetho ehlukanisayo esekelwe ohlazweni noma ebulilini. INkantolo Ephakeme yachitha imithetho enqabela ukushada kwezinhlanga nge-Loving v. Virginia ngo-1967, futhi muva nje iphethe ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engowesilisa ubulili inelungelo elingokomthetho lokushada e-Obergefell v. Hodges ngo-2015. Lezi zinqumo ziqaphela ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo elingenakuphikwa ngokwehlukana okusekelwe ekwakheni.

Uphawu Lwezinkantolo Eziphakeme Oluchaza Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Incazelo yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane seNkantolo ePhakemekazi iye yashintshwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu- 150 yokuchaza. Ukuhlola amacala ayinhloko kusiza ekuboniseni indlela ulimi olubanzi lwale nqubo oluye lwasetshenziswa ngayo ezimweni ezithile nokuthi isivikelo salo siye savela kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhlawumbe akukho cala elibonisa kangcono ukuguqula kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane kwekhono lokuguqula kuneBrown v. Board of Education. Kulesi sinqumo savumelana, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kuphula i-Uncil Protection Claus, igumbuqele imfundiso "yohlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa ePlessy v. Ferguson ngo-1896. IJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren libhale ukuthi ukwahlukanisa abantwana ezikoleni ngenxa nje yohlanga lwabo kuveza umuzwa wokuzithoba ongase uthinte izinhliziyo nezingqondo zabo ngendlela engenakukaze iqedwe ukuba iqedwe. UBenalyz'iirgueirgy wasungula ukuthi umthetho ufuna ukulingana kwangempela, hhayi nje ukulingana okungokomthetho.

Uthando Virginia (1967)

Ku-Loving v. Virginia, iNkantolo ePhakeme yawisa imithetho enqabela ukubusa kwezinhlanga, ithi imithetho enjalo iphula kokubili i-Uncil Protection Clause ne-Curtive Procession Claus. INkantolo yalahla impikiswano kaVirginia yokuthi umthetho wayo wawuwumthetho wemithetho ngoba wawusebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izinhlanga, iqaphela ukuthi ukusebenza okufanayo akuwulondolozi umthetho oklanyelwe ukugcina ukuphakama kobulungu. Isinqumo sasungula ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi imingcele yezinhlanga yemithetho yomshado ayinakumelana nokucusumbula okuqinile.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Reed v. Reed yaphawula okokuqala ukuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhiphe umthetho osekelwe ekucwaseni ngokobulili ngaphansi kwe-Unicial Protection Clause. Icala lalihilela umthetho we-Idaho owawukhetha abesilisa ngokwawo phezu kwabesifazane ekumiseni abaphathi bezindawo. INkantolo yathi lokhu kukhetha okusemthethweni kwakuphula isivikelo esifanayo, iveza ukuthi izinhlelo ezisekelwe ebulilini kumelwe zibe nobuhlobo obunengqondo nomgomo ongokomthetho wombuso. Nakuba uRed wasebenzisa isisekelo esinengqondo kuphela, waveza indlela yokuhlola ngokwengeziwe ukucwacwa kwemibono ngezocalulo ngobulili ezicaleni kamuva.

I-Roe ne-Wade (1973) ne-Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)

KuRoe v. Wade, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi i-The Ist Procession Claus ivikela ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu ngaphambi kokuphumelela kombungu. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi lelilungelo aliphelele futhi kumelwe lilinganiswe nezithakazelo zikahulumeni ekuvikeleni impilo kamama kanye nokuphila okungase kube khona. I-Planned Parenthood v. UCase waqinisekisa ukuthi ukubambelela kuRoe kuyilapho elungisa isakhiwo sakhe, imisa ukuthi ukuthi ngeke kubeke "umthwalo onzima" elungeni lowesifazane ukukhipha isisu ngaphambi kokuba kuphumelele. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa indlela yokuvikela amalungelo abalulekile ahlobene nenqubo eyisisekelo engokwakhelwa kwe-Equalist.

United States n. Virginia (1996)

Lelicala lalihilela umthetho we-Virginia Military Institute wesilisa kuphela. Inkantolo ePhakeme yathi ukukhishwa kwabesifazane ngokweqisa i-VMI kwaphula i-Uncile Protection Clause, isebenzisa ukuhlola okuphakathi ukuze iphethe ngokuthi iVirginia yayingabonisi "ukuvumelana ngokunamandla" ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwayo okusekelwe ebulilini. Isinqumo sacacisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezisekelwe ebulilini zidinga ukuthethelelwa okuqinile futhi azinakusekelwa ekutholeni iziphiwo ezivamile mayelana namakhono, amakhono, noma izintando zabesilisa nabesifazane.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Ku-Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga izivumelwano zemvume phakathi kwemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo nokuqaphela imishado efanayo engokobulili eyenzeka ngokomthetho kwezinye izifundazwe. INkantolo yathola ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe yikho kokubili i-Cal Procesme Clause ne-Encial Protection Classiale. Lesi sinqumo saqaphela ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili inelungelo elifanayo lesithunzi, ukuzinza, nokuqaphela ukuthi umshado unikeza imibhangqwana ehlukene nexternet.

Ukuhlobanisa: Ukusebenzisa Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Ohulumeni BoMbuso

Enye yemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo yaba ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungiselelo amaningi eBhili lamaLungelo ukuba asetshenziswe kuhulumeni wombuso. Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yavimbela kuphela uhulumeni kahulumeni, hhayi uhulumeni noma ohulumeni bendawo. ISichibiyelo seSimemezelo se-Grati ye 144th saguqula lobu buhlobo ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa.

Imfundiso ehlanganisayo ithi i-Curreate Process Claus yeSichibiyelo se-14 yenza ukuba eziningi zezivikelo zeSiphakamiso samaLungelo zisebenze ezizweni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlanganisa amalungelo ngokukhetha kwesikhathi, ihlola ukuthi ilungelo ngalinye liyisisekelo yini esimisweni sethu senkululeko egunyaziwe noma lisekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni wesizwe sethu namasiko. Ngale nqubo, cishe yonke iBhili Yamalungelo manje isebenza kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo.

Amalungelo ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokukhulekela, neyomhlangano evela eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala; ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali esisekelweni Sesibili; isivikelo ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeli esiGujisweni sesine; ilungelo lokumelana nokuzilahla nokuzivikela okuphindwe kabili ezingozini ezimbili zeSichibiyelweni Sesihlanu; amalungelo eseluleko, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuxabana kofakazi, nokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala esiphethweni seSichibiyelo Sesi - 6; nokuvikelwa ekujezisweni konya nabanga elingavamile esisekelweni seSiphendulo Se - 88.

Amalungiselelo ambalwa kuphela eSiphakamiso samaLungelo angafakwanga, kuhlanganise nomthetho weSithathu weSichibiyelo owenqabela amasosha ukuba angene engxenyeni yesine, imfuneko enkulu yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu samajaji, ilungelo leSichibiyelo seSember lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo, kanye neSichibiyelo seSiphazamiso sesishiyagalombili sokunqanda imali eshisiwe. Imfundiso yokuhlanganisa i-Exploment iye yandisa ngokuphawulekayo isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthethweni ngamanye amalungelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi lowombuso nohulumeni bandawo kumelwe bahloniphe inkululeko eyisisekelo efanayo nohulumeni.

Izinhlelo Eziwusizo: Indlela ISichibiyelo Sayishumi Nane Esikuvikela Ngayo

Ukuqonda uhlelo lweSichibiyelo seshumi nane olucatshangelwayo kubalulekile, kodwa ukuqaphela ukuthi lusebenza kanjani ezimweni zansuku zonke kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Izivikeleko ze-antellition zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi, kusukela emfundweni nasemsebenzini kuya ekwahluleleni komthetho nobuhlobo bomkhaya.

Amalungelo Emfundo Nokutholakala Kwawo Ngokulinganayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siqinisekisa ukuthi izikole zomphakathi azinakukhetha ngokusekelwe ohlazweni, ezweni, ebulilini, noma kwezinye izici ezivikelwe. Abafundi banelungelo lokuthola amathuba alinganayo emfundo kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukwazi ukufinyelela izinhlelo zemfundo, imisebenzi yangemva kwesikole, amathuba emidlalo, nemithombo yemfundo. Izikole kumelwe zinikeze abafundi besiNgisi usizo olufanelekile lolimi, futhi abafundi abakhubazekile banelungelo lokuthola indawo yokuhlala nezinkonzo ezifanele.

Izimiso zenqubo ziyasebenza futhi nasemkhakheni wemfundo. Abafundi ababhekene nokuxoshwa noma ukuxoshwa esikoleni somphakathi banelungelo lokuqaphela amacala abawamangalelwayo nethuba lokubekwa ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe isiyalo. Izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo zixhomeke ekutheni isiyalo sikhulu kangakanani, ngokuxoshwa isikhathi eside nokuxoshwa okudinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho. Abafundi futhi banamalungelo okuQonda iSichibiyelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile namazwi, nakuba lamalungelo angalinganiselwa kakhulu lapho bephazamisa indawo yemfundo.

Umsebenzi Nethuba Lezomnotho

Abaqashi bakahulumeni kumelwe bavumelane nezimfuneko zesivikelo ezilinganayo, okusho ukuthi abanakubandlula ngokuqasha, ukukhushulwa, ukunxenxeba, noma ukuqedwa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe ngaphandle kokulunga okufanelekile. Izisebenzi zomphakathi futhi zinamalungelo afanele avikelayo ekubulaweni ngokungenasizathu. Nakuba izisebenzi ezisebenza kuleyondawo zingadunyiswa nganoma isiphi isizathu noma kungekho sizathu, izisebenzi ezinezinzuzo zempahla emisebenzini yazo, njengabafundisi noma izisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo ezinezikhundla zesivumelwano, zinelungelo lokuqaphela nokulalela ngaphambi kokuqeda.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sivikela futhi inkululeko yezomnotho, nakuba izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilalela izimiso zezomnotho zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwesisekelo esinengqondo. Uhulumeni ngeke uvimbele abantu ngokuthanda ukuba baphishekele imisebenzi engokomthetho noma bahlanganyele emisebenzini engokomthetho yebhizinisi.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nokwelashwa Okufanele

ISichibiyelo seNguquko seshumi nane sibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Ngokufakwa, abamangalelwa emacaleni kahulumeni bajabulela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esifanayo namacala amangalelwayo asenkantolo kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokwelulekwa, ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuqulwa icala, nokuvikelwa ekuhlolweni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni.

Izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela zivimbela ubandlululo lobuhlanga enkantolo yobugebengu. Abashushisi abakwazi ukukhipha izaba ezisekelwe ohlazweni, amaphoyisa angeke afune abantu ngokuma noma ngokuhlola okusekelwe ekufuneni izinhlanga, futhi izinqumo zokugweba azinakusekelwa ekukhetheni ubuhlanga. Nakuba ukuveza inhloso yokuveza icala kungaba yinselele, i - Ecult Protection Clause inikeza ithuluzi elibalulekile lokubekela inselele ubuhlanga obezinzile esimisweni sobulungisa.

Abantu ababoshiwe balondoloza amalungelo athile omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nesivikelo esikhungatheki esijezisweni esinonya nesingavamile. Izimo zasejele kumelwe zihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuhlonipheka, futhi iziboshwa zinelungelo lokuthola ukunakekelwa okufanelekile kwezokwelapha, isivikelo ebudloveni nasezimweni zokuphila ezibonisa ubuntu.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

I-Uncime Li Protection Claus ivikela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvota futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvota komuntu ngamunye kuthwala isilinganiso esifanayo. Izwe alinakuphoqelela imingcele eqinile ekuvoteleni noma ekunciphiseni amandla okuvota amaqembu athile. Izigodi ezisemthethweni kumelwe zidonswe nabantu abalingana kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvota ngakunye kunethonya elifanayo emiphumeleni yokukhetha.

Nakuba izifundazwe zinegunya elikhulu lokulawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokuvota, imingcele yokuvota akumelwe ibeke imithwalo engadingekile elungelweni lokuvota. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi iziqondiso zokuvota zinengqondo futhi azinacala yini, zilinganisa izithakazelo zikahulumeni ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo kokhetho ngokumelene nomthwalo obekwe abavoti. Imingcele ethwesa kakhulu ilungelo lokuvota kumelwe ihloselwe ukufezekisa izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo.

Amalungelo Omkhaya Nokuzisebenzela Komuntu Siqu

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ahlobene nomshado, umkhaya, kanye nokuzibusa komuntu siqu. Ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo elingenakwenqatshelwa ngenxa yobuhlanga noma ubulili. Abazali banelungelo eliyisisekelo lokwenza izinqumo eziphathelene nokunakekelwa, ukugcinwa, nokulawulwa kwezingane zabo, kuhlanganise nezinqumo eziphathelene nemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, nokukhuliswa kwezenkolo. Nakuba lelilungelo lingaphelele futhi lingalinganiselwa uma kudingeka ukuze kuvikelwe izingane ekulimaleni, umbuso kumelwe ubonise isithakazelo esiphoqeleleyo ngaphambi kokuphazamisa amalungelo abazali.

Inqubo eyisici esiyinhloko edingayo ivikela amalungelo ahlobene nobuqotho bomzimba nezinqumo zomuntu siqu. Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa okungafunwa, futhi abantu abadala abanekhono bangazenzela izinqumo eziphathelene nokunakekela kwabo impilo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni, ngaphansi kokulinganiselwa okuthile.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ukuqonda lezi zimpikiswano eziqhubekayo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ezindabeni zamanje ezingokomthetho nezingokombangazwe futhi ziqaphele indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okushintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nezikhulu Zobuhlanga

Enye yezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu zokuvikela ihlanganisa ukuvumela izinhlelo zezimiso zokuthatha isinyathelo ezibheka uhlanga njengesici esibangela ukuvunyelwa, ukuqashwa, noma ukuthathwa kwezinqumo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo zidingekile ukuze kulungiswe ukucwasana kwangesikhathi esidlule futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlukahluka, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kohlanga kuphula isimiso sokwelashwa okulinganayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi ukuvuma kohlanga ngengqondo yemfundo ephakeme kungasinda ekuhlolweni ngokucupheka uma behlonyiselwa isithakazelo esiqinile ekufinyeleleni isithakazelo esiqinile ezinhlobonhloboni ezisemikhakhakhambini yabafundi, kodwa iNkantolo igcizelela nokuthi izinhlelo ezinjalo kumelwe zilinganise ngesikhathi futhi zingasebenzisi izigaba zohlanga.

AMALUNGISELELO NOKUHLULA

Ngemva kokuqashelwa kokulingana komshado e-Obergefell v. Hodges, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngezindawo zokuvikela zomthetho-sisekelo kubantu abaphethwe yi-LGBTQ. Imibuzo iyaqhubeka ngokuthi ubandlululo olusekelwe ekubukekeni kobulili noma ubulili kufanele luhlolwe kakhulu ngaphansi kweSivikelo sika-Claus olinganayo, nokuthi kungalinganiswa kanjani nenkululeko engokwenkolo nesivikelo sokucwaswa. Lezimpikiswano ziphakama emo-mosphweni kusukela emsebenzini nasemakhaya kuya ezindlini zomphakathi nasezinkonzweni zokutholwa.

Ukuthuthela Ezweni Nezakhamuzi

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sobuNgangameli besizwe sika-Clausde, esinika bonke abantu abazalwe e-United States izakhamuzi, siye saba yindaba yempikiswano yamuva. Abanye baye babuza ukuthi leli lungiselelo kufanele lisebenze kubantwana abazalwa abavela kwamanye amazwe abangabhalwanga, nakuba umbhalo kanye nokuqondwa komlando kwale mithetho kusekela ngokuqinile ubuzwe. Inguquko ifuna futhi ukuba amazwe anikeze isivikelo esilinganayo kubo bonke abantu abahlala e-Australia, hhayi izakhamuzi, okusho ukuthi abafuduki abangakhonjwanga amalungelo athile omthetho ngisho noma bengasenziwadingiswe.

Ubuchwepheshe, Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu, Nezinto Eziningi

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka, kuphakama imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela iSichibiyelo seshumi nane esifanelekile esisebenza ngayo ekufuneni izimfihlo, ukuqapha kukahulumeni, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi abantu balindele ukuba babe bodwa yini ngokwesilinganiso ezimisweni zabo zezokuxhumana, emininingwaneni yendawo, nasemisebenzini ye-inthanethi. Le zindaba zidinga ukulinganisela ukugcinwa komthetho ongokomthetho ngokumelene namalungelo abantu ngabanye enkathini yokusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Namalungelo Ezenhlalo

Ezinye izazi nabasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane kufanele sichazwe ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo athile ezenhlalo nawezomnotho, njengokuthola izindlu ezanele, ukunakekelwa kwempilo noma imfundo. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu ingafuni ukuvuma amalungelo ezinzuzo zikahulumeni, esikhundleni sokugxila ekuvimbeleni ubandlululo lukahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko ephambene. Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi lendlela yokusingatha ukulingana okufanelekile kwezimiso zezenhlalo nokuthi ingabe uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ukuqinisekisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zelungiselelo lenhlalo.

Indlela Yokuqinisekisa Ngayo Amalungelo Akho E - 14

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo se - 14 asephulwe, kunezindlela eziningana zokufuna ukubuyiselwa.

Izindlela Zokuqondisa Nezikhalo

Izimo eziningi ezihilela ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho zingasingathwa ngezinqubo zokuphatha ngaphambi kokuba uphendukele ekucwaseni ngecala lemfundo. Uma ubhekene nokucwaswa kwemfundo, ungafaka isikhalo esifundeni sakho noma kuMnyango Wemfundo we-U. Izikhulu ze-Oficial Obtholity Commission noma izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezingase zidluliselwe enkantolo. Lezi zinqubo zokuphatha zingaxazulula izimpikiswano ngokushesha nangokungabizi.

Ingxenye Ngo - 1983 Imithetho

Inqubo eyinhloko yokuqapha amalungelo eSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngokumelene nombuso nezikhulu zendawo icala ngaphansi kweSigaba 42 se-U.S.C. Ngo 1983, umthetho wamalungelo ohulumeni owenzelwa ukuphoqelela iSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine. Ingxenye ivumela abantu ukuba bangenele abadlali bamazwe abephula amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo futhi bafune ukulimala, ukukhulula, noma ukukhipha inkululeko. Ukuze unqobe eSigabeni ngo 1983, kumelwe ubonise ukuthi ummangalelwa uthathele umthetho kahulumeni ibala futhi akuphuce ilungelo lomthetho - sisekelo.

Ingxenye yonyaka ka - 1983 ingaba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi izikhulu zikahulumeni zingathola izivikelo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezokuvikeleka okufanelekayo, okuvikela izikhulu ezinecala ngaphandle kokuba zeqe amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo asungulwe ngokucacile. Ngenxa yalezizici eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuxoxa nommeli othole isigwebo samalungelo omphakathi kuyatuseka uma ucabangela ukusho kwesiqephu sonyaka ka - 1983.

Ukufuna Usizo Olungokomthetho

Uma ungenamali yokuthenga ummeli, imithombo eminingi ingatholakala. Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza izinkonzo zomthetho ezikhululekile kubantu abahlawulwayo ezindabeni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise namacala athile alwela amalungelo omphakathi. Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi njenge-American Civil Liberaties Union, iNaACP Legal Defense, kanye namanye amaqembu amaningi azimele anganikeza ukumelelwa noma usizo ezindabeni ezibalulekile ezihilela imibandela yomthetho-mthetho. Izinhlangano zezomthetho ngezinye izikhathi zisingatha amacala amalungelo abantu njengengxenye yemisebenzi yazo yemfundo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, ungavakashela i- U.S. uMnyango Wezobulungisa Bonivil Rights Division noma uthintane nemithombo yezinhlangano ezinjenge- i-American Liberties Union[.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Ngokombono Oqhathaniswayo

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siyingqayizivele eMthethweni - sisekelo wase - United States, amanye amazwe amaningi aye amukela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esifanayo ukuze alinganise futhi athole inqubo efanele.

Umthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla uhlanganisa amalungiselelo acacile okulingana aningiliziwe kuneSichibiyelo se 14 seSiphakamiso se-Unimetic Claus. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika uqukethe ilungiselelo elilinganayo eligcwele elinqabela ngokukhethekile ukubandlululana ngokwezinhlanga, ubulili, ukukhulelwa, isimo somshado, imvelaphi yobuzwe noma umphakathi, ibala, inkathi yobulili, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, inkolelo, isiko, ulimi, nenkululeko. I-Canadian Chater of Rights and Frees iqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo futhi inqabela ngokuqondile ukucwasana okusekelwe ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezingeni ezikhona.

Eminye imithetho engokomthetho ihlanganisa ukwamukela amalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho adlulela ngalé kwenkululeko ephambene evikelwe uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. lokhu kungase kuhlanganise amalungelo ezindlu, ezokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, noma ukulondeka komphakathi.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke unikeza isivikelo esibalulekile sokulingana nenqubo efanele. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu, iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo abantu esihlangene namalungelo abantu, kanye nezivumelwano ezihlukahlukene zezifunda zezimiso zamalungelo abantu zimisa izindinganiso zokuphathwa ngokulunga nokungabekwa ngokomthetho ezihambelana nezivikelo zeSichibiyelo seshumi Nane. Nakuba la mathuluzi omhlaba wonke engawakhi amalungelo aphoqelelwa ngokuqondile ezinkantolo zase-U.S., abonisa ukuvumelana kwembulunga yonke ngokuphathelene namalungelo abantu ayisisekelo futhi angazisa incazelo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukufundisa Nokufunda NgeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Imfundo yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane ibalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi ozinikele ekulinganani nasekuphathweni ngokulunga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundisi, umfundi, noma isakhamuzi esithembisiwe, kunemithombo eminingi ekhona yokujulisa ukuqonda kwakho lelilungiselelo elibalulekile lomthetho-sisekelo.

Kubafundisi, Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza izinto eziyisisekelo nemithombo yemfundo mayelana neSichibiyelo seshumi nane namanye amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. I-Library of Congress, iNational Constitution Center, nezinhlangano zemfundo ezihlukahlukene zinikeza amasu ezifundo, izinto zokufundisa, nemithombo yemfundo eklanyelwe ukusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukufunda imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme kungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuqonda indlela isiHlanzi seMicikilisho seshumi nane esiye sachazwa futhi sasetshenziswa ngayo. Nakuba imibono yokwahlulela ingaba miningi futhi ibe nemisebenzi, inikeza ukuqonda ekucabangeni komthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemfundiso engokomthetho. Ukuqala ngecala lezemfundo eliyingqophamlando njengoBrown v. iBard yemfundo nokusebenza ezinqumweni zamuva kungasiza ekulandeleni ukuvela kwesivikelo esilinganayo nezimiso ezifanelekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zamanje nezimpikiswano zangaleso sikhathi eziphathelene nezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo kusiza ekuhlanganiseni izimiso ezingekho ngqiqweni ezivumelana nezimo ezingokoqobo zezwe. Ngemva kwecala leNkantolo Ephakeme, ukufunda ukuhlaziywa kwezazi zomthetho nolwezingxoxiso, nokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ngamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho-sisekelo kungajulisa ukuqonda kwakho futhi kukusize ukuba uthuthukise imibono enengqondo ngezindaba ezibalulekile.

Ikusasa LeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguquka, ngokungangabazeki iSichibiyelo seshumi nane siyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha nezinhlelo. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo, ukushintsha kwezimiso zezenhlalo, ukuqonda okuthuthukisa ukulingana nokulunga, futhi izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo ziyodinga izinkantolo nezakhamuzi ukuba zilwe nendlela lelilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo eliphakathi kwekhulu leshumi nane elinamashumi amabili nanhlanu elisebenza ngayo ezinkingeni ezingu - 21.

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo nokwenziwa kwe-algorithm-kwenza izinqumo kuphakamisa imibuzo ehlobanayo yokuvikela. Uma izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa amanani afanayo ukwenza izinqumo ngokugweba ubugebengu, ukuzuza, noma ukwabiwa kwempahla, siqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi lezizimiso aziqhubeki noma azikhuthazi ubandlululo olukhona? Iziphi izinhlelo ezifanele zokuvikela lapho izimiso ezizisebenzelayo zenza izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo abantu ngabanye? Lemibuzo izodinga ukucabangisisa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho zisebenza kanjani kubuchwepheshe obusha.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nobulungisa bendawo ezungezile kunikeza omunye umngcele wokusetshenziswa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Njengoba ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi ethola imali ephansi nemiphakathi yemibala, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi izimiso zokuvikela ezifanayo zifuna yini ukuba uhulumeni alungise ukungalingani kwezindawo ezizungezile. Nakuba izinkantolo ngokuvamile bezingabaza ukuqaphela amalungelo endawo ezungezile ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, abasekeli bayaqhubeka bephikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo kufanele sivikele ekuchayekeni ekuchayekeni kobugebengu obubangelwa imvelo ezungezileni.

Umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokwahlulela ngokwezinhlanga uzoqhubeka ucela isithembiso seSichibiyelo seshumi nane sesivikelo esifanayo. Naphezu kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 150 kusukela ukungalingani kohlanga kuyaqhubeka emfundweni, emsebenzini, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasebugwebeni. Ukusingatha lokhu kungalingani kwezimiso kuyodinga ukubopheka okuqinile esimisweni esiyisisekelo sokuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Uhlu Oluyindinganiso Lweziphetho Ze - 14 Zeziphetho Ze - 14

Ukuze kusizwe izakhamuzi ziqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi i - Reformation ivikela i - 14, nakhu ukucaciswa okuphelele kwamalungelo nokuvikelwa kwaleli lungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo:

Amalungelo Okuba Izakhamuzi

  • i-kontimenti yokuzalwa kubo bonke abantu abazalwe e-United States
  • I-Citinship ngokuzenzakalela [ inesimo esilinganayo nezakhamuzi ezizalwa ngendabuko
  • Isabelo sezwe [ esisekelwe ekuhlaleni
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo nokugoma kwesizwe

Izivikelo Ezifanele

  • I-notice yesenzo sikahulumeni ethinta ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla
  • I-Opportut ezwakalayo [ phambi kokuncishwa kwezithakazelo ezivikelekile
  • Umenzi wesinqumo esingathathi-hlangothi[ kwezenqubo ezifihlwayo
  • ekuqondiseni [ ezimpikiswaneni zobugebengu nakwezinye izindaba zomphakathi
  • [[QULT:0] Isivikelo ekuziphindiseleni ngokwakho [[[QL:1] ezicaleni zobugebengu
  • ekusoleni ukubhekana nofakazi [ ekumangalelweni kobugebengu
  • Esohlwini lwejaji [ emacaleni obugebengu angathi sína
  • Isibonakaliso esingangatshazwayo sokukholelwa ezinkolelweni zobugebengu
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo[ kuhlanganise nomshado, umkhaya, kanye nemfihlo
  • [[[QURT:0] ubuqotho obungathandeki kanye nokuzikhethela kwezokwelapha ezinqumweni zomuntu siqu zokunakekela impilo

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Siqinisekile

  • Ukuvikela ekucwaseni ngokohlanga kuzo zonke izenzo zikahulumeni
  • Ukuvikela ekucwaseni kobulili[ ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuqinile
  • Ukuthola imfundo yomphakathi [ kungakhathaliseki uhlanga noma umsuka wezwe
  • Amalungelo okuvota [ nesivikelo ekuhlaseleni kwevoti
  • Ukuphathwa ngokusemthethweni ekwahluleleni kobugebengu ngaphandle kobandlululo lobuhlanga
  • Umshado olinganayo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga noma ubulili
  • Ithuba lomsebenzi eliyimfihlo [ emisebenzini kahulumeni
  • Ukuvikela ekucwaseni okuzenzekelayo [ kuzo zonke izinhlelo zikahulumeni
  • Ukufinyelela okunganqamuki ezimbonini zomphakathi nasezinsinzweni [ ngaphandle kokwahlukaniswa
  • Ukuvikelwa kwezingane kungakhathaliseki ubufanele bokuzalwa

IBhili Lezokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, inkolo, nenhlangano igqekeza umbuso
  • ngakwesokudla sokuphatha izingalo evikelekile ekuvinjelweni umbuso
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka [[FTL:1] yizikhulu zikahulumeni
  • umthetho we-Exclion ufaka ubufakazi obungavumelekile
  • Ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili ekushushiseni kukahulumeni
  • ekunqanyulweni kwecala okusheshayo nokuhamba-hambayo komphakathi ezinkantolo zomthetho
  • Gqo enqubweni ephoqelelwe ekutholeni ofakazi
  • Ukuvikelwa ekujezisweni konya nokungavamile yizifundazwe
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuvikelwa kwebheyili ephakeme [ emicimbini kahulumeni

Izivikelo Ezengeziwe

  • [ Ukuvikelwa kwabafundi ababhekene nesiyalo sesikole [ ngesaziso nangokuzwa
  • Amalukulu ezisebenzi zomphakathi [ ngokunqanyulwa okuzenzekelayo
  • Isivikelo sababamukeli benhlala- kahle ngaphambi kokufezeka
  • Amalungelo abazali [ ekuboshweni nasezinqumweni zokukhulisa umntwana
  • Ukuvikelwa kweziboshwa[[[QL:1] ezimweni zobuntu
  • Amalungela abantu abakhubazekile ngokumelene nobandlululo olungenangqondo
  • Ukuvikela izifiki [ kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhona ngokomthetho
  • inikeza izinkantolo [ ukulwelela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo

Conclusion: TheIsithembiso Esiphilayo soKhuselo olulinganayo neNkathi ePhakelelwayo

[ISichibiyelo seshumi nane] simelela okunye ukufezwa okukhulu kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-mthetho waseMelika. Ukuzalwa ekulweni ukuqeda ubugqila futhi kusungule ukulingana kwangempela, kuye kwaguqukela ekubeni uhlelo olubanzi lokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga ngaphansi komthetho. Ukusuka ezikoleni ezivimbela ukuvota, kusukela ekuqinisekiseni inqubo efanele yezenzo zobugebengu zokuqaphela ukulingana komshado, iSichibiyeli seshumi elinesine siye sasiza ekwandiseni inkululeko nobulungisa bonke abantu baseMelika.

Nokho isithembiso sokulungisa sisalokhu sigcwaliseka ngokuphelele. Ukungalingani okuqhubekayo emfundweni, emsebenzini, emakhaya, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasebugwebeni bobugebengu kubonisa ukuthi umgomo wesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho awukafinyelelwa ngokugcwele. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nezinga lenqubo yokuvikela inqubo, izinga elifanele lokuhlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo, nokulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye nezithakazelo zikahulumeni zibonisa ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kuyaqhubeka kuvela.

Kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, ukuqonda iSichibiyelo seshumi nane kubalulekile ekuqapheleni amalungelo akho nasekuzilandiseni ngohulumeni.

Ulimi olubanzi lwe-amendiment − ukunikeza inqubo efanele nesivikelo esilinganayo kubo bonke abantu − kuveza ukuqaphela kwabakhi beflamethi ukuthi abanakukwazi ukubheka phambili zonke izimo lapho lezizimiso zidinga ukusetshenziswa khona. Lokhu kuvumelana kuye kwavumela iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo somlando esinezelwe ukuba sihlale sibalulekile phakathi kwezinkathi ezihlukene kakhulu nezindawo zezenhlalo. Njengoba kubonakala izinselele ezintsha nokuqonda komphakathi ukulingana nokulunga nokulunga kuzakushintsha, inguquko izoqhubeka iyisisekelo sokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ekugcineni, ukuphumelela kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane kuxhomeke kulokhu kuphumelela kwempicabadala hhayi nje kuphela ekuchazeni kokwahlulela kodwa nasekuzibopheni kwezakhamuzi ezimisweni zaso. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awaziqedi ukuzibulala; adinga ukuvikeleka nokugomela okuqaphile. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi Nane, ukuhlala wazisiwe ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi uhileleke ekuphileni komphakathi, ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso sokulungisa isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele iba yinto engokoqobo kubo bonke abantu.

Uhambo lokulingana okuphelele nokuphathwa ngokufanele luyaqhubeka. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sinikeza amathuluzi omthetho-sisekelo adingekayo kulolohambo, kodwa ukuqaphela umbono waso kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo esizukulwaneni ngasinye. Njengezakhamuzi zomthetho - sisekelo ozimele, sonke sihlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela lezi zimiso eziyisisekelo nokusebenzela ukwakha umphakathi lapho wonke umuntu ethola isivikelo esilinganayo ngempela ngaphansi komthetho kanye nenqubo efanele kuzo zonke izinqubo zikahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane asisona nje isakhiwo esingokomlando noma imfundiso engokomthetho eyisisekelo. Isithembiso esiphilayo esiyaqhubeka sibumba umthetho nomphakathi waseMelika, sivikela amalungelo akho futhi sifuna ubulungisa bawo bonke abantu.